House Zúñiga

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Coat of arms of the House of Zuñiga.

The House of Zúñiga is a Spanish noble family, descended from the kings of Navarre from the House of Pireneica (Pyrenees), who took the name of their rule as a proper name. Its outstanding members distinguished themselves in the service of the Spanish Crown in Europe and America as viceroys, governors, high military officials, diplomats, dignitaries of the Catholic Church and writers. As Spanish grandees the II. Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, as well as the III. Count of Miranda del Castañar of Charles V , Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and as Carlos I Spanish King, the Grandezza Inmemorial ( Inmemorial means in this context: so old that there is no longer any memory of the beginning of the Grandezza) in the year Awarded in 1520. Eight members of the House of Zúñiga were accepted into the order by Emperor Charles V and the Spanish kings who followed him as sovereign heads of the Order of the Golden Fleece .

Origin and roots

Iñigo Arista , King of Pamplona

The origin of the noble family Zúñiga lies in Navarre , Basque Country . It comes in a direct male line from Eneko Ximenez Aritza ("the oak of Euskera "), who lived at the beginning of the 8th century. The Ennecos were already known in Roman times. Eneko Ximenez Aritza was the leader of the Basques from Gascony and the Kingdom of Pamplona and fought against Islamic - Moorish rule in the Basque Country. In 733 he was named "Comes Pampilonae" by Charles Martell in recognition of his help in the fighting against the Moors. His great-great-grandson Iñigo Arista became the first king of Pamplona (824-852), from which the Kingdom of Navarre later emerged. The tribe of the noble family Zúñiga derives in two ways from the kings of Navarre , from the house of Pireneica (Pyrenees): primarily from Prince Lope Fortunes, son of King Fortún Garcés , "the monk" (882–905), and secondly by Prince Alonso, son of King García IV. Ramírez , "the restorer" (1134–1150). Sancho Iñiguez was alférez mayor (hereditary court office, performed by the high nobility, standard bearer and high officer) of the king of Aragon and Navarra Alfons I Sánchez "the fighter". Sancho Iñíguez was lord of the estates, castle and valley of Stunica (today Zúñiga / Estunega), district of Estella (Navarra). He was the first of the noble family who called themselves Sancho Iñiguez de Stunica at the beginning of the 12th century.

Hispanization of the name of the noble family

Its members called themselves either Estunega , Estuniga , Astunica , Stunica , Estúñiga or Stúñiga in the Middle Ages . Álvaro de Zúñiga y Guzmán 1st Duke of Béjar and Plasencia , head of the House of Stunica / Estúñiga, gave the name the Hispanic form Zúñiga , after the signing of the reconciliation pact with the Queen of Castile and Leon Isabella I "the Catholic" on April 10th 1476.

coat of arms

Battle of Navas de Tolosa.
Official coat of arms of Navarre.
Coat of arms of the Duke of Béjar, House of Zúñiga.

The coat of arms of the noble family Zúñiga was originally: in the red field, a ribbon in gold. In the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa (July 16, 1212), the King of Navarre Sancho VII "the strong" stormed the fencing formed by the "Black Guard" who chained the human defensive wall of the Almohads with his knights from Navarre - Caliph Muhammad al-Nasir , known as Miramamolin , formed. In the solemn commemoration of this victory, he changed his coat of arms, which previously showed a black eagle (“arrano beltza” en Euskera). He now led a chain with eight links in gold (yellow) as a border and an emerald in the center. The chain represents the fencing formed by the “Black Guard”, and the emerald serves as a symbol of the caliph, known by the nickname “the Green”.

His cousin Iñigo Ortiz de Stunica, 2nd Count of Marañón, lord of Stunica, Mendavía and other lordships, who with his son Diego López de Stunica participated in the attack on the fence of the Black Guard, added a chain with eight links to his coat of arms in gold as a shelf.

The following knights from Navarre, who took part in the attack on the fence and also added a chain of gold to their coat of arms, are named: Ramón de Peralta, Rodrigo Navarro, Ortun Diaz Urbina, Pedro de Maza, Iñigo de Mendoza.

The son of Iñigo Ortiz de Stunica, Diego López de Stunica, changed the coat of arms of the noble family Zúñiga again in 1270, in the sign of his deep mourning for the death of the kings Saint Louis IX. of France and Theobald II of Navarre , all three of whom took part in the 8th Crusade , proclaimed by Clement IV . The coat of arms of the noble family Zúñiga has been: field in silver (white), a ribbon in black and a chain with eight links in gold as a border.

Branches of the noble family

The civil war that broke out in Navarre in 1274 was caused by the dispute over the guardianship of the minority of Queen Joan I of Navarre and her, Queen Mother Blanche d'Artois , niece of Louis IX. “Des Saints” of France, agreed to marry the Dauphin of France, later King Philip IV of France . This marriage brought about the de facto annexation of the Kingdom of Navarre by the French crown. Iñigo Ortiz de Stunica (1255-1315), lord of Stunica, Mendavía and other lords, alférez mayor of Navarre, declined to support the Queen Mother; he left Navarre at the end of 1274 and looked for a refuge with his family in La Rioja (then part of the Kingdom of Castile). The dominion of Stunica was incorporated by the Crown of Navarre in 1276. The King of Castile and Leon Alfonso X "the Wise" recognized him as a ricohombre ( belonging to the powerful nobility of Castile ) and gave him the dominions of Las Cuevas, Bañares and others in La Rioja. Iñigo is the ancestor of the following branches:

  • The branches located in Guipúzcoa, Álava y Navarra come from Fortun Ortiz de Stunica, son of Iñigo, who returned to the Basque Country.
  • The branches of the Lords of Azafra, Montalbo, Counts of Hervias in La Rioja, come from Lope Díaz de Stunica, grandson of Iñigo.
  • The branches in Andalucía come from Lope Ortiz de Stunica, Iñigo's second grandson.
  • Fernán López de Stunica, the second grandson of de Iñigo, made the branches in Guadalajara.
  • From Diego López de Estúñiga , third grandson of Iñigo, important personality of the House of Zúñiga, lord of Zúñiga, Mendavía, Las Cuevas, Bañares, Béjar, Curiel and other dominions, is the ancestor of the following branches:
    • The branches of the Dukes of Béjar and Plasencia come from his first-born Pedro, branched into the branches of the Counts of Miranda del Castañar, Dukes of Peñaranda de Duero, Margraviates of La Bañeza and Benavente, as well as the branches of the Dukes of Arión, Margraviates of Ayamonte, Mirabel, Aguilafuente, Villamanrique, Gibraleón, Valero, Alenquer, Villora.
    • From Diego come the branches of the Counts of Monterrey, Margraviates of Eliche, Monasterio, Tarazona, Dukes of Medina de las Torres, as well as the branches of the Counts of Pedrosa del Rey and the Margraviate of Baides.
    • The branches of the Counts of Nieva de Cameros come from Iñigo.
    • The branches of the margraviate of Valencina come from Gonzalo.
    • The branches of the Marquis of Flores Dávila come from Pedro Diego.

Hereditary titles and offices

The firstborn branch of the Dukes of Béjar and Plasencia received the hereditary title First Knights of the Kingdom and the hereditary offices of Justicia Mayor y Alguacil Mayor de Castilla ( offices performed by the high nobility and including the services of Justice and Home Affairs Ministers ) .

Grandezza Inmemorial

In the kingdoms of the Crown of Castile and León at the beginning of the 15th century lived fifteen powerful families known as Ricohombres and Grandees of Castile and León. Diego López de Estúñiga's house was one of them. The King of Spain, Carlos I, in 1520, the year of his coronation, reorganized the titles of the Spanish empires in Aachen as Charles V Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire and created twenty-five Grandezzas , known as Grandezza Inmemorial . The House of Zúñiga received two of these titles: one for the Duke of Béjar and the other for the Count of Miranda del Castañar, who later passed to the Duke of Peñaranda de Duero in 1608.

Order of knights

Members of the Zúñiga dynasty proved their aristocratic origins in different epochs and served in the most famous knightly orders: in the Order of Santiago , in the Order of Calatrava , in the Order of Alcántara , in the Order of St. John , as well as in the Order of Charles III.

Outstanding members of the Zúñiga house

Members of the Order of the Golden Fleece

Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece in religious robes
Heraldic necklace of the Order of the Golden Fleece

The Spanish King Carlos I and Duke of Burgundy, then Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire Charles V , Sovereign Head of the Order of the Golden Fleece selected the following members of the House of Zúñiga for the order and dressed them with vestments and a necklace:

  • Álvaro II de Zúñiga y Guzmán , (1460–1531) II. Duke of Béjar and Plasencia , Grande, I Marquis of Gibraleón , III. Count of Bañares , Justicia Mayor and Alguacil Mayor de Castilla , Member of the Council of Ministers, included in the Chapter of the Order, celebrated in the Cathedral of Barcelona, ​​March 2-4, 1519.
  • Francisco de Zúñiga Avellaneda y Velasco , (1475–1536) III. Count of Miranda del Castañar, Grande, Viceroy of Navarre, Mayordomo Mayor ( court office performed by the high nobility, which included the services of chief of the royal residence, the court ceremonial and administration of the imperial patronage) of the Empress Isabel, member of the Council of Ministers, included in the chapter of Order, celebrated in Tournai Cathedral from December 3rd to 5th, 1531.

The following kings of Spain, sovereign heads of the Order of the Golden Fleece, were elected and dressed in the order's robe:

  • Alonso Diego López de Zúñiga y Sotomayor , (1578-1619) VI. Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grande, VII. Marquis of Gibraleón , X. Count of Belalcázar , VII. Count of Bañares, X. Viscount of Puebla de Alcocer , served the Spanish kings Philip II and Philip III. in times of peace and in times of war with soldiers at their own expense to defend the border with Portugal and for the expedition to La Mármora, Morocco, taken on January 2, 1610.
  • Francisco Diego López de Zúñiga Guzmán y Sotomayor , (1596–1636) VII. Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grande, VIII. Marquis of Gibraleón, XI. Count of Belalcázar, VIII of Bañares, XI. Viscount of Puebla de Alcocer, supplied the Cardinal Infante Ferdinand with two thousand five hundred soldiers at his own expense, Captain General of the Borders of Castile, recorded on June 11, 1621.
  • Alonso Diego López de Zúñiga Guzmán Sotomayor y Mendoza , (1621–1660) VIII. Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grande, IV. Duke of Mandas and Villanueva, IX. Marquis of Gibraleón, IV. Of Terranova, XII. Count of Belalcázar, IX. of Bañares, XII. Viscount of Puebla de Alcocer, captain general of the borders of Castile, Extremadura and the Andalusian coast, during his command he served with soldiers at his own expense and built several fortresses, added on August 4, 1656.
  • Manuel Diego López de Zúñiga y Sotomayor , (1657–1686) X. Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grande, VI. Duke of Mandas and Villanueva, XI. Marquis of Gibraleón, VI. of Terranova, XIV. Count of Belalcázar, XI. of Bañares, XIV. Viscount of Puebla de Alcocer. At the age of eleven he began as a spade bearer in Flanders and was accepted into the order on May 2, 1668 at this age. He later became Maestre de Campo ( senior officer in the army ). He was a famous soldier and served for the Spanish crown in Flanders. In 1686, at the age of 29, he volunteered in the reconquest of Buda, Hungary, from the Turks, and fell during an attack on the ramparts of the fortress.
  • Juan Manuel Diego López de Zúñiga y Sotomayor , (1680–1747) XI. Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grande, VII. Duke of Mandas and Villanueva, XII. Marquis of Gibraleón, VII of Terranova, XV. Count of Belalcázar, XII. of Bañares, XV. Viscount of Puebla de Alcocer. He was elected Knight of the Order at the age of six on August 29, 1686, in grateful memory of the deeds and heroic death of his father, the Tenth Duke of Béjar, killed in the siege of Buda. Mayordomo Mayor of the Prince of Asturias Fernando VI. , taken on February 9, 1700.
  • Joaquín Diego López de Zúñiga Sotomayor Castro y Portugal , (1715–1777) XII. Duke of Béjar and Plasencia, Grande, VIII. Duke of Mandas and Villanueva, XIII. Marquis of Gibraleón, VIII. Of Terranova, X. of Sarria, XVI. Count of Belalcázar, XIII. of Lemos, IX. from Andrade, XI. of Villalba, XIII. of Bañares, XVI. Viscount of Puebla de Alcocer, sumiller de corps ( head of various offices and ministries at the royal court ), Ayo ( entrusted with the care and education ) of the little prince and later mayordomo mayor of the prince of Asturias Charles IV , recorded on April 19, 1750.

Other historical and famous members

Patrimonial heritage

Palace of Monterrey in Salamanca
Monterrey Castle Fortress in Verin
Plaza Mayor with Justice Column of the Count of Miranda in Peñaranda de Duero
Palace of the Count of Miranda in Peñaranda de Duero
Palace of Peñaranda de Duero
Palace of Peñaranda de Duero
Palace of Peñaranda de Duero
Peñaranda de Duero Castle, main gate
Peñaranda de Duero Castle
Justice column of the Lord of Curiel de Duero with the coat of arms of Zúñiga
Palace of Curiel de Duero
Palace of Curiel de Duero, main gate
Palace tower of Curiel de Duero

The members of the House of Zúñiga built or rebuilt numerous castles, fortresses and palaces in Spain. Some of these structures were abandoned over time, turned into ruins and used as building material for the neighborhood. At the moment (year 2012) there are only traces of some former buildings and the ruins of others. They are marked with (m) in the following list of buildings.

They also had magnificent palaces built as patrons of the artists of their time (Renaissance, Baroque), which are in a good state of preservation. Some of them have been declared national historical monuments.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Menéndez y Pidal, Tomo VII, Vol. 2, pp. 42-43.
  2. ↑ Ollé i Casals, nav23-3, pp. 1-4.
  3. ↑ Cátedra, p. 18, quotes the work of José Pellicer de Ossau Salas y Tovar "Crónica de la gran Casa de Zúñiga, derivada dos veces de la Real de Navarra ...", dedicada al IX duque de Béjar y Plasencia
  4. ^ Vilar y Pascual, pp. 471-473.
  5. ^ Piferrer, Tomo III, p. 52.
  6. ^ Vilar y Pascual, p. 472.
  7. ↑ AER Archivo AGS, Signatura PTR, LEG, 11, DOC. 13
  8. ^ Piferrer, Tomo III, p. 52.
  9. ↑ Jover Zamora, Tomo IX, pp. 517-554.
  10. ↑ Larios Martín, p. 22.
  11. ^ Piferrer, Tomo III, p. 23.
  12. ↑ Clavería, pp. 100-103.
  13. ↑ Cátedra, pp. 83-84.
  14. ^ Piferrer, Tomo III, p. 53.
  15. ^ Vilar y Pascual, p. 473.
  16. ^ Argote de Molina, p. 37.
  17. ^ Piferrer, Tomo I y Tomo III
  18. ↑ Piferrer, Tomo III, pp. 52-53.
  19. ↑ Atienza, p. 784.
  20. ↑ Clavería, pp. 128-129.
  21. ^ Piferrer, Tomo III, p. 28.
  22. ↑ Clavería, p. 135.
  23. ↑ Ortiz de Zúñiga, p. 110.
  24. ^ Vilar y Pascual, pp. 474-484.
  25. ↑ AER Archivo AHN, Fondo concesión Títulos del Reino
  26. ↑ AER Archivo SNAHN, Fondo OSUNA
  27. ↑ Atienza, Pág. 28-29
  28. ↑ AER Archivo AHN, Fondo Órdenes Militares
  29. ↑ Atienza, p. 784.
  30. ↑ Ceballos-Escalera, p. 271.
  31. ↑ Ceballos-Escalera, p. 280.
  32. ↑ AER Archivo AHN, Fondo Secretaría de las Ordenes Civiles
  33. ↑ Ceballos-Escalera, p. 315.
  34. ↑ Ceballos-Escalera, p. 325.
  35. ↑ Ceballos-Escalera, p. 354.
  36. ↑ Ceballos-Escalera, p. 362.
  37. ↑ Ceballos-Escalera, pp. 379-380.
  38. ↑ Ceballos-Escalera, pp. 442-443.

literature

  • Ramón Menéndez y Pidal: Historia de España, Tomo VII, Vol. 2, La España Cristiana de los Siglos VIII al IX (718-1035). Los Núcleos Pireneicos, Navarra, Aragón, Cataluña . Editorial Espasa-Calpe SA, Madrid 1999, ISBN 84-239-8913-5 ..
  • José María Jover Zamora: Historia de España, Tomo IX. La Reconquista (1035 - 1217) and the Proceso de Diferenciación Política . Editorial Espasa-Calpe SA, Madrid 1998, ISBN 84-239-8908-9 ..
  • Carlos Clavería: Historia del Reino de Navarra . Editorial Gómez, Pamplona 1971.
  • Luis Vilar y Pascual: Diccionario Histórico Genealógico y Heráldico de las Familias Ilustres de la Monarquía Española, Tomo VII . Miguel Guijarro, Editor, Madrid 1864.
  • Ángel del Arco y Molinero: Glorias de la Nobleza Española . Impr. F. Arias e hijo, Madrid 1899.
  • Joseph Antonio Álvarez y Baena: Hijos de Madrid, Ilustres Santidades, Dignidades, Armas, Ciencias y Artes. Tomos I al III . Benito Cano, Editor, Madrid 1790.
  • Luis Ballesteros Robles: Diccionario Biográfico Matritense . Ayuntamiento de Madrid, Madrid 1912.
  • Justino Matute y Gaviria: Hijos de Sevilla señalados en Santidad, Letras, Armas, Artes o Dignidad. Vol. 1 y 2 . Sociedad del Archivo Hispalense, Editor, Seville 1887.
  • Pedro M. Cátedra: The "Historia de la Casa de Zúñiga" otrora atribuida a Mosén Diego de Valera , Seminario de Estudios Medievales y Renacentistas. Edition, Gráficas Cervantes, Salamanca 2003, ISBN 84-932346-9-9 ..
  • Francisco Piferrer: Nobiliario de los Reinos y Señoríos de España, ilustrado con un Diccionario de Heráldica, Tomo I 1857.
  • Francisco Piferrer: Nobiliario de los Reinos y Señoríos de España, ilustrado con un Diccionario de Heráldica, Tomo III 1859.
  • Julio Atienza: Nobiliario Español . Editorial Aguilar, Madrid 1959.
  • Jesús Larios Martín: Dinastías Reales de España , Instituto Luis de Salazar y Castro. Edition, Gráficas Arias Montano, Madrid 1986.
  • Alonso Carrillo: Origen de la Dignidad de Grande de Castilla . Imprenta Real, Madrid: 1657.
  • Julián de Pinedo y Salazar: Historia de la Insigne Orden del Toysón de Oro. Vol. I al III 1787.
  • Alfonso de Ceballos-Escalera y Gila, Marqués de la Floresta: La Insigne Orden del Toisón de Oro , Fundación Carlos III. Edition, Palafox & Pezuela, Madrid 2000, ISBN 84-930310-2-X ..
  • Navarra y Pamplona hasta el 905 - REBELIONES CONTRA LOS ARABES
  • AER (Archivos Españoles en Red) . Retrieved May 19, 2012.