Qanat as-Sabil
| History of Jerusalem | |
|---|---|
|
|
| Timeline Jerusalem | |
| Pre-urban time | 4500a-2000a |
| Canaanite Time | 2000a-1000a |
| Time of David and Solomon | 997a-932a |
| Kingdom of Judah | 932a-587a |
| Babylonian exile | 587a-538a |
| Persian (I) | 549a-333a |
| Hellenism | 333a-167a |
| Hellenization | |
| Ptolemies | 301a-198a |
| Seleucids | 198a-167a |
| Hasmoneans | 167a-37a |
| Romans | 37a-324 |
| Herodian dynasty | 37a-6 |
| Roman prefecture of Judea | 6-41 |
| Herod Agrippa I. | 41-44 |
| Roman Procuratorate Palestine | 44-66 |
| Jewish war | 66-70 |
| 1. Roman governorship | 70-132 |
| Bar Kochba uprising | 132-135 |
| 2. Roman governorship | 135-284 |
| Imperial immediacy | 284-324 |
| Byzantium (I) | 324-614 |
| Persian (II) | 614-628 |
| Byzantium (II) | 628-638 |
| Early Islam | 638-1099 |
| rightly guided caliphs | 638-661 |
| Umayyads | 660-750 |
| Abbasids | 750-970 |
| Fatimids (I) | 970-1073 |
| Seljuks | 1073-1098 |
| Fatimids (II) | 1098-1099 |
| Crusaders | 1099-1187 |
| Islam | 1187-1917 |
| Ayyubids | 1187-1260 |
| Mamluks | 1260-1516 |
| Ottomans | 1516-1917 |
| British mandate | 1917-1948 |
| Jordan and Israel | 1948-1967 |
| Israel | since 1967 |
The Qanat as-Sabil ( Arabic قناة السبيل, DMG Qanat as-Sabil ) was a water supply system established in Jerusalem under the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent .
Surname
The name Qanat as-Sabil was deliberately chosen ambiguously by Suleiman. It can be translated as the (drinking water) channel (= qanat ) of the Sabile (= well). But it can also be translated as a channel for the cause of God. The word Sabil contains the meanings: way, faith, charitable act, drinking water well.
history
Already at the beginning of the settlement of the area of Jerusalem around 4500 BC. The need for a year-round reliable water supply arose. This water supply had to be protected from enemy attacks in the event of attacks and had to be accessible to the residents of Jerusalem at all times during sieges.
In the process, two parallel, complementary concepts developed. One concept was the collection of rainwater and surface water in cisterns and reservoirs during the rainy season. The other concept was using resources.
Early and Middle Bronze Age, Warren Tunnel
There is archaeological evidence of the use of the Gihon spring ⊙ as early as the Early Bronze Age (3000 BC). As early as the Middle Bronze Age (1750–1550 BC) a strongly fortified water use system was established. The Warren Tunnel ⊙ was dug. It led through the soft limestone to an underground storage basin ⊙ southwest of the Gihon spring.
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Iron Age, Hezekiah Tunnel
In the Iron Age (8th century BC) the Hezekiah tunnel ⊙ was built . He directed the water of the Gihon spring into the pool of Siloam ⊙ .
As Jerusalem's demand for water increased steadily, more and more sources outside Jerusalem were used. They were guided to the Temple Mount by aqueducts. The water flowed due to the natural slope. To do this, the springs had to be higher than the Temple Mount.
Height information on the Temple Mount and sources used:
- Temple Mount ⊙ : 735 m
- Wadi 'Arrub ⊙ (' Ain 'Arrub ⊙ ,' Ain el-Dible ⊙ , 'Ain Kuweiziba ⊙ ): 810 m
- 'Ain Wadi Biyar ⊙ : 870 m
- Solomon's ponds ⊙ : 780 m
The aqueducts that were built, some of which worked on the principle of the Persian qanat (covered canals), worked so well that the British repaired and cleaned the existing aqueducts during the mandate in 1918 and thus secured Jerusalem's water supply. This worked until 1967.
King Solomon, controversy
There are opinions that the construction of the ponds of Solomon and the construction of his aqueducts in very early times up to the time of King Solomon in the 10th century BC. To date. Including opinions that the existence of at least one aqueduct before the year 278 BC. Consider to be proven. This dating is often not independent of politico-religious interests and power struggles. Jewish and Christian archaeologists and institutions tend to build the facilities as early as possible in the time of Jewish, Roman and Byzantine rulers or in the time of the Crusaders. Muslim archaeologists and institutions, on the other hand, prefer dating to the time of the Islamic rulers from the 7th century.
Hasmoneans, lower aqueduct
The high water demand of the Jerusalem temple and the flocking pilgrims led in the 2nd century BC. BC to build an aqueduct , which led water from the ponds of Solomon southwest of Bethlehem ⊙ to Jerusalem. Construction began in the Hasmonean period when the Maccabees rededicated the Second Temple as a Jewish place of worship for the veneration of YHWH . This aqueduct is called the Lower Aqueduct ⊙ . Remnants of it are preserved on both sides of the Sultan's basin ⊙ and along the southern city wall. It was 21.5 km long. The difference in height between the drainage from the ponds of Solomon and the arrival at the temple was 30 m, which was 1 m in height over 716 m in length. The aqueduct led through a 400 m long tunnel at Bethlehem and through a 370 m long tunnel at Jebel Mukabbir ⊙ . It reached the Temple Mount via the Wilson Arch ⊙ .
Herod, Biyar Aqueduct
The construction of Jerusalem's water supply continued under Herod the Great in connection with the construction of the Herodian Temple . Another aqueduct was built to carry the water from the Biyar spring in Wadi Biyar ⊙ to the upper part of Solomon's ponds. From there the water was directed over the upper aqueduct ⊙ to the upper city to Herod's palace ⊙ .
The Biyar Aqueduct was 4.7 km long. Herod used Roman builders and architects. They used a method that corresponded to the construction of the Persian Qanat (covered canals). Along the way, shafts were dug into the soft limestone, the bottom of which was connected. The collection of surface water and groundwater along the route was combined with the drainage of the water.
Pontius Pilate, Arrub Aqueduct
In a third phase, the Roman prefect Pontius Pilatus expanded the system with the Arrub aqueduct. The Arrub Aqueduct carried water from the 'Ain Kuweiziba,' Ain el-Dible and 'Ain Arrub springs in the middle of Solomon's ponds. In difficult terrain with a total length of 40 km, it bridged a direct distance of 8 km. The difference in height was 35 m, that is 1 m in height over 1114 m in length.
The upper aqueduct
The upper aqueduct led from the ponds of Solomon to Herod's palace in the upper city. It crossed the valley south of Rachel's tomb on a series of arched arches. The upper aqueduct followed the Jerusalem - Bethlehem road for a longer stretch and led to the Hezekiah Basin ⊙ .
Romans
Under Roman rule , repairs and improvements were made to the aqueducts, including by the Legio X Fretensis in the 2nd century. In the 2nd century, the arched arches of the upper aqueduct south of Rachel's grave were replaced by a large stone tube by the Romans. This worked like a siphon .
Inscriptions indicate that this was done with the participation of the Legio X Fretensis. 400 m south of Rachel's grave below a row of huts on the east side of Hebronstrasse, a piece of this stone tube has been preserved.
Sultans, 10th century to Suleiman
In 985, al-Muqaddasī described the ponds of Solomon as two basins and a canal. Ibn Battūta wrote in 1326 that Jerusalem only received a canal through Sayf ad-Din Tankiz, governor of Damascus . In 1486 the Jerusalem historian Mujir ad-Din described the ponds of Solomon with two basins.
The archaeologist Max van Berchem takes the view that the 3rd basin was dug under Sultan Kait-Bay in 1490 . Modern archeology also prefers the 15th century for the creation of the 3rd basin.
The system of water pipes was completed, renovated and expanded by the Mamluks and their successors.
Suleiman
On June 15, 1541, Suleiman founded a Waqf to build the Qanat as-Sabil. Muhammad Tchelebi al-Naqqash was responsible for the technical implementation of the project. In the charter it was determined that a network of water pipes would be created, which would supply 9 public wells with water. Suleiman's aim was to supply the entire population of the city and its surroundings with water. One of the wells was located outside the city wall so that travelers, farmers and Bedouins could also water their animals. The aqueducts described above, which became part of the Qanat as-Sabil, served as the supply line for the water from the ponds of Solomon to Jerusalem.
Sabile who were fed by the Qanat as-Sabil
| image | German | Alternative names | Arabic | built | Client | Architectural style | V. | Qu. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Sabil Birkat as-Sultan ( location ) |
Sabil from Hinnom | سبيل بركة السلطان | 1536 | Suleiman | Ottoman | ouch | ||
|
Sabil al-Wad ( location ) |
Sabil Mahallat Bab al-Qattanin | سبيل الواد | 1536 | Suleiman | Ottoman | m | ||
|
Sabil Bab as-Silsilah ( location ) |
سبيل باب السلسلة | 1537 | Suleiman | Ottoman | m | |||
| Sabil Bab al-Atm ( location ) |
Sabil Sultan Suleiman | سبيل باب العتم | 1537 | Suleiman | Ottoman | t | ||
|
Sabil Bab al-Asbat ( location ) |
Sabil Sitti Mariam | سبيل باب الأسباط | 1536 | Suleiman | Ottoman | m | ||
|
Sabil an-Nazir ( location ) |
Sabil Al-Haram | باب الناظر | 1537 | Suleiman | Ottoman | m | ||
| Sabil Qasim Pascha ( location ) |
سبيل قاسم باشا | 1527 | Qasam Pasha | Ottoman | t | |||
| Sabil al-Basiri ( location ) |
Sabil Ibrahim Rumi, Sabil Bab al-Nazir | سبيل البصيري | 1266 or 1435 | Ala ad-Din al-Basiri or Ibrahim er-Rumi | Mamluk | t | ||
 |
Sabil Haseki Sultan ( location ) |
سبيل خاصکى سلطان | 1552 | Haseki Sultan | Ottoman | m |
Abbreviations used: Qu = sources, V = quarter, m = Muslim quarter, t = Temple Mount, au = outside the old city of Jerusalem.
