Haseki Sultan Imaret
The Haseki-Sultan-Imaret is a building complex built in 1552 in the old city of Jerusalem . Its focus was a charitable soup kitchen , in which soup, bread and meat were distributed free of charge in the morning and in the evening. In addition to the soup kitchen, there was also a small mosque , a small caravanserai for pilgrims and travelers, 55 rooms for Sufis , a bakery, a flour mill and in the courtyard a separate well, the Sabil Haseki Sultan , who was fed by the Qanat as-Sabil . The complex was donated by Roxelane , the favorite wife of Suleiman the Magnificent , and built under her direction.
Surname
Ottoman عمارت ʿİmāret , German 'building, building' is the name for a soup kitchen. Ottomanخاصکى سلطان İA Ḫāṣekī Sulṭān , German 'favorite, favorite consort ' was the title of the main wife of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire Suleyman I. Her name was Aleksandra Lisowska, called Roxelane. She was the founder and ordered the construction of this facility. Another name is Ottomanتكية خاصکى سلطان Takiyya Haseki Sultan , German 'Sufi-Konvent der Haseki Sultan' (cf. Turkish Tekke , "Sufi-Konvent"). To this day, the street name “Aqabat al-Takiyya” in Jerusalem means “place of free food”.
geography
The Haseki-Sultan-Imaret ⊙ stands on the south side of the Aqbat at-Takija, 80 m west of its confluence with Al-Wad Street . 120 m further west of the Imarets the Aqbat at-Takija flows into the Suq Chan ez-Zeit . The Tunschuq Palace ⊙ borders the Haseki-Sultan-Imaret directly on the west side . The north entrance of Haseki Sultan Imaret is located in the street Aqabat al-Takiyya ⊙ . The south entrance is in the street Aqabat al-Saraya (German: "Platz des Regierenden") ⊙ . To the east of the Haseki Sultan Imaret are the Mawardiyya School and the Ribat Bayram Jawisch. All of these buildings form a large complex called "Dar al-Aytam al-Islamiyyah" (German: "The Muslim orphanage").
history
Soup kitchens have been established in the Ottoman Empire since the 14th century . Here, free food was given to special groups of people.
The founding of the Haseki-Sultan-Imaret in 1552 falls within this framework. However, the group of beneficiaries of this facility was not particularly clearly defined. In the Waqfiyya (deed of foundation) the beneficiaries are:
- the poor, the humble, the weak and the needy
- the true believers and the righteous who live near the holy places
- those who obey the Sharia and the commandments of the Sunnah
This definition of who is entitled to receive the food has been interpreted more and more over time and encompassed ever larger groups of people. The rich and powerful in particular knew how to secure these privileges. This eventually led to the demise of this facility.
The permission to eat in the soup kitchen was seen as a privilege and an honor, unlike today, as eating in a soup kitchen is more of a flaw.
The soup kitchen was financed from income specifically dedicated to this purpose. These revenues came from real estate and tax revenues from villages in Gaza, Ramle, Lydda and the Jerusalem area. Income from public baths, caravanserais, shops, markets, two soap factories and 11 flour mills also contributed to the income of the soup kitchen.
In 1705 the French traveler Antoine Morison reported that each poor person received a pound of bread and a bowl of soup cooked with olive oil and vegetables. In 1855, the French architect and draftsman Ermete Pierotti wrote that the number of soups had decreased and that only one kettle 1.22 m deep and 1.52 m in diameter was in use, while four more kettles stood around unused. In addition to the soup, the poor received two to four loaves of bread. In the 19th century, the Haseki-Sultan-Imaret was the residence of the Ottoman governor of Jerusalem.
In addition to the soup kitchen, there was also an orphanage in the building complex since 1920. In the 1950s, the soup kitchen was operated by UNESCO . This soup kitchen existed until the beginning of the 21st century.
From 1999 to 2004, the entire Dar-al-Aytam-al-Islamiyyah complex was restored for $ 3.5 million. The money was partly raised from private donations collected at the 1998 Sharja Festival. Additional funds came from the Islamic Development Bank and from the complex's own capital. When the work was completed, the complex housed a school for boys, an industrial vocational school, printing shop, bookbinding and joinery, a boarding dormitory, a traditional Islamic soup kitchen and a small mosque. The infrastructure was modernized and a computer laboratory was set up for the school. The facades have been restored. The school is called Dar-al-Aytam School.
Services of the soup kitchen
Rice soup was served every morning. This soup consisted of rice, butter, chickpeas , onions, salt, pumpkin, yogurt, lemon and pepper. Bulgur soup was served in the evening . This soup consisted of bulgur, butter, chickpeas, onions, and cumin . In the morning and in the evening there was bread with the soup.
On the evenings of holidays there was sheep meat with rice and honey-sweetened rice with saffron instead of soup. All evenings of Ramadan , the festival of the breaking of the fast at the end of Ramadan, the evening from Thursday to Friday , the evenings before the Ashura , the Maulid an-Nabī , the Regaib , the Berat , the Islamic Festival of Sacrifice counted as holidays .
The staff in the soup kitchen received a ladle of soup and two loaves of bread. The Sufis and the poor received half a ladle of soup and a loaf of bread. On holidays the poor received half a piece of meat and everyone else received a whole piece.
We ate in shifts: first the employees of the soup kitchen came, then the guests of the caravanserai, then the poor. In the case of the poor, on the other hand, the poor scholars came first, then the men with older sons and finally the women with small children and older daughters. When the cooked food wasn't enough, the poor women and children would go hungry.
There were strict and detailed rules on the ingredients of the food, but not on the amount of water in the soup. So the soup could be extended to the required amount at any time by adding water, especially before the poor had their turn.
The Sufis alone had the privilege of sending someone to collect their share, which they could then consume at home. Everyone else had to finish their share in the soup kitchen.
There are different statements about the quality of the dishes served. The soup was sometimes praised for its particularly good taste. It was also believed that those who eat this soup would be particularly blessed by it.
description
The north entrance to Haseki-Sultan-Imaret is surrounded by a clover leaf arch. The framing bulge of the entrance portal is decorated with keel arches . In the portal there is a rectangular entrance door, the lintel of which is decorated with rosettes . The floral design of the central rose window is similar to the decorative stone above the entrance to the Haseki Sultan complex in Istanbul.
The north entrance leads into a hall that opens into an open courtyard. The kitchen, the granary, a well and the bakery are located in this courtyard.
The south entrance to the Haseki Sultan Imaret is similar in form and in the decorations the Damascus Gate ⊙ . The south entrance forms a passage to an open courtyard. This courtyard is surrounded by arcades that house the caravanserai. To the east of the courtyard on the square of the original Ribāt (Sufi convent) is a large building built in the 19th century called al-'Adliyya ⊙ . It has four open courtyards, several stairs, several partial buildings in different styles.
A hall with four cross vaults opposite this building belonged to the original mosque. On the east side of the hall is a dome over a shrine ⊙ . This shrine is the tomb of Sa'ad al-Din al-Rasafi, the author of the work al-Manhal al-Safi wa al-Mashrab al-Wafi ("The pure spring and the bubbling fountain").
Political controversy
On the morning of November 20, 2019 that led Israeli police on the orders of Gilad Erdan , Minister of Public Security in Israel , a raid by school Dar-al-Aytam-in. The students and teachers were evicted from the building and school lessons were canceled for the rest of the day. Three employees of the school were arrested, including the school principal Samir Jibril. The offices were searched and files and documents were confiscated.
Justification from the Israeli side
The Israeli authorities gave the following reasons for this action:
A division of the Palestinian Ministry of Education of the Palestinian Authority (abbreviated PA) worked within the school and is funded by the PA, overseen and been instructed. This department is used under the code name "Palestinian Parents Committee" to undermine Israel's sovereignty and incite acts of violence. According to agreements between Israel and the Palestinians, the PA has been banned from working in East Jerusalem since the 1967 Six Day War .
“This branch actively subverted the sovereignty of the State of Israel in Jerusalem by initiating and directing belligerent activity and violence”
"This department actively undermined the sovereignty of the State of Israel in Jerusalem by instigating and directing martial activities and violence"
"A fierce battle is under way here for the future and identity of Jerusalem, and every step should be taken to thwart the PA's attempts to incite residents of east Jerusalem against Israel"
"A fierce battle is ongoing here over the future and identity of Jerusalem and every step should be taken to thwart the PA's attempts to incite residents of East Jerusalem against Israel"
The Israeli government had already decided in 2018 to introduce the Israeli curriculum in the Palestinian schools in East Jerusalem. In response, the PA had made efforts to include more Palestinian curriculum in the educational system in East Jerusalem schools. These efforts were illegal because the PA is prohibited from operating within Israel.
“A straight line connects these activities to the terrorist camps and the glorification of terrorists that the PA is funding. I will continue to strengthen the sovereignty and governance of Israel throughout Jerusalem and prevent Palestinian attempts to create a foothold in the eastern part of the city. ”
“A straight line connects these activities with the terrorist camps and the glorification of terrorists that the PA funds. I will further strengthen the sovereignty and government of Israel throughout Jerusalem and prevent Palestinian attempts to gain a foothold in the eastern part of the city. "
“The government of Israel invests much effort and funds in order to combat the Palestinian influence in the east part of the city. The activity that I ordered closed constitutes an intensification in the attempts by the PA to interfere with the education of children in east Jerusalem and to introduce inciteful content into the Israeli education system. "
“The Israeli government is investing a lot of effort and money to combat Palestinian influence in the east of the city. The office, closed on my orders, represented an intensification of the PA's attempts to disrupt the education of children in East Jerusalem and introduce objectionable content into the Israeli education system. "
Counter arguments from the Palestinian side
The Palestinian side objected to the fact that the Palestinian Parents' Committee was part of the Waqf . According to other Palestinian sources, the accused office performed accounting duties for various schools in East Jerusalem. The Palestinian Ministry of Education deplored this action as a further step by Israel to control the education system in Jerusalem. The PA politician Hanan Ashrawi called the closure
"A continuation of the Israeli government's campaign against everything Palestinian in occupied Jerusalem and an attempt to alter the cultural and demographic composition of the city, in violation of its previous commitment to guarantee preserving Palestinian institutions in Jerusalem as well."
"A continuation of the Israeli government's campaign against all Palestinian in occupied Jerusalem and an attempt to change the cultural and demographic composition of the city, which goes against its previous commitment to ensure the preservation of Palestinian institutions in Jerusalem."
She described the closure as part of the ethnic cleansing that aims to eradicate everything Palestinian in Jerusalem. She appealed to all international bodies and states.
"Take immediate and tangible steps to hold Israel accountable for its persistent crimes and violations."
"Take immediate concrete steps to hold Israel accountable for its ongoing crimes and violations."
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e f g Amy Singer: Serving Up Charity: The Ottoman Public Kitchen , 2005, in Journal of Interdisciplainary History , Volume 35, pp. 482-494 online, PDF at mitpressjournals.org. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
- ↑ a b c d e Oded Peri: Waqf and Ottoman Welfare Policy, The poor kitchen of Hasseki Sultan in eighteenth-century Jerusalem , 1989, in Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. XXXV, pp. 167-186 online, PDF, download possible or online and PDF download . Retrieved May 27, 2020.
- ↑ a b c Amy Singer: Constructing Ottoman Beneficence: An Imperial Soup Kitchen in Jerusalem , State University of New York Press, Albany, 2002, ISBN 0-7914-5352-9 online . Retrieved May 27, 2020. online . Retrieved May 27, 2020.
- ↑ a b al-'Imara al-'Amira at enjoyjerusalem.com. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
- ^ Haseki-Sultan-Imaret at OSM. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
- ↑ Max Küchler : Jerusalem: A manual and study travel guide to the Holy City. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-525-50170-2 , p. 536.
- ↑ a b c My Memories of Khassaki Sultan or "The Flourishing Edifice" at palestine-studies.org download, PDF . Retrieved May 27, 2020.
- ↑ a b The "Imaret Haseki Sultan" in Jerusalem at theologische-links.de. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
- ↑ Dar al-Aytam al-Islamiyya Restoration at archnet.org. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
- ↑ Welfare Association Annual Report 2004 , 2004, p. 31 Comprehensive Restoration and Rehabilitation of Dar al-Aytam al-Islamiya Complex at taawon.org. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ↑ 'Imara al-'Amira (Flourishing Edifice) at islamicart.museumwnf.org. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i Israel Police shutter multiple Palestinian institutions in Jerusalem at jpost.com. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
- ↑ a b c d e Israel Police Raids Jerusalem School It Claims Used by Palestinian Authority at haaretz.com. Retrieved July 12, 2020.
Map with all coordinates: