Hay (New South Wales)

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Hay
HayLachlanStreet003.JPG
Lachlan Street, the main street in Hay. Facing south.
State : AustraliaAustralia Australia
State : Flag of New South Wales.svg New South Wales
Founded : 1859
Coordinates : 34 ° 31 ′  S , 144 ° 51 ′  E Coordinates: 34 ° 31 ′  S , 144 ° 51 ′  E
Residents : 2,316 (2016)
Time zone : AEST (UTC + 10)
Postal code : 2711
LGA : Hay Shire
Hay (New South Wales)
Hay
Hay

Hay is a city in the southwest of the Australian state of New South Wales . It is located in the Riverina region and is the administrative center of the Local Government Area Hay Shire . Hay is the center of a fertile agricultural district on the wide plains of the area.

The city is almost halfway between Sydney and Adelaide at the junction of the Sturt Highway and the Cobb Highway . Hay is a major regional and national transportation hub and is located on the north bank of the Murrumbidgee River , a major tributary of the Murray River .

The 2016 census counted 2,316 residents, 6.4% of whom were Aboriginal . The majority of Hay's residents were born in Australia (79.1%) and only English is spoken in 83.8% of households. 24.4% of residents are 65 years of age or older, compared with 14% for all of Australia.

The most common denomination in Hay is the Roman Catholic with 30.1%, followed by the Anglican (25.3%). 17.7% of the population state that they do not belong to any denomination. The state administration is the most important employer in Hay, followed by education, accommodation, agriculture and finally food retailing.

geography

The Old Man Plain, a wide open plain between Hay and Wanganella

The Riverina Plain is an alluvial plain made up of deposits of silt, clay and fine sand that were dumped here by the primary currents of the early Quaternary over older granite rocks and sediments. The snow-fed Murrumbidgee River flows westward in a wide arc through this plain, north of its main tributary, the Lachlan River , until the two rivers join in a system of reed swamps and canals between Hay and Balranald . South of the Murrumbidgee River, Billabong Creek arises from various streams and then flows into the Edward River , a tributary of the Murray River. The plant communities along the river corridors at Hay generally consist of forests with different eucalyptus species ( Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Eucalyptus largiflorens ).

The almost treeless plain in the vicinity of Hay, which is not in the immediate vicinity of the river, consists of gray clay and red earth. Report bush land with undergrowth of grass and wild flowers was the typical vegetation at the time of the land settlement by the Europeans. In the meantime, however, the reports after decades of overfertilization, animal consumption by rabbits and large-scale agricultural use, especially in areas near rivers and those near irrigation canals, have decreased significantly. In the plains around Hay you will find a complex system of flat stream beds and dry lakes, interrupted by sand dunes piled up by the wind, on which ornamental cypresses often grow.

There have been climate records in Hay since 1877. The temperature extremes occur quite frequently throughout the year: The mean maximum monthly temperature in January is 32.9 ° C and the mean minimum monthly temperature in July is 3.5 ° C. The highest air temperature ever recorded in Hay was 42.7 ° C in February, the lowest was -3.6 ° C in June. The mean annual precipitation is 367.2 mm.

HAY - Height: 93.3 m
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.
 
 
28
 
33
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36
 
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31
15th
Temperature in ° Cprecipitation in mm
Source:
Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for HAY - Altitude: 93.3 m
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Max. Temperature ( ° C ) 32.9 32.6 29.2 24.0 19.3 15.8 15.1 17.2 20.7 24.4 28.4 31.2 O 24.2
Min. Temperature (° C) 16.5 16.4 13.7 9.9 6.7 4.5 3.5 4.5 6.6 9.4 12.4 14.9 O 9.9
Precipitation ( mm ) 27.7 27.9 29.7 28.4 35.8 36.0 30.5 32.2 32.2 36.0 24.2 26.5 Σ 367.1
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
32.9
16.5
32.6
16.4
29.2
13.7
24.0
9.9
19.3
6.7
15.8
4.5
15.1
3.5
17.2
4.5
20.7
6.6
24.4
9.4
28.4
12.4
31.2
14.9
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
N
i
e
d
e
r
s
c
h
l
a
g
27.7
27.9
29.7
28.4
35.8
36.0
30.5
32.2
32.2
36.0
24.2
26.5
  Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Source:

history

The Aboriginal communities in the western Riverina traditionally existed in the somewhat more habitable river corridors and in the reed fields of the region. The area around Hay was claimed by at least three separate Aboriginal groups at the time of European settlement. The area immediately around today's city seems to have been the action area of ​​the Nari Nari from the lower Murrumbidgee River and the Wiradjuri from the western interior of today's New South Wales.

In late 1829, Charles Sturt and his men were pulling horses and carts along the Murrumbidgee River. They launched their whale boat near the confluence of the Lachlan River with the Murrumbidgee River and continued their journey with it to the Murray River and finally to the sea at Lake Alexandrina , and then returned by the same route. In the late 1830s, herds of cattle were regularly brought to South Australia across the lower Murrumbidgee River . At the same time drovers were moving westward along the Lachlan River, Murrumbidgee River, Billabong Creek, and Murray River. In 1839 all the river banks near today's Hay were occupied by settlers. By the mid-1850s, pastures were well established and productive in the western Riverina. Nearby Victoria at the time of the gold rush were a growing market for livestock. The fertile Riverina became a kind of warehouse from which the market in Victoria could be supplied, if necessary. One of the common cattle routes in the mid-1850s crossed the Murrumbidgee River at Lang's Crossing .

Lang's Crossing

A sculpture by John Wooller entitled Lang's Crossing on the banks of the Murrumbidgee River

The place where the town of Hay later emerged was originally known as Lang's Crossing . It was named after three brothers named Lang, who rented cattle routes on the south bank of the river. It was the transition of a much-used cattle drive route called The Great North Road across the Murrumbidgee River that led to the markets in Victoria . In the years 1856-1857, Captain Francis Cadell , steamship pioneer on the Murray River, used an agent in Lang 'Crossing who had the task of setting up a business - initially in a tent. In December 1857 Thomas Simpson moved here from Deniliquin and started a forge and a household. Six months later, the Canadian shipowner Henry Leonard arrived here. He built a hotel and guest house near Simpsons buildings and installed a cable ferry across the river. In August 1858 steamers of the two rival owners Francis Cadell and William Randell drove on the Murrumbidgee River to Lang's Crossing; Cadell's steamship Albury went even further upstream to Gundagai .

Henry Jeffries, the tenant of Illilawa Station (which included Lang's Crossing at its western end) was very disturbed by Henry Leonard's activities. Threats against his ferry forced Leonard to guard it with his rifle at the ready. An attempt by Jeffries to demolish Leonard's hotel while it was still under construction sparked an outcry from those in favor of settlement on the site. As a result, the New South Wales government sent a surveyor to measure a settlement area for the new town. Henry Leonard completed his hotel and opened it on October 30, 1858. The Murrumbidgee Punt Hotel is depicted as a large, wooden-paneled building with a shingle roof and a beautiful veranda along the front of the house. In mid-1859 the Department of Lands had designated settlement areas on both banks of the river and appointed Henry Shiell to the police magistrate. In October 1859 the settlement in Hay was renamed after the politician John Hay , a wealthy settler from the upper Murray River, member of the Legislative Assembly of New South Wales and Secretary of Lands and Works . Government land in Hay was sold at the end of the same month.

Hays first decades 1859–1880

The first post office at Lang's Crossing opened on April 16, 1859 and was renamed the Hay Post Office in 1861 . At the beginning of 1860 a brick courthouse and a prison were built in Hay (where the post office is today).

A census in April 1861 showed 172 inhabitants, 115 of them men (25 of them 15 years or younger) and 57 women (23 of them 15 years or younger). Of the 90 men aged 16 or over, 38% were married or widowed; of the 34 women aged 16 or over, 76% were married or widowed. The census also names the buildings of the new settlement: 4 brick buildings, 17 buildings with wooden cladding, in block construction or lighter structures and 14 tents.

In April 1861, two new permits were issued to build hotels in Hay: Thomas E. Blewett and George Dorward built the Caledonian Hotel and Thomas Simpson the Argyle Hotel . Both hotels were built next to each other on Lachlan Street . In the course of 1862 the Argyle Hotel closed again and was offered for sale. In September 1865, George Maiden briefly reopened it as the Royal Mail Hotel . In February 1866, Christopher Ledwidge , owner of the Caledonian Hotel since 1864, bought the Royal Mail Hotel and merged the two hotels. Unfortunately, the Caledonian Hotel was badly damaged in a fire in 2006 and demolished in 2007.

According to the 1871 census in the colony of New South Wales, the settlement of Hay had 664 inhabitants, 388 of whom were male and 276 were female. The proportion of young people under the age of 16 rose from 28% in 1861 to 38% in 1871.

In November 1871, the residents of Hay sent a petition to the government asking them to elevate their settlement to town. The election of the aldermen was held in 1872. Frank Johns , a local businessman, was elected mayor at the city’s first meeting .

The first bridge over the Murrumbidgee River was built in 1872 and cost £ 20,000. The construction included a swing bridge in the middle part, which allowed an opening for steam ships to pass. The construction of the driveways delayed the opening of the bridge, which was finally carried out on August 31, 1874 by the Colonial Secretary of New South Wales , Henry Parkes . In June 1973 the old bridge was replaced by a new one. The old bridge in Hay was then demolished. The rotating part, which was last used in June 1946, was set up at the bend in the river, a little north of the location of the old bridge.

Sketch of the prison by Hay (1881)

Hay developed into an important center for his environment. Pastures around the city were the main employers. With its shops, hotels, hospital, post office, banks, courthouse and police station, Hay became a major draw for farm workers and settlers alike. Haulage companies, service companies, wool buyers and cattle dealers all settled in Hay and the town became a busy inland port. Goods for the city and the surrounding ranching stations were unloaded from the steamers and barges and wool traps were loaded for the return journey (usually to Echuca , which was connected to Melbourne by rail in 1864 ).

In 1879 and 1880 a local construction company, Witcombe Brothers , built a new prison to replace the old jail on Lachlan Street (next to the present post office). The new Hay Prison opened in December 1880.

Consolidation: 1881–1914

Post Office on Lachlan Street (1881)

In 1881 and 1882 the railway line from Narrandera to Hay was extended and a new train station was built in Hay. The new line, directly connecting Hay to Sydney, opened in July 1882. With the extension of the railway from New South Wales to Hay, the route for wool on the river became less important. The local economy was now oriented less towards Melbourne and more towards Sydney. The price policy of the railway was designed in such a way that the wool transport with the new means of transport for the sheep stations in most of the Riverina was cheaper than transport by ship.

In 1883, the vast Anglican Diocese of Goulburn was divided, with the western part forming the greater part of the newly formed Diocese of Riverina. Hay was the new bishopric and '' Sydney Linton '' was ordained as the first bishop on May 1, 1884 in St Paul's Cathedral in London . Linton and his family traveled to Sydney and then on to Hay, where he was enthroned in the old St. Paul's Church on March 18, 1885. The new St. Paul's Church - the main church of the new diocese - was completed at the end of 1885. In 1889 the bishop's residence in South Hay was completed. The construction and the materials used for the Bishop's Lodge , which is clad with corrugated iron , was intended to take into account the extreme climatic conditions of Hay. Until 1953, Hay remained the seat of the Anglican bishop; then he was transferred to Narrandera .

The writer Joseph Furphy lived in Hay in the 1870s and worked as an ox cart driver . Furphy later had his novella Such is Life (published 1903) play around Hay.

First World War and the aftermath

During World War I , 641 men from Hay and the surrounding area were drafted (one of the highest per capita obligations in Australia). Every sixth man enrolled fell in the field, which had a terrible impact on the tightly knit communities of the district.

In 1919 a proposal to build a high school in Hay in memory of those who died in the district in World War I was accepted. The Hay War Memorial High School opened on ANZAC Day 1923; Mr. LE Penman '' was the first principal of the school.

Internees and prisoners of war

The prison of Hay is now a museum, in which the eventful past of the building as a prison, prisoner of war camp and boarding school for girls is presented.

During World War II , Hay served as a camp for internees and prisoners of war, especially because it was so far in the outback. Three high security camps were built there in 1940. The first inmates were over 2,000 refugees from Nazi Germany and Austria , many of them Jews . They had been interned in Britain when fears of a German invasion peaked and were deported to Australia aboard the HMT Dunera . They arrived in Hay on September 7, 1940 with four trains from Sydney. They were interned in Camps 7 and 8 (near today's exhibition center) under the guard of the 16th Garrison Battalion of the Australian Army . In November 1940, another complex in Hay, Camp No. 6 (near the hospital), was occupied with civilian internees from Italy . Camps 7 and 8 were released again in May 1941 when the internees were moved by the '' Dunera ''. Some of them came to Orange , others to Tatura , Victoria, and still others joined the Australian Army Engineer Corps. When the Germans and Austrians disappeared, Italian prisoners of war were sent to camps 7 and 8. In December 1941, Japanese internees, e. Some of them from Broome and the islands north of Australia, brought to Hay and housed in camp 6. From April 1942, there was the River Farm on the eastern city limits, where the Italian internees and prisoners of war could do gardening and other agricultural activities. In February 1945, a large number of Japanese prisoners of war were transferred to the three high-security complexes in Hay as a result of the great prisoner escape from Cowra . On March 1, 1946, these prisoners were sent to Tatura on five railroad trains. In the course of 1946, the Italians who had remained in Hay were gradually released or transferred to other camps. The camps in Hay were demolished and the resulting materials and equipment sold in June of the following year.

The first group of internees in Hay were soon called 'Dunera Boys'. The internment of this group of refugees, who were saved from Nazi persecution in Europe, was an important milestone in the cultural history of Australia. Less than half of those interned in Hay remained in Australia after their release. The influence of this group of men on culture, science and business in Australia cannot be overestimated; they became an integral and valued part of the nation's cultural and intellectual life. The 'Dunera Boys' are still fondly remembered in Hay today; Dunera Day is held every year in the city , on which many surviving internees return to their former captivity.

traffic

Hay station is the terminus of the branch line to Hay, which branches off the Main South Line . But this station is closed, even if it is presentable. A few old railroad cars stand on the platforms as part of a museum.

On the road, Hay can be reached via the Sturt Highway . There are bus routes to Cootamundra , from where there are rail connections to Sydney and Melbourne, and also to Mildura .

Agriculture

Hay is the center of one of Australia's most important sheep farming areas. There are about 26 sheep stations around the city. Calf rearing for slaughter or, in recent years, increasingly resale to fattening farms is also very common. Vegetables such as lettuce, pumpkins, tomatoes, garlic, honeydew melons, watermelons and broccoli, and corn are grown on artificially irrigated areas. Hay is the main supplier of safflower , lettuce and broccoli in the Riverina.

In recent years rice and cotton have also been grown around Hay. Colder growing seasons damaged cotton cultivation, but caused the rice cultivation area to increase from 400 hectares in 1991/1992 to over 7,000 hectares in 1997/1998. In 2002, 75,375 to. Harvested rice. In a travel depot on the outskirts of the city, 32,000 to. Rice to be dried in Deniliquin before being delivered to the mill .

Sports

Home of the Hay Lions, the local Australian football club

In Hay, as in most of the towns in the Riverina, you can practice many sports and there are many sports clubs, such as: B. in all leagues of football and rugby.

The Hay Magpies play in the rugby league in the South West Riverina called Group 17 , which is dominated by the New South Wales Rugby League . In the history of Group 17, Hay was the most successful team to win 12 championships. In 2007 the Magpies switched from Group 17 to Group 20 .

The local team in rugby union are the Hay Cutters who play in Southern Inland Rugby Union against teams like Tumut and Albury .

The Hay Lions are the Australian football club and play in the Golden Rivers Football League, which is played in several other small towns in northern Victoria and western Riverina.

The Hay Jockey Club holds a popular horse race every November, which is advertised as the “Biggest Day of the Year”. Although this is a professional race supported by the TAB , it has retained the character of a picnic race (amateur race for thoroughbred horses).

newspaper

The Riverine Grazier is the local weekly newspaper that was first published in 1873. The newspaper has a circulation of 5,000 and is available in the Hay, Booligal, Balranald and Ivanhoe areas. He comes out every Wednesday. There are also daily newspapers from Griffith, Sydney and Melbourne in Hay.

Web links

Commons : Hay (New South Wales)  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. a b c Australian Bureau of Statistics : Hay ( English ) In: 2016 Census QuickStats . June 27, 2017. Retrieved January 26, 2020.
  2. ^ BE Butler, G. Blackburn, JM Bowler, CR Lawrence, JW Newell, S. Pels: A Geomorphic Map of the Riverine Plain of South-eastern Australia . Australian National University Press, Canberra 1973
  3. a b Hay (Miller Street) climate averages . Bureau of Meteorology
  4. ^ Premier Postal History: Post Office List . Archived from the original on August 19, 2008. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved June 11, 2009. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.premierpostal.com
  5. ^ Census of New South Wales. NSW Votes and Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly , 1862, Volume 3, p. 98 (66)
  6. a b c Caroline Marylees & Derek Woolcott: The Witcombe Heritage: A History of the Buildings of Hay . Hay Historical Society 1993
  7. ^ Hay Branch . www.nswrail.net. Retrieved January 25, 2007.
  8. Laurel Clyde: In a Strange Land: A History of the Anglican Diocese of Riverina . Hawthorn Press, Melbourne (1979)
  9. Michael McGirr: Celebrating the original larrikin . The Age. 2003. Retrieved February 4, 2007.
  10. ^ Haywire: The Wartime Camps at Hay . Hay Historical Society (2006)
  11. ^ Life Matters. ABC Radio National, August 30, 2002, archived from the original on October 20, 2008 ; Retrieved April 13, 2014 .
  12. ^ A b Agriculture in the Hay district . Archived from the original on August 20, 2006. Retrieved January 25, 2007.
  13. Area News : Gilroy, Will, 'Hay wins vote'. ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. November 8, 2006; 'Majority of clubs welcome Magpies' ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , November 10, 2006. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.riverinamediagroup.com.au @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.riverinamediagroup.com.au
  14. Hay Jockey Club Races . Hay Tourism and Development Inc .. Archived from the original on August 20, 2006. Retrieved January 29, 2007.
  15. ^ The Riverine Grazier . Victorian Country Press Association. Archived from the original on December 5, 2006. Retrieved January 29, 2007.