High sensitivity

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High sensitivity is a colloquial term that the temperament characteristic of higher sensory processing sensitivity (English: sensory-processing sensitivity ) is called. The basic research on the psychophysiological construct of high sensitivity, understood as personality disposition , comes from the American psychologist couple Aron (1997). According to her “high sensitivity means both a high sensitivity for subtle stimuli and a slight over-excitability”. As a property, high sensitivity describes a concept to explain the different psychological and neurophysiological processing of stimuli between individuals.

The concept, which so far has only been based on self-attributions created using questionnaires, is controversial among scientists.

Scientific background

In English-language research, the property in question is referred to as sensory-processing sensitivity (literally: stimulus-processing sensitivity), in German as higher sensory-processing sensitivity . Expressions such as hypersensitivity or hypersensitivity can also be found in the media . However, high sensitivity has become naturalized. It describes the sensitivity to what is experienced, which differs between individuals, as a stable, time-lasting characteristic. Aron does not refer to a difference in the sense organs themselves, but to something that occurs when sensory information is transmitted to the brain or processed there.

There are several explanations for individual differences in sensitivity that have emerged since the mid to late 1990s, one of which is Aron's concept of higher sensory processing sensitivity. The most important concepts agree in one aspect: that sensitive people differ in their reaction to negative and positive environmental influences. The orchid-dandelion metaphor mentioned in the literature is intended to illustrate the difference between the two groups. According to this, orchids stand for people who are more sensitive (i.e. they thrive exceptionally well under ideal conditions and exceptionally poorly under unfavorable conditions). The dandelions correspond to those that are less sensitive to the environment (they are resilient and can grow anywhere).

Aron's theory in particular now states that "there is an underlying differentiator for how some people process stimuli, which results in greater sensory processing sensitivity, reflectivity and excitability ."

The differences in sensitivity and processing are fundamental and psychobiological . In this context, Aron sees high sensitivity as a form of innate temperament , in contrast to personality , which, according to psychology, also includes learned parts .

So far there is no uniform explanatory theory or definition of the phenomenon of high sensitivity, just as little as a generally valid, uniform procedure with which one can determine high sensitivity without any doubt.

High sensitivity is not a "mental disorder" or "illness". However, according to estimates, mental disorders occur more frequently in highly sensitive people than in the population average due to a higher mental vulnerability .

history

Even before Elaine Aron coined the term high sensitivity, the phenomena of different stimulus perception and processing were dealt with. It was speculated that the phenomenon of sensitive and highly sensitive people is “biologically anchored” and that the “stimulus threshold of the thalamus ” is much lower in these people. As a result, there is a higher permeability for the incoming signals from afferent nerve fibers , so that these are passed on to the cortex without being filtered.

A trait known as “psycho-vegative lability” was also reported in a study of siblings of children with epilepsy who did not have epilepsy themselves. The siblings with photosensitivity and siblings without photosensitivity were compared with one another. (In the study, photosensitivity was understood as a predisposition to epilepsy.) Parents of photosensitive children frequently report jaktations , frequent abdominal pain, difficulty falling asleep and disturbances in contacting other children. Furthermore, in tests, the photosensitive siblings showed significantly poorer concentration and social adaptability with comparable intelligence and lower frustration tolerance than non-photosensitive siblings. Between the ages of 12 and 15, when exposed to visual and acoustic emotional stimuli, siblings with photosensitivity, measured using the skin conductance , showed a stronger vegetative responsiveness . The results were interpreted in such a way that photosensitivity is not the single symptom of a genetically determined increased cerebral excitability, but must be understood as a special characteristic of a certain constitution.

Even Jerome Kagan , whose research results serve as one of the bases for Aron's concept was physiological and behavioral differences between him as inhibited ( inhibited ) and as uninhibited designated children. The former comprised about 15 to 20% of the children. They showed less spontaneous speech as well as greater distance from an adult stranger and in free play with their peers . They played less with a new toy, showed higher levels of irritability, sympathetic reactivity , more norepinephrine in the urine, and more cortisol in the saliva.

Alice Miller , Carl Gustav Jung and Iwan Petrowitsch Pawlow already dealt with the phenomenon of increased sensitivity within the human species, but without embedding this in a comprehensive concept or theory.

frequency

According to some experts, high sensitivity should occur in around 15 to 20% of the population. According to other estimates, it is 1 to 3%. The question of frequency was examined in a study from 2018 with 906 adults on the basis of a latent class analysis , a statistical method for creating groups. About 31% of the people were assigned to the group of the highly sensitive.

Criticism and reactions

In neurology , high sensitivity was assessed as a not clearly delimitable construct and as a superfluous disorder concept, because the central features of overstimulation and overstimulation had a lot in common with the term burnout, which is used in states of exhaustion . It was also criticized that high sensitivity is difficult to differentiate from affective disorders , although Aron emphasizes that highly sensitive people experience stronger negative and positive emotions.

In psychology it has been criticized that high sensitivity combines different concepts that do not necessarily match one another. It is unclear whether the concept of high sensitivity is best suited as an approach to explain the actually observable differences in perception and behavior.

Jens Asendorpf , whose research on shyness is linked to Aron, sees high sensitivity as a subclass of the personality trait emotional instability . It is countered, however, that emotional instability is only one aspect of high sensitivity. The most common personality model in psychology, the Big Five , also explains only 28% of the variance ; H. Differences between people, in the characteristic of high sensitivity. This means that personality is not enough as an explanatory approach to depict the concept of high sensitivity.

It has also been criticized that the concept of high sensitivity is used by individuals as a pretext to warrant privileged treatment.

properties

In the media presentation

Frequently, two central characteristics of those affected are named or circumscribed in the media, the more intensive processing of stimuli and an overload of stimuli due to a lack of filtering of important and unimportant information. This deviates from Aron's original conception in that she herself viewed the idea of ​​filtering out the unimportant as problematic. The assumption that the highly sensitive cannot filter out what is irrelevant would mean that what is relevant is determined from the perspective of the non-highly sensitive.

Many sufferers do not interpret high sensitivity as affecting all of the senses. Instead, it occurs in different areas (smells, light, social contacts) with different degrees of intensity. Other highly sensitive people see themselves as mixed types, with increased sensitivity in more than one area.

In 2015, an article in the Wall Street Journal found that hundreds of research studies had been conducted on topics related to high sensitivity. In addition, highly sensitive people (HSP) are currently very popular or "in fashion". Several German contributions came to a similar conclusion.

Personality traits

According to a meta-analysis , the components mentioned in the section on high sensitivity test are each related differently to different personality traits. The aesthetic sensitivity is primarily associated with ' openness to new experiences '. The other two, the easy excitability and the low perception threshold, correlate with ' neuroticism '. The connection with ' conscientiousness ' assumed by Aron could not be confirmed. Those affected also often see themselves as more compassionate and social. However, the aforementioned meta-analysis could not find a connection between high sensitivity and ' tolerance '. The aforementioned prosocial characteristics are most likely to be assigned to this personality trait (see ' Big Five ' model).

According to Aron, high sensitivity favors the development of shyness, introversion or neuroticism . There is also a connection with behavioral inhibition . The motivation to prevent unpleasant states and negative consequences of behavior is pronounced in highly sensitive people. Further results suggest that highly sensitive people tend to experience stronger feelings also in response to a positive stimulus . However