Heihe (river)

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Heihe
黑河
Hei He (Black River)
Taklimakan & Badain Jaran.jpg
Data
location Qinghai , Gansu and Inner Mongolia , People's Republic of China
China People's RepublicPeople's Republic of China 
River system Heihe river
source Heihe Spring
39 ° 4 ′ 20 ″  N , 98 ° 49 ′ 0 ″  E
Source height 4350  m
muzzle East Juyan Sea Coordinates: 42 ° 18 ′ 0 ″  N , 101 ° 15 ′ 0 ″  E 42 ° 18 ′ 0 ″  N , 101 ° 15 ′ 0 ″  E
Mouth height 890  m
Height difference 3460 m
Bottom slope 4.2 ‰
length 821 km
Catchment area 142,900 km²
Discharge at gauge Yingluo Gorge
A Eo : 10,009 km² 		MQ 1945-2010
Mq 1945-2010
 		50.3 m³ / s
5 l / (s km²)
Discharge at the Shaomaying
A Eo gauge : 34,000 km² 		HHQ 27.6 m³ / s
Left tributaries Liyuan
Beilang
Maying
Fengle
Beida
Taolail / Taolei Hongshui
Right tributaries Hulugou
Babao
Dayekou
Hongshui
Shandan
Big cities Zhangye
Small towns Chara Choto ruins

Ejina ( 41 ° 57 ′  N , 101 ° 4 ′  E )

Residents in the catchment area 1,840,000
Babao
Babao He
source Babao Spring
37 ° 50 ′ 30 ″  N , 101 ° 6 ′ 30 ″  E
Source height approx.  3700  m
muzzle Huangzangsi at
38 ° 12 '24 "  N , 100 ° 10' 55"  O
Mouth height 2339  m
Height difference approx. 1361 m

Catchment area 2503 km²
Discharge at the Qilian
A Eo gauge : 2503 km² 		MQ 1957
Mq 1957
 		14.31 m³ / s
5.7 l / (s km²)
Small towns Qilian

The Heihe ( Chinese  黑河 , Pinyin Hēihé ) is an inland river in central-north China. It flows over 821 km, coming from the Tibet highlands , in a northerly direction to the border with Mongolia , where it fans out in the largest alluvial cone on earth and ends in an evaporite basin. Cutting through the Chinese desert belt, it irrigates numerous, extensive oases in which intensive agriculture has been practiced for 2000 years and around two million people live today.

description

(  Map with all coordinates: OSM | WikiMap ) The Heihe, or Heihe (literally: Black River), in Tibetan Rme Chu, is an inland river in central-north China. Its water catchment area of ​​142,900 km 2 forms the country's second largest inland basin without any outflow . The area extends in the south from the northeastern edge of the Tibet highlands to the north as far as the Gobi-Altai Mountains and partially across the southern border of Mongolia . Within the vast desert regions of China, it is a humid island with extensive oases. In the course of the river, a distinction is made between upper, middle and lower reaches. f1Georeferencing

Upper course

The source ( 39 ° 4 '  N , 98 ° 49'  O ) is located in the Lenglongling mountain range in Qilian Mountains the province of Qinghai . The water catchment area on the upper reaches of the mountains is 1,700 to 5,066 m above sea level and covers an area of ​​10,009 km 2 . In the higher altitudes, 500 mm of precipitation falls annually, which decreases to 250 mm in the lower altitudes. Above 4,000 m there are glaciers (59 km 2 ) whose meltwater also contributes to the Heihe.

From the source flowing in southeastern direction to Huangzangsi ( 38 ° 13 '  N , 100 ° 11'  O ) in the vicinity of the city Qilian where the Babao flow coming opens from the opposite direction. From there it crosses the Lenglongling mountain range in an arc, first to the northwest, then to the north. The Heihe flows through deep gorges and is dammed several times. A total of 26 rivers flow into the Heihe on the upper reaches. The mean annual runoff for the upper reaches, measured from 1945 to 2010, is 1.588 billion m 3 .

Middle course

In Yingluoxia or Yingluo Gorge (Yingluo gorge 38 ° 49 '  N , 100 ° 11'  O ), about 1700 m above sea level. M., the Heihe leaves the mountains and flows through the Hexi-Corridor level. In this section, known as the middle course, with a catchment area of ​​26,100 km 2 , there is a moderate arid continental climate with an average annual rainfall of 140 mm and an average potential evapotranspiration of 1000 to 2000 m / y.

In the catchment area, which belongs to the Gansu Province, 1.92 million people (as of 2010) live. Protected by the Great Wall , the historic Silk Road led through this oasis corridor, in which agriculture has been practiced without interruption since the Han dynasty over 2000 years ago.

The Heihe flows with an average gradient of 2% over a distance of 185 km, initially northwards to the city of Zhangye . There it changes its direction of flow to the northwest. The middle course ends approx. 1300 m above sea level. M. where the Heihe the Hexi corridor through Zhengyi-Gorge gorge ( 39 ° 50 '  N , 99 ° 25'  O ) leaves that up to the western slopes of him through the Heli-Berge Badain-Jaran Desert leads .

Lower course

The catchment area on the lower reaches of 77,100 km 2 belongs geologically to the Alxa plateau. It makes up about 60% of the entire Heihe catchment area. In 2010 it consisted of 83% sand and Gobi desert and 14.76% grassland. There is one of the largest Euphrates poplar forests on earth. The area is at its deepest point 869 m above sea level and is bordered by mountains that reach down to 1885 m.

As part of the Gobi Desert , the area is shielded from the East Asian summer monsoon and in winter the Siberian anticyclone dominates the climate. The region is extremely dry with sparse rainfall and intense evaporation. The little rainfall usually falls from July to early September. In summer and autumn it gets extremely hot and in winter and spring it is dry and cold. The long-term mean, from 1960 to 2012, the amount of precipitation was 34 mm with a minimum of 7 mm and a maximum of 101 mm. The annual potential evapotranspiration is extreme with 3504 to 3755 mm with an average of 3600 mm. Temperatures average 8 ° C, but can drop to -37 ° C or rise to 44.5 ° C. There are long hours of sunshine and frequent sandstorms.

The Heihe first flows through the area of ​​the Dingxin oasis and winds to the north-east. The Dingxin oasis is the first sub-basin in the lower reaches of 31,200 km 2. After Dingxin, the Heihe only carries seasonal water. From there it is also called Ejin, or Ruo Shui (weak river).

At the level Shaomaying ( 41 ° 0 '  N , 100 ° 15'  O ) m spent each year 300-870 million 3 from water. There the Heihe reaches Inner Mongolia and continues to flow in a north-easterly direction into the Ejina Basin (also called Gaxun Nur Basin). This second sub-basin on the lower reaches is 890 to 1127 m above sea level. M. and has an extension of 28,000 km 2 . It borders the Badain-Jaran Desert to the east and the Gobi-Altai Mountains to the west and north.

The Heihe has piled up the largest alluvial fan in the world there. It starts at the mountain Lanxinshan ( 41 ° 5 '  N , 100 ° 25'  O ), an island of a mountain, which is 1200 m, the highest peak within the region. There the river divides into two main arms and 19 more that extend up to 300 km to the north. The two main arms bear the names Xi He, or according to the literal translation West River and Dong He, or East River, depending on their location. There is the 1,500 km 2 Ejina oasis with 15,700 inhabitants.

The water of the Heihe gathers in seven lakes. Two of them are end lakes . The West River ends in West Juyan Lake ( 42 ° 23 ′  N , 100 ° 51 ′  E ), also called Gashun Lake, and the East River ends in East Juyan Lake ( 42 ° 18 ′  N , 101 ° 15 ′  E ) also called Sugu Lake, which is 890 m above sea level.

History

Large parts of the Heihe Basin are an important and highly developed grain-growing area in terms of irrigation. Agriculture has been practiced there continuously for around 2000 years. In the second half of the 20th century, the intensification of agriculture and excessive water consumption, especially on the middle reaches, led to a strong reduction in the water supply of the lower reaches. The result was the destruction of the ecosystem on the lower reaches. The end lakes dried up, the desert spread and sandstorms increased. In the 1960s, 30 km 2 of cultivated areas were cultivated there, which by 2003 shrank to only 3 km 2 , the rest was converted into desert. West Juyan Lake dried up for the first time from 1960 to 1962. In 1982 the East Juyan Lake had 99 m 2 of water surface and the West Juyan Lake 68.4 m 2. In the following 20 years, both lakes dried up. After the water began to be managed more sustainably, the lakes began to fill up again. In 2016, the East Juyan Lake again had a water surface of 40  km 2 .

Remarks

  1. ↑ The Heihe should not be confused with the Haihe which is written with "a" instead of "e". The Haihe, or Hai He, is a river in northeast China.
  2. ↑ About the name: Chinese geoscientists refer to the river described here as the “Heihe River” or “Heihe” in its entirety in English-language publications. This nomenclature is also used in this article because it is obviously the established one. Closer to the Chinese language, it might be more correct to speak of "Hei He", ie "Hei River", or "Hei", which is otherwise only found sporadically. "He" means "river" in Chinese. Different river sections are traditionally given other names such as Ruo Shui (弱水, Ruò Shuǐ , "weak water"), Ruo He (弱 河Ruò hé , "weak river"), Ejina He (额济纳 河Éjìnà hé ), Etsin Gol, Ejen Gol, Erginar and a few others. As far as these are used by Chinese geoscientists, they are also taken up in this article.

Individual evidence

  1. Jump up ↑ YanBo Zhao, et al .: Integrated hydrologic modeling in the inland Heihe River Basin, northwest China. In: Sci Cold Arid Reg. 5, 2013, pp. 35-50 ( cnki.com.cn ).
  2. ↑ a b Estimated using Google Earth
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h Kaifeng Yu, et al .: Discriminating sediment archives and sedimentary processes in the arid endorheic Ejina Basin, NW China using a robust geochemical approach. In: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences. 119, 2016, pp. 128–144. ( academia.edu  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. PDF; 3.65 MB).@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.academia.edu  
  4. ↑ a b Yaonan Zhang, et al .: An eco-hydrology wireless sensor demonstration network in high-altitude and alpine environment in the Heihe River Basin of China. In: Wireless Sensor Network. 4.5, 2012, p. 138 ( file.scirp.org ).
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g Bie Qiang, He Lei, Zhao Chuan-yan: Monitoring glacier changes of recent 50 years in the upper reaches of Heihe river basin based on remotely-sensed data. In: IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Volume 17, No. 1. IOP Publishing, 2014 ( iopscience.iop.org PDF; 740 kB).
  6. ↑ a b c d e Jia Qin, et al .: Understanding the impact of mountain landscapes on water balance in the upper Heihe River watershed in northwestern China. In: Journal of Arid Land. 5.3, 2013, pp. 366–383 ( jal.xjegi.com PDF; 3.12 MB).
  7. ↑ a b c d e f Yingchun Ge, et al .: A Decision Support System for irrigation water allocation along the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin, Northwest China. In: Environmental modeling & software. 47, 2013, pp. 182–192 ( lzb.cas.cn PDF; 2.6 MB).
  8. ↑ Jianhua Si, et al .: Inland river terminal lake preservation: determining basin scale and the ecological water requirement. In: Environmental Earth Sciences. 73.7, 2015, pp. 3327-3334 ( researchgate.net PDF).
  9. ↑ a b c d e f g Qi Feng, et al .: The research of three-dimensional numerical simulation of groundwater-flow: taking the Ejina Basin, Northwest China as example. In: Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions. 1.3, 2009, pp. 0238–0248 ( scar.ac.cn ( Memento of the original from September 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and remove then this note. PDF; 1 MB). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.scar.ac.cn
  10. ↑ a b c d e f g h Q. Feng, et al .: Distribution and evolution of water chemistry in Heihe River basin. In: Environmental Geology. 45.7, 2004, pp. 947-956 ( researchgate.net PDF; 366 kB).
  11. ↑ Li Zongxing, et al .: Quantitative evaluation on the influence from cryosphere meltwater on runoff in an inland river basin of China. In: Global and Planetary Change. 143, 2016, pp. 189–195 ( researchgate.net PDF; 1.4 MB).
  12. ^ Wenchao Sun, et al .: Changes in Remotely Sensed Vegetation Growth Trend in the Heihe Basin of Arid Northwestern China. In: PloS one. 10.8, 2015, p. E0135376. ( journals.plos.org PDF).
  13. ↑ Li Zongxing, et al .: Study on the contribution of cryosphere to runoff in the cold alpine basin: A case study of Hulugou River Basin in the Qilian Mountains. In: Global and Planetary Change. 122, 2014, pp. 345-361 ( researchgate.net , researchgate.net PDF; 3 MB).
  14. ^ UNESCO Project Document. Sustainable Management of Marginal Drylands (SUMAMAD) - Phase 2 2007 ( unesco.org PDF; 1.1 MB).
  15. ↑ Determined with the help of Google Earth 2016 and the map of Li 2015
  16. ↑ a b c Jianghao Wang, et al .: Spatial sampling design for estimating regional GPP with spatial heterogeneities. In: IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters. 11.2, 2014, pp. 539-543 ( pdfs.semanticscholar.org PDF; 316 kB).
  17. ^ J. Wu, et al .: The variation and utilization of water resources in the Heihe River basin. In: WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment. 80, 2005 ( witpress.com PDF; 447 kB).
  18. ^ Carmen Meinert, Christian Gudehus: From Worse to Better. In: Nature, Environment and Culture in East Asia. Brill, 2013. 231-258.
  19. ↑ a b Xin Li, et al .: Quantifying landscape structure of the Heihe River Basin, north-west China using FRAGSTATS. In: Journal of Arid Environments. 48.4, 2001, pp. 521-535 ( researchgate.net PDF; 0.5 MB).
  20. ↑ Anben Yang, et al .: A distributed scheme developed for eco-hydrological modeling in the upper Heihe River. In: Science China Earth Sciences. 58.1, 2015, pp. 36–45 ( researchgate.net PDF; 2 MB).