17th century
The name Ponds of Solomon appears for the first time in the 16th century with Boniface of Ragusa . Their Arabic name was and is "The Ponds" Arabic البرك, DMG al-Burak . Only from the end of the 17th century there is a description of ʿAbd al-Ghanī an-Nābulusī , which mentions the ponds of Solomon with three basins. On an inscription on the fortress Qal'at al-Burak ⊙ on the northwest corner of the upper pond, Osman II and the year 1618 are named as the builder of the 3rd basin.
present
The aqueducts and the Qanat as-Sabil were used to supply Jerusalem with water until 1967. Then they began to crumble and were partially destroyed by modern road and city construction. The Sabile were also partially damaged, abused for garbage disposal or vandalized with graffiti . There are proposals to stop this decline and to use the Qanat as-Sabil and the Sabile that it supplied as public wells again.
literature
- Vincent Lemire: La soif de Jérusalem , ED SORBONNE, 2011, ISBN 978-2859446598 download of the book as pdf possible
- Anthony Assetto, Cassidy Hobbs, Joshua Lessard, Judith Bing: Ottoman Sabils of Jerusalem , Drexel University, 2010 online, pdf
- Max Küchler , Othmar Keel : Places and landscapes of the Bible. A handbook and study guide to the Holy Land. , Volume 2: The South, Göttingen 1982, ISBN 3-525-50167-6 .
- Max Küchler: Jerusalem: A Handbook and Study Guide to the Holy City (Places and Landscapes of the Bible, Vol. IV, 2) , Publisher: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2007, ISBN 978-3-525-50170-2
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Vincent Lemire: La soif de Jérusalem , ED SORBONNE, 2011, ISBN 978-2859446598 , pp. 203–248 download of the book as a pdf is possible at books.openedition.org. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
- ↑ a b c Yusuf Natsheh: Water Systems of the Haram Al-Sharif in Pilgrimage, Sciences and Sufism: Islamic Art in the West Bank and Gaza , 2010, Museum ohne Grenzen, ISBN 978-3-902782-11-3 online at google -books. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
- ↑ a b c Max Küchler: Jerusalem: A manual and study travel guide to the Holy City. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-525-50170-2 , pp. 46-64, 119, 166, 215, 219, 220, 266, 269, 271, 272, 275, 1016-1019, 1018.
- ↑ a b Gihonquelle, Hezekiah tunnel at OSM. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
- ↑ Shiloah (Jerusalem) at bibleatlas.org. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h Jerome Murphy-O'Connor: The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide from Earliest Times to 1700 , Oxford University Press, USA, 2008, ISBN 978-0199236664 , pp. 483-486. Retrieved online on May 15, 2020.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Geoffrey William Bromiley (editor): The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Volume 2 (EJ) , William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1982, ISBN 0-8028-3782-4 , p 1024–1030 online, google books, with maps also Jerusalem, 3 (without images). Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- ↑ The Jerusalem Water Aqueduct 12 km from the Solomon's Pools at bible.ca. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- ↑ a b c d e Vincent Lemire : La soif de Jérusalem , ED SORBONNE, 2011, ISBN 978-2859446598 , pp. 102–202, the book can be downloaded as a pdf from books.openedition.org. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
- ↑ a b c d Aqueducts, Solomon's Ponds at OSM. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Max Küchler, Othmar Keel: Places and landscapes of the Bible. A handbook and study guide to the Holy Land. , Volume 2: The South, Göttingen 1982, ISBN 3-525-50167-6 , pp. 727-732.
- ↑ a b c d e f g Ottoman Sabils of Jerusalem at drexel.edu. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
- ↑ a b c d e f The "Ottoman fountain" in Jerusalem at theologische-links.de. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
- ↑ a b c Avraham Sasson: SABILS (WATER FOUNTAINS) OF JERUSALEM FROM THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD TO THE TWENTIETH CENTURY in WATER FOUNTAINS IN THE WORLDSCAPE , International Water History Association and KehräMedia Inc., 2012, ISBN 978-951-98151-8-3
- ↑ The "Suleiman Fountain" on the Temple Mount (= Sabil Bab al-Atm) at theologische-links.de. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
- ↑ The "Sebil Qasim Pascha-Brunnen" on the Temple Mount at theologische-links.de. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
- ↑ The "Sebil Ibrahim er-Rumi" fountain on the Temple Mount (= el-Basiri) at theologische-links.de. Retrieved May 12, 2020.
Map with all coordinates: