Hermann Arnold (doctor)

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hermann Arnold (born April 18, 1912 in Alsenz ; † November 28, 2005 in Landau in the Palatinate ) was a German medical officer who mainly wrote about " gypsies ", "gypsy hybrids", "anti-social" (both Arnold) and regional history Representations of Jews and "robber gangs" has become known. His publications and his consultancy work as a "gypsy expert" were in continuity with Robert Ritter's Nazi gypsy research, which has been scientifically and politically criticized since around 1980. Arnold called for the control of population policy through eugenics .

Youth and education

Landau (postcard around 1903)

Apart from information about the father's occupation and schooling, nothing is known about Arnold's youth. He was born on April 18, 1912 as the son of the district doctor Alfred Arnold in Alsenz / Pfalz. He attended elementary school there in 1918 and the humanistic grammar school in Landau / Pfalz from 1922 to 1931.

Medical studies, chemical weapons research and military doctor (1932–1945)

Arnold began his medical studies in Munich at the Ludwig Maximilians University . After four semesters, he switched to the Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , where he completed his preliminary medical examination at the end of the summer semester of 1933. In the winter semester of 1933/34 he continued his studies at the Christian Albrechts University in Kiel .

From April 1934 Arnold began working as a flag junior with the Reichswehr medical corps . His weapons training took place in Tübingen, where he could also attend lectures. In November 1934 he was assigned to the Military Medical Academy in Berlin, where he continued his studies until the medical state examination in September 1936. The Kaiser Wilhelm Academy was dissolved in 1919 on the basis of the Versailles Treaty and reopened on October 1, 1934 by the National Socialists as the "Military Medical Academy". Arnold's license to practice medicine took place on September 29, 1937. In August 1937 he had received his doctorate . The dissertation entitled “Contributions to the pathology of eye damage by dichlorodiethyl sulfide based on animal experiments” dealt with the effects of the chemical warfare agent mustard gas . The reviewers were the poison gas expert Otto Muntsch and the pathologist Max Löhlein . The animal experiments took place at the gas therapy department of the Military Medical Academy. Arnold then became a senior physician there .

Little is known about further living conditions and activities from 1937 to 1939, as there are no documents; the doctoral file is also missing. From August 1939 to 1945 he was a military doctor ( senior physician , medical officer , senior medical officer ) at various poorly occupied locations, e.g. Sometimes in connection with units specializing in chemical weapons . According to his obituary, he was "Chief of a Medical Company" during World War II.

In the Federal Republic

After 1945 Arnold worked as head of the health department of the city of Landau / Pfalz. In 1971 the University of Saarbrücken appointed him extraordinary professor for social hygiene. Until 1974 he was a medical officer in Landau.

In his function as district doctor in 1947 he was an expert on the nutritional situation in Landau. He was involved in organizing aid deliveries for American Mennonites and in school meals.

The "Gypsy Expert", 1950–2005

Ritter and Justin during recording work (compulsory blood sampling) of the RHF in April 1938 in the Palatinate (recording RHF)

How Arnold came to the topic of "Gypsy and anti-social research" is unclear. What is certain is that he did not belong to the Racial Hygiene Research Center (RHF) headed by Robert Ritter .

Personal contact with Eva Justin (formerly RHF) can - according to Hohmann - be assumed for the years 1947/48. Justin assumed that Ritter and Arnold knew each other from the pre-war era. There are no written sources of contacts between Ritter and Arnold before 1945. It would be possible to meet in Tübingen, where Arnold lived until 1934 and Ritter until 1936, or in Berlin, where both worked afterwards. The third possibility is Arnold's participation in the surveys of the RHF 1938 or later. There are several affidavits from surviving southern German Sinti that Arnold claim to have seen accompanied by employees of the RHF. These did not last in court. Arnold himself was silent about his connections before 1945.

After Ritter's death in 1951, Arnold began to publish the main topics "Vagants", "Crooks", "Robber bands", "Asocial", "Gypsies", "Gypsy hybrids". Most of the most extensive works appeared in the early 1950s to the mid-1970s. Arnold's publications continue the forensic biological and racial hygiene paradigms of Nazi Gypsy research. They had the "material" collected by Ritters RHF as a basis.

For example, Arnold used the family tables of the RHF for his “Investigations on the Vagant Problem” published by the Federal Ministry of the Interior in 1958 . With the support of the Federal Ministry of the Interior, a "documentation center for non-sedentary people" was founded in 1962 under the direction of Arnold. It was affiliated with the " German Academy for Population Science " in Hamburg.

In 1960 he referred to gypsies as "community strangers (anti-social)", whose old "breeding circles" had been preserved, especially in southern Germany. Marrying members of the "host peoples" unleash the "fertility of the offspring".

In 1961 he tried in vain to establish a research project in which "Indian migrant peoples, Bushmen and Gypsies and their 'bastards'' (hybrid groups) should be compared in their social behavior" in order to investigate speculations about common hereditary characteristics.

Imperial files in private hands

The personal files, genealogies, photos and anthropometric material created by the RHF under the direction of Ritter - the Central Council of German Sinti and Roma calls them “planning documents for the genocide” - did not remain in the possession of the Reich Health Office , to which the RHF was incorporated, but were acquired before the end of the war outsourced to southern Germany by Ritter and his employees. After 1945, the holdings were not handed over to a state archive, as usual, but rather Ritter and Justin distributed them to private individuals such as the Tübingen anthropologist Sophie Ehrhardt (formerly RHF) and the rural driver's office of the Munich police , which was occupied by specialists from the Nazi era. Arnold had received files from the RHF from Munich.

The police station in Munich was closed in 1970 because it was unconstitutional. Genealogies and other materials of the RHF reached Arnold since the 1950s. In 1979, protests began against leaving the RHF materials in private hands. Part of this protest was judicial and disciplinary proceedings against archivists and professors. This showed an effect in the following. After a visit by an employee of the Federal Archives in 1981, Arnold did not forward the files to the Federal Archives, which was actually responsible, but to the Anthropological Institute of the Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz . From here they were passed on to the archive of the University of Tübingen. In 1982, when the Tübingen archive was filled, it was handed over to the Federal Archives in Koblenz.

Ritter and Justin as permanent sources of Arnold's publications

Not only the material of the RHF was used, but also the publications and evaluations of the employees as allegedly serious literature with valid criminal biological theses. Here are just a few examples: Justin's dissertation and Ritters' writings were used several times, for example in his publication on the Hannikel "gang".

Also for his work “Vaganten, Komödianten, Fieranten, und Briganten; Investigations on the vagabond problem of vagabond population groups, predominantly in the Palatinate " (1958), for which Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer wrote the preface, Ritter, Justin and other employees of the RHF are already mentioned in the preface as an important source in whose tradition Arnold follows. he quotes Ritter verbatim, but without specifying it. Arnold's publication “Population-biological observations on clan wanderers” (1960) was based in part on Ritter’s habilitation “Ein Menschenschlag” from 1937, the essay “On the fertility of Gypsies, Gypsy mixed groups and other social isolates” (1967), along with other publications from the Nazi Time out unpublished genealogies of the RHF.

Main work: "The Gypsies" (1965)

One of Arnold's books with the highest circulation is probably Die Zigeuner: Origin and Life in the German-Speaking Area (1965), which was written when it was not yet controversial. More than 60 percent of the photos he used there came from the RHF's holdings, which he disguised as the “author's archive” (for examples see picture gallery). Many of the photos were taken during registration campaigns by the RHF. Arnold changed dates that would have referred to the Nazi era or left them out altogether and fundamentally suppressed the context in which and for which the pictures were taken. Publications from the Nazi era made up 50 percent of the literature references in the chapter “The Gypsy Tribes of the German-Speaking Area”. In the chapter “On the Anthropology of Gypsies”, which is particularly closely related to the search for the “essence” of the “Gypsies”, it was two thirds. Three quarters of the tables come from Nazi tsiganologists . In terms of content, Arnold tied closely to Ritter, partially adopting ideas and formulations.

  • Caption of the federal archive: "Police during a raid on Sinti and Roma caravans in winter in Renningen - Leonberg 1937/38" . A picture of this series can be found at Arnold: Die Zigeuner, p. 74, with the picture description: "Police controlled migrant gypsies around 1925 in Upper Swabia" . The origin is indicated with "Archive Arnold".

  • Admission of the RHF on the occasion of the survey in Halle ad Saale. Arnold uses almost the same image ethnographically in “Die Gypsies”, p. 201, with the caption “Caravan of the Drisari Gypsies [around 1939]” . Again, “Arnold Archive” is given as the origin.

  • Recording of the RHF on the occasion of the survey in Halle / Saale. Exactly this picture can be found in Arnold “Die Zigeuner”, p. 202, with the caption “Caravan of a Central German Sinti family”. Again, “Arnold Archive” is given as the origin.

The almost 40-page chapter “Psychology and Anthropology” is thematically similar to neighboring Nazi publications, even where it does not use them as a source. Arnold attested that “Gypsies” had a lack of “intellectual abilities” (p. 258), “primitivity” (p. 258), the samples examined were half “weakly gifted” and in parts “extremely weak-minded” (p. 258). Attempts at educational help have so far been unsatisfactory. Particularly valuable are studies on "foreign-raised", ie "Gypsy children" placed in educational institutions or foster homes (p. 259). Justin's dissertation, which Arnold quoted without distancing over several pages, served as the source (pp. 259–262). He suppressed Justin's demand for forced sterilization based on racial hygiene. So far, the open question is "whether a genetic element breaks through in the gypsy child and sets an educational barrier." (P. 262) In the anthropological section he compared various features of "European host peoples" with "> real <gypsies" (p. 268) and worried about mixing. As a basis he took the “assessments” of 28,607 people by the RHF, called by Arnold “Gypsy position at the Reich Health Office” (p. 268). "Whether we see gypsies as primitive collectors and primitive craftsmen who are economically still at a childhood level or as a mutatively developed variant of the human species (Ritter p. 156) is an insignificant alternative question." (P. 270)

The comparison of the rest of the physical characteristics was based on two dissertations from the Nazi era, on Gerhart Stein's (temporarily RHF) "On the Psychology and Anthropology of Gypsies in Germany" (1941) and Georg Wagner's "Racial Biological Observations on Gypsies and Gypsy Twins" (1943) .

Arnold also exonerated the Nazi Gypsy researchers in court

Deportation May 1940, Sinti under police surveillance in the Hohenasperg fortress . During this deportation, Adolf Würth (RHF) examined the victims (picture of RHF)
Adolf Würth with Eva Justin during a measurement in a police station. (Picture of RHF)
Employees of the RHF accompanied by the police on a showman place in Hamburg (picture of the RHF).

In 1959 Justin was reported to the office by surviving Sinti for deprivation of liberty resulting in death. Arnold was the most important witness. He explained that Justin's doctoral thesis on “gypsy children raised in a different way”, in which she called for compulsory sterilization and whose “test subjects” ( Sinti children from Mulfingen ) were sent to Auschwitz after completing their work, had no effect. He deduced from Ritter's work that Justin had nothing to do with the persecution of the gypsies.

In 1965, Arnold concluded from the fact that neither Ritter nor Justin had any judicial or disciplinary proceedings successful, that "Ritter and his employees were not guilty of any crimes". Rather, Ritter was "like every real researcher [...] in love with his study object", "He wanted to preserve traditional Gypsyism. The intrigue of the powerful of his time made it difficult to strive for such a goal directly. [...] In the end, it remains decisive that the results of Ritter's research did not contribute to the extermination of the Gypsies, but led to differentiations in the state gypsy policy, which delayed the extermination of a large part of the Gypsies and probably also prevented it. "Critics believe that for protection claims. In his publications, Ritter had called for the "rendering primitives harmless", "preventive placement in labor camps" and "rendering them sterile". Arnold's defense that Ritter stopped researching gypsies in 1941 because “Himmler's intentions excluded humane treatment of the gypsies” is refuted by the continued race reports (a report dated March 29, 1944 is proven). Arnold himself had noted elsewhere in the book that the RHF was still working in 1943.

There were also unsuccessful investigations against the RHF employees Ehrhardt, Adolf Würth and Ruth Kellermann for complicity in murder. In 1988 Arnold regretted these proceedings. They caused unnecessary costs and "caused suffering [...]" to the suspects.

Evaluation of the genocide ( Porajmos ) by Arnold

Arnold did not deny the murder of numerous Roma in the Third Reich . But he doubted the number of victims mentioned by the speakers of the minority. He denied the racially motivated persecution. Instead, he interpreted the prosecution as criminal political or racial hygiene or as "erbärztliche Crime" and described the "deportation of Gypsies to Poland" (meaning that is Maideportation as) "relatively humane". Arnold justified the demand for the sterilization of the "mixed gypsies". All parallels - so judges Matthias Winter - between the genocide of Jews and the genocide of the European Roma are "blindly denied" by Arnold, and special racist laws are legitimized. This interpretation not only had ideological effects, it hindered and in many cases prevented compensation for the victims.

Data selection by Arnold

In 1988, Erich Renner used the example of the Sinti from Eusserthal in the Palatinate to demonstrate to Arnold how Arnold tried to make his thesis credible through data manipulation that today's Palatinate Sinti - as, according to the general thesis, most of the Central European Sinti - are the descendants ("Mischlinge" ) from "tribal gypsies" and "criminal vagrants" of the 18th century. According to Renner, against the facts, Arnold falsified the continuity of individual families in one place by only assigning their presence, which has been documented since the middle of the 18th century, to the first half of the 19th century. Renner was referring to the same archive material that had already served Arnold as a source.

network

Arnold maintained good personal relationships both with the Anthropological Institute in Mainz and with Justin and Ehrhard. He carried out joint investigations with employees of the Mainz institute and published several articles in the journal Homo, which is published by members of the institute . Journal for human research .

Civil Rights Movement Protests: The End of the Recognized Gypsy Expert

From 1979 onwards, the Sinti organized a successful civil rights movement, whose actions included the scandal of Gypsy research after 1945, especially that of Arnold, and the whereabouts of the RHF files. Until the protests of the civil rights movement, Arnold was a recognized "gypsy expert ", among others at the Federal Ministry of the Interior, the Federal Ministry of Family Affairs , the Federal Criminal Police Office , Caritas , the German Association for Public and Private Welfare , the Catholic Welfare of Gypsies and Nomads, as well as the police and various doctors and doctors Welfare journals.

In Arnold's view, the protests marked the beginning of a long-term smear campaign. The accusation of racism and "Nazi jargon" made by the civil rights movement . B. was attached to his book "The Gypsies" from 1965, he considered unfounded. He only wrote in the "anthropologists' jargon" used at the time, which, however, has since "got out of academic fashion". Arnold sued the allegations and lost. The court found: He had "established the connection between gypsies and other anti-social people - in a way that was obviously in line with the vocabulary of the Nazi state - and ... dealt with methods of controlling population policy through ... 'eugenics' ( still 1979!) ... "

Arnold stuck to his point of view right through to the end and endeavored to spread it as journalistic as possible. As recently as 2004 he militantly, although hardly noticed, in public against the use of ethnic names of the minority, insisted on "Gypsies" ("Gypsy people", "Gypsy organizations"), rated his mainstream opponents as "Gypsy fans", "Gypsy friends" or “unrealistic do-gooders” and in the succession of Robert Ritter stuck to the fact that the “social problems”, which he still did not explain from social conditions and reduced in their essence to crime, were created by the existence of numerous “half-breeds”. It was - here he was expressly referring to the post-national socialist justification of Robert Ritter - "crime prevention" the "core question" of the "gypsy policy". Arnold criticized that "Gypsy organizations ... have become an accessory to parliamentary democracy". After all, their purpose is only to trick the “host peoples” into unemployed money (“Sinti and Roma” swindle ”). He refused to equate the National Socialist mass crimes against the Roma with the persecution of the Jews. That, too, was just a "hoax", he saw through as such.

Other subjects Arnold

Arnold also dealt with other topics that are relevant in the context of a eugenically motivated population policy.

In 1947, according to Volkmar Weiss on a website, he is said to have organized a service aimed at preventing young Germans from applying to the Foreign Legion .

In 1976, in the right-wing extremist newspaper Nation Europa, he thought about the “too high” birth rate of “Gypsies” and the falling birth rate among Germans, which endangers prosperity.

In 1988 he thought about an unequal distribution of abortions , in which he wanted to have noticed class-specific differences in the “genetically determined talent”.

Memberships

literature

A monograph on Arnold is not yet available. In detail deal with him:

  • Josef Bura, The unresolved present. "Gypsy politics" and everyday racism in the Federal Republic, in: Rudolph Bauer / Josef Bura / Klaus Lang (eds.), Sinti in the Federal Republic. Contributions to the social situation of a persecuted minority (publications on the situation of the "Gypsies" in the Federal Republic of Germany, No. 4), Hamburg 1984, pp. 9–84.
  • Karola Fings , Frank Sparing: Covered up, denied, hidden. Files on the Nazi persecution of Sinti and Roma. In: Contributions to National Socialist Health and Social Policy, 12 (1995), pp. 181–201.
  • Fritz Greußing: The Continuity of Nazi Gypsy Research . In: Sinti and Roma. A people on the way to themselves. (Materials for international cultural exchange, Vol. 17, edited by the Institute for Foreign Relations ), Stuttgart 1981, pp. 385–392.
  • Joachim S. Hohmann : History of the Gypsy persecution in Germany . Peter Lang, Frankfurt a. M. 1988
  • Ders .: Robert Ritter and the heirs of criminal biology . "Gypsy Research" in National Socialism . Frankfurt a. M. 1991, pp. 351-379.
  • Ders .: The research of the “gypsy expert” Hermann Arnold , in: “1999. Journal for Social History of the 20th and 21st Century “10 (1995), no. 3, pp. 35–49.
  • Ute Koch: Creation and reproduction of social boundaries. Roma in a West German city. VS Verlag, Wiesbaden 2005
  • Gilad Margalit: Gypsy Policy and Gypsy Discourse in Post-War Germany. In: Michael Zimmermann (ed.): Between education and destruction. Gypsy Policy and Gypsy Research in Europe in the 20th Century. Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2007, pp. 483-509.
  • Arnold Spitta, German Gypsy Researcher and the Recent Past, in: Tillman Zülch: Gassed in Auschwitz, persecuted to this day, Reinbek 1979, pp. 183–191.
  • Mathias Winter: Continuities in German Gypsy Research and Gypsy Policy . In: Enemy Declaration and Prevention. (Contributions to National Socialist Health and Social Policy, Vol. 6), Westberlin 1988, pp. 135–152.

Fonts (selection)

  • Contributions to the pathology of eye damage by dichlorodiethyl sulfide based on animal experiments. Rinck, 1937
  • On the problem of the occupation of barrack camps with anti-social people . In: Zs. Städtehygiene, 8, 1954, p. 190
  • The vagrancy in the Palatinate during the 18th century. A contribution to the population of the Palatinate. in: Mitteilungen des Historisches Verein der Pfalz, 55, 1957, pp. 117–152
  • Vagans, comedians , fieriers , and brigands . Investigations on the vagante problem in stray population groups, mainly from the Palatinate. Series of publications from the field of public health, Issue 9. Thieme, Stuttgart 1958
  • Population-biological observations on clan migrants. in: Homo 1960, H. 11, pp. 60-66
  • The Gypsy Gene. in: Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society JGLS 3, 40, 1961 (further Art. of A. 1967, 1970 in this Zs.)
  • Songs of German Gypsies. in Archiv für Völkerkunde 16, 1961, pp. 4–22
  • Who is gypsy . in Zeitschrift für Ethnologie , Vol. 87, 1, 1962
  • The development of the welfare system in the Palatinate from the French Revolution to 1869 . in communications from the Historisches Verein der Pfalz 60, 1962, pp. 116-131
  • Social isolates in the Mosel-Saar-Nahe region. Publications of the Institute for Regional Studies of the Saarland, 10th Saarbrücken 1964
  • Gypsies. Origin and life of the tribes in the German-speaking area. Walter, Olten 1965
  • Review by Bernard J. Gilliat-Smith in Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society JGLS, 3rd series, Vol. 45, 1966, pp. 139-142
  • Some Observations On Turkish and Persian Gypsies. in Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society JGLS, 3rd series, vol. 46, parts 3-4, 1967
  • From the Jews in the Palatinate . Series: Publications of the Palatinate Society for the Advancement of Science, 56. Speyer 1967
  • On the fertility issue of gypsies, mixed gypsies and other social isolates. in Zs. Homo 1967
  • The Neumühler. Description of a socially isolated population group. Series: Mitteilungen der Pollichia , 3, Vol. 14. Pfalzmuseum für Naturkunde , Bad Dürkheim 1967, pp. 56–93
  • On the assimilation of Gypsy populations and speech in Central Europe. Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society JGLS, 3rd series, Vol. 49, pp. 61-64
  • Hunger. Contributions to the social hygiene of chronic malnutrition. Saarland University , Saarbrücken 1971
  • A generation later. Notes on the historiography of the Gypsy persecution. Mainz 1977
  • Materials on qualitative aspects of the population process. Reproduced as Ms. Self-published, 1978
  • Traveling people. Neustadt an der Weinstrasse 1980
  • Traveling people . Marginal groups of the gypsy people. 2nd over Ed. Palatinate Publishing House, Landau in der Pfalz 1983
  • Poverty and the poor 1846–1854. In: Zs. Pfälzer Heimat, 38. 1987, p. 166f.
  • Jews in the Palatinate. From the life of Palatine Jews. Palatinate Publishing House, Landau 1987
  • Medicine and ethics. Problem area eugenics . Series: Zeitgeschichtliche Bibliothek 4, Ed. Zeitgeschichtliche Forschungsstelle Ingolstadt . Mut-Verlag Asendorf 1988 (relevant publisher)
  • The Nazi Gypsy persecution. Your interpretation and exploitation. o. O. (Aschaffenburg) o. J. (1988)
  • Was it an ancestor of Anne Frank? The story of the Jewish Frank-Loeb family from Landau . - In Tribüne (magazine) , H. 116 = NF 29, 1990, p. 100, 102-103
  • Gravestone poems in South Palatinate cemeteries . Reproduced as Ms. Self-published, Landau 1991
  • The Jewish cemeteries in the southern Palatinate and their grave monuments . Reproduced as Ms. Landau 1991
  • True stories of robber gangs in the Palatinate 1750–1992. 1992
  • Artists and craftsmen in the Landau area in the 18th century . Palatinate Art, Landau 1993
  • Pirmasens made the Palatinate and Württemberg unsafe. Between 1764 and 1786 the Hannikel gang robbed and murdered not only in the Lemberg office. Pirmasenser Zeitung, vol. 164, # 204 of September 2, 1994, p. 14
  • True stories of robber gangs in the Palatinate 1750–1992. Karl-Heinz Gerster, Aschaffenburg [1994]
  • Population Science 1952–1995. On the decline of a policy-related discipline. Landau 1996
  • Jewish life in the city of Landau and the southern Palatinate 1780–1933. Landau 2000
  • Sinti and Roma: from gypsy tragedy to political comedy. Palatinate Art, Landau 2000
  • Press Germany to pay. The "Sinti and Roma" swindle , o. O. 2004
  • as compiler: Pfälzer Stückelcher. Anecdotes from the Palatinate . Self-published, 2005

Estate and archive material

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h Hohmann 1991, p. 351.
  2. ^ Hermann Arnold, Contributions to the pathology of eye damage caused by dichlorodiethyl sulfide on the basis of animal experiments, Berlin undated (1937), Diss.
  3. ↑ Hohmann 1991, p. 351; First name added after: Muntsch, Otto Dr. med .: Guide to the pathology and therapy of warfare agent diseases. Medical-biological examinations. 5th edition, Georg Thieme, Leipzig 1939.
  4. ^ Hermann Arnold, Contributions to the pathology of eye damage caused by dichlorodiethyl sulfide on the basis of animal experiments, Berlin undated (1937), Diss.
  5. ↑ Hohmann 1991, pp. 351-352.
  6. ^ Karl-Heinz Rothenberger, obituary for Professor Dr. Hermann Arnold, in: Pfälzer Heimat, 57 (2006), no. 1, p. 41.
  7. ↑ hsr-trans.zhsf.uni-koeln.de: Alexander Pinwinkler: “Population history” in the early Federal Republic of Germany: Conceptual and institutional- historical aspects. Erich Keyser and Wolfgang Köllmann in comparison. ( Memento of September 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ), Historical Social Research, Vol. 31 - 2006 - No. 4, 64-100 (PDF 680 kB)
  8. ↑ a b google.com: Guided tours and finissage of the Frankfurt Auschwitz exhibition on July 11, 2014
  9. ↑ Falko Heinz: Landau in the Palatinate under French occupation 1945-1949. Peter Lang, 2008, p. 202f. A Dr. Arnold was also chairman of the denazification panel in Landau in 1945. ibid., p. 311.
  10. ↑ a b Hohmann 1991, p. 353
  11. ↑ a b c d Hohmann 1991, p. 355.
  12. ^ Hermann Arnold, The Nazi Gypsy Persecution. Your interpretation and exploitation. Facts - Myth - Agitation - Commerce, o. O. (Aschaffenburg) o. J (1988), pp. 104-105.
  13. ↑ Winter 1988, p. 146
  14. ↑ Fings / Sparing 1995, p. 184.
  15. ^ Hermann Arnold, Population Biological Observations on Kinship Wanderers. in: Homo 1960, no. 11, pp. 60-66, here: p. 64.
  16. ^ Arnold 1967, p. 88f after Hohmann 1988 p. 201.
  17. ↑ Gilad Margalit, Gypsy Policy and Gypsy Discourse in Post-War Germany, in: Michael Zimmermann (Ed.), Between Education and Destruction. Gypsy Policy and Gypsy Research in Europe in the 20th Century, Stuttgart 2007, pp. 483–509, here: p. 507.
  18. ^ Romani Rose: Civil rights for Sinti and Roma. The book on racism in Germany, Heidelberg 1987, p. 123.
  19. ↑ Hohmann 1988, p. 203.
  20. ^ Institute for Contemporary History Munich: Gilad Margalit: The German Gypsy Policy after 1945 , Quarterly Issues for Contemporary History, Issue 4/1997 (PDF 7.2 MB)
  21. ^ Arnold 1978, p. 4 after Arnold Spitta, Deutsche Gypsy Researcher and the Recent Past, in: Tillman Zülch: In Auschwitz gassed, persecuted to this day , Reinbek 1979, pp. 183–191, here: pp. 188, 323.
  22. ^ A b Romani Rose: Bürgerrechte für Sinti und Roma, Heidelberg 1987, p. 122.
  23. ^ A b Romani Rose: Civil rights for Sinti and Roma. 1987, p. 122f.
  24. ↑ Hohmann 1988, pp. 202f.
  25. ↑ Hohmann 1991, p. 351.
  26. ↑ a b Hohmann 1991, p. 358
  27. ↑ Hohmann 1991, p. 361
  28. ↑ Joachim S. Hohmann, Robert Ritter and the heirs of criminal biology. "Gypsy Research" in National Socialism and in West Germany under the sign of racism, Frankfurt a. M. 1991, p. 362.
  29. ↑ a b c Winter, p. 136.
  30. ↑ Winter, p. 136f.
  31. ↑ Winter 1988, p. 139.
  32. ^ Arnold 1965, p. 294.
  33. ↑ a b Arnold 1965, p. 295.
  34. ↑ a b c Winter 1988, p. 137.
  35. ^ Arnold 1965, p. 89.
  36. ^ Hermann Arnold, The Nazi Gypsy Persecution. Your interpretation and exploitation. Facts - Myth - Agitation - Commerce, o. O. (Aschaffenburg) o. J (1988), p. 95f.
  37. ↑ a b Hohmann 1991, p. 368.
  38. ^ Arnold n.J. (= 1989/90) pp. 30-39.
  39. ↑ a b Hohmann 1991, p. 369.
  40. ^ Arnold after Winter 1988, p. 142.
  41. ↑ Winter 1988, p. 140.
  42. ↑ Erich Renner: On the home law of the Palatinate Gypsies, in: Erich Renner (ed.): Zigeunerleben. The life story of the Sinti musician and violin maker Adolf Boko Winterstein, Frankfurt a. M. 1988, pp. 166f. Information from Das Vagantenunwesen in der Pfalz during the 18th century is criticized . A contribution to the population of the Palatinate. (1957) and Unloved Citizens . In: Mitteilungen des Historisches Verein der Pfalz, 76, 1979, pp. 221–230.
  43. ↑ Rose 1987, p. 89.
  44. ↑ Rose 1987, pp. 114-130.
  45. ↑ Hohmann 1991, p. 378.
  46. ^ Arnold n.J. (= 1989/90), pp. 99-106, here p. 99.
  47. ↑ a b c Arnold o. J. (= 1989/90), p. 100
  48. ↑ (omissions without brackets in the source) after Arnold (no year = 1998/90), p. 104.
  49. ↑ All information in this section according to: Hermann Arnold, Press Germany topay. The "Sinti and Roma" swindle, o. O. 2004, et al. Pp. 16, 21, 73, 102. The manuscript was no longer published.
  50. ↑ after Hohmann 1988, pp. 201, 217.
  51. ↑ Medical practice of January 28, 1986 after Winter 1988, p. 136.
  52. ↑ http://pgfw.hypotheses.org/archiv/in-memoriam
  53. ↑ 36th nationwide memorial seminar ( Memento from December 1, 2003 in the Internet Archive )
  54. ^ Holdings ZSg 142 Arnold Collection in the Federal Archives. Retrieved December 26, 2019 .

Web links

personal data
SURNAME Arnold, Hermann
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German physician (social hygienist)
DATE OF BIRTH April 18, 1912
PLACE OF BIRTH Landau in the Palatinate
DATE OF DEATH November 28, 2005
Place of death Alsenz