  21. ↑ Estimated using Google Earth
  22. ↑ See images from 2015 in Google Earth 2016
  23. ↑ Li Zhiqing: Journal of Global Environmental Studies. 2015 ( genv.sophia.ac.jp ( memento of the original from September 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. PDF; 2.5 MB). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.genv.sophia.ac.jp
  24. ↑ a b c d e f g h Ning Ma, et al .: Observation of mega-dune evaporation after various rain events in the hinterland of Badain Jaran Desert, China. In: Chinese Science Bulletin. 59.2, 2014, pp. 162–170 ( academia.edu  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this note. PDF; 1 MB) .@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.academia.edu  
  25. ^ Dictionary.cambridge.org
  26. ^ A b Liming Gao, Yaonan Zhang: Spatio-temporal variation of hydrological drought under climate change during the period 1960–2013 in the Hexi Corridor, China. In: Journal of Arid Land. 8.2, 2016, pp. 157–171 ( jal.xjegi.com PDF; 445 kB).
  27. ↑ YH Zhang, XF Song, YQ Wu: Use of oxygen-18 isotope to quantify flows in the upriver and middle reaches of the Heihe River, Northwestern China. In: Environmental geology. 58.3, 2009, pp. 645–653 ( sourcedb.cas.cn ( memento of the original from September 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and remove then this note. PDF; 415 kB). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / sourcedb.cas.cn
  28. ↑ XS. Wang, et al .: Groundwater response to leakage of surface water through a thick vadose zone in the middle reaches area of ​​Heihe River Basin, in China. In: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 14.4, 2010, pp. 639-650 ( hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net PDF; 1 MB).
  29. ↑ a b c d e f Haiming Yan, et al .: Effects of Climate Change and LUCC on Terrestrial Biomass in the Lower Heihe River Basin during 2001–2010. In: Energies. 9.4, 2016, p. 260 ( mdpi.com PDF; 3.27 MB) - ( mdpi.com )
  30. ↑ a b c d e f g h Haiyang Xi, et al .: Effects of water and salinity on plant species composition and community succession in Ejina Desert Oasis, northwest China. In: Environmental Earth Sciences. 75.2, 2016, pp. 1–16 ( researchgate.net PDF; 7.4 MB).
  31. ↑ Yu Liu, et al .: Tree-ring hydrologic reconstructions for the Heihe River watershed, western China since AD ​​1430. In: water research. 44.9, 2010, pp. 2781–2792 ( researchgate.net PDF; 1.12 MB).
  32. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Xiaoyou Zhang, Tongtong Men, Maoxian Zhou: The change of land cover / land use in Ejina oasis over 20 years. In: International Conference on Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture. Springer US, 2008 ( dl.ifip.org PDF; 1 MB).
  33. ↑ a b c d A. S. Walker, John W. Olsen, Bagen: The Badain Jaran Desert: Remote Sensing Investigations. In: Geographical Journal. 1987, pp. 205-210. ( faculty.ksu.edu.sa ( Memento of the original from September 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. PDF; 1 MB). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / faculty.ksu.edu.sa
  34. ↑ Estimated using Google Earth
  35. ↑ Google Earth 2016
  36. ↑ YanWu Lü, et al .: 10Be in quartz gravel from the Gobi Desert and evolutionary history of alluvial sedimentation in the Ejina Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. In: Chinese Science Bulletin. 55.33, 2010, pp. 3802-3809 ( cge.ac.cn PDF; 703 kB).
  37. ↑ a b c Xu Zhongmin, et al .: Applying contingent valuation in China to measure the total economic value of restoring ecosystem services in Ejina region. In: Ecological Economics. 44.2, 2003, pp. 345-358. doi : 10.1016 / S0921-8009 (02) 00280-X . ( Internet Archive Memento PDF; 317 kB).
  38. ↑ a b 肖生春, et al .: 近百年来 西 居延 海 湖泊 水位 变化 的 湖岸 林树 轮 记录.冰川 冻土 26.5, 2004, pp. 557-562. ( bcdt.westgis.ac.cn ( Memento of the original from September 16, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this note. PDF; 1 , 1 MB). @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / bcdt.westgis.ac.cn
  39. ↑ a b c d e Z. Lu, et al .: Evolution of the human-water relationships in the Heihe River basin in the past 2000 years. In: Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 19.5, 2015, pp. 2261–2273. ( hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net PDF; 1 MB).
  40. ↑ Shengchun Xiao, Xiaomei Peng, Quanyan Tian: Climatic and human drivers of recent lake-level change in East Juyan Lake, China. In: Regional Environmental Change. 16.4, 2016, pp. 1063-1073. ( link.springer.com PDF).