Auxiliary worker

Temporary work is a redirect to this article. For the 1993 produced thriller by director Tom Holland see Die Aushilfe .

Auxiliary worker , temporary worker , unskilled , laborers , assistant , assistants or stooges , historically clerks or tensioning man , education statistics low-skilled is a job title for a worker performs (industry-specific) without vocational training, ancillary activities. It represents the lowest professional class after professional training .

history

The concept of unskilled labor in particular did not develop until the Industrial Revolution , whereas previously there was only talk of henchmen for occasional unskilled workers, but otherwise there was no room for unskilled workers in the strict guild regulations . In the household sector, including agriculture , one spoke of servants for all auxiliary workers. The clerk develops in the commercial sector.

Since there was no regulation - and thus also no legal protection - for the unskilled, the actual exploitation of the workers , which then brought about the development of socialism , was particularly pronounced. For example, it was not only in the post-revolutionary Austrian trade regulation in 1859 - which is still in force today - that the term unskilled labor or industrial auxiliary personnel was not only defined, but also rights and obligations in the "relationship between the self-employed traders and their unskilled workers" were established. According to this, the term includes in particular:

a) agents ( shop assistants , fellows , Kellner , Kutscher in vehicle industries, etc.).

b) factory workers ;

c) apprentices ;

d) those workers who are used for subordinate auxiliary services in the trade

"Unskilled workers" in the higher service

In the past, the term was also used for a research assistant , a research assistant , a student assistant at a university, legal assistant at the highest federal courts (including the Federal Constitutional Court), e.g. B. Scientific assistant (BGH) (Germany) or in the German Federal Prosecutor's Office, the term was used by authorities for members of the higher judicial and administrative service who were tested by higher-level authorities in preparation for their promotion (for example in Germany 3rd  state examination by judges and senior administrators).

In Prussia and the German Reich , "auxiliary worker" was the official designation for administrative officials in the higher service used on a trial basis in a higher post or to support a scheduled speaker or department head .

All of these professional functions no longer fall under the term worker and the professions mentioned no longer fall under the term auxiliary occupations . The same applies to those who are in training or to relevant interns .

Today's terms

Today one understands in educational science:

• among the low-skilled every employee who does not have a professional qualification (including those who drop out of training)
• Among the unskilled, especially people who have only completed ISCED levels 1,2,3A, 3C ( basic education , secondary education ) but have not learned any profession

Since in-company training ( on-the-job vocational training) is not recorded in education statistics, one speaks of formally low-skilled in this context - this can also include high earners (see  self-made man ).

As a professional function:

• under unskilled workers, people without professional training who are trained in-house. These professions are now - at least in the industrialized nations - all set by collective agreements with a minimum wage , and in social insurance they are on an equal footing with other professions
• under temporary jobs , often temporary employment, where unskilled workers or unskilled workers are active, and often without any or only marginal-job training (about particularly in temporary work )
• among production assistants, unskilled workers who work in the automated manufacturing process.
• under day care people who are deployed by the employer depending on the daily needs, e.g. B. as a weekend help in catering . In the case of contracts with day care workers, a distinction must be made between the framework agreement for future work assignments and the fixed-term employment contract for day work, because a day care worker is not already in a permanent employment relationship with the employer on the basis of the framework agreement concluded with it (see BAG, July 31, 2002 - 7 AZR 181/01).

Modern keywords in this context are low wages , mini- jobs and McJob .

Today's national job titles

• Germany: apprenticeships
• Austria: auxiliary professions and temporary workers (professions with short training)
• Switzerland: unskilled workers and semi-skilled workers in a recognized semi-skilled occupation

Low-skilled in European comparison

Structure of formal education of the 25- to 64-year-old resident population in selected European countries, in% (according to ISCED level )

country	ISCED 1–3 without assignment	ISCED 3B, 3C  long , 4	ISCED 3A	ISCED 5B	ISCED 5A, 6
	(formally low-skilled )	( Professional qualification )	( general education A. )	( Professional qualification ) (1)	( University graduation )
Belgium	35	10	24	17th	13
Denmark	18th	45	05	08th	20th
Germany	16	56	02	10	15th
France	35	31	10	10	14th
Finland	23	00	43	17th	17th
Ireland	37	10	24	11	17th
Italy	52	09	28	-	11
Luxembourg	37	24	15th	09	13
Netherlands	29	20th	22nd	02	26th
Norway	11	44	12	02	30th
Austria	20th	56	06th	09	09
Poland	50	04th	31	-	16
Portugal	75	01	12	-	13
Switzerland	17th	48	06th	10	18th
Slovakia	16	36	36	01	12
Spain	55	06th	12	07th	19th
Sweden	17th	00	48	15th	19th
Czech Republic	11	43	33	-	12
United Kgr.	35	21st	15th	09	20th

Source: OECD, as of 2004.

⁽¹⁾ tertiary, non-university education

Such ISCED assessments of vocational qualifications do not include persons who receive further training within the profession ( on-the-job training ) ; they only represent the role of the school system in educational qualifications.

literature

• H. Dornmayr, N. Lachmayr, B. Rothmüller et al. (Ed.): Integration of formally low-skilled in the labor market . Public Employment Service Austria (AMS), January 19, 2009; forschungsnetzwerk.at (PDF).
• M. Krenn; Chamber for Workers and Employees (AK), FORBA (Ed.): Low-skilled people in the “knowledge society” - Lifelong learning as an opportunity or an imposition? February 28, 2011; arbeiterkammer.at (PDF).
• Beate Zeller: In view: the employment segment “simple work” - meaning and need for action. In: f-bb Newsletter , 04/2005, p. 1; f-bb.de (PDF) accessed on March 11, 2013.

English:

• International Labor Office (ILO) - Central Library and Documentation Branch: Policies for low-paid workers and unskilled job seekers. Organization for economic co-operation and development. Volume 1 of International labor documentation , ILO 1998
• Sarbajit Chaudhuri: Foreign Direct Investment, Child Labor and Unemployment of Unskilled Labor in a Dual Economy. unpubl. 2010 ( MPRA (PDF) Munich University Library)

Web links

Wiktionary: unskilled workers  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Imperial patent dated December 20, 1859, with which a trade regulation for the entire extent of the empire, with the exception of the Venetian administrative area and the military frontiers, is enacted, and started from May 1, 1860 into effect (trade regulation 1859 - industrial auxiliary staff) . StF: RGBl. No. 227/1859 as amended on July 5, 2011 ( ris.bka , pdf)
2. ↑ cf. Minimum wages database ( Memento from December 6, 2011 in the Internet Archive ). International Labor Office (ILO) database of minimum wages worldwide
3. ^ BAG, judgment of July 31, 2002 - 7 AZR 181/01
4. ↑ quoted from Arthur Schneeberger: Qualification development and research for vocational training - EQF as a transparency instrument and experience of comparative statistical educational research . Ed .: ibw - Austrian Institute for Economic Research in Education (=  Vocational and Economic Education - online . No. 11 ). November 2006, ISSN  1618-8543 , Table 1 ( online [accessed March 8, 2012]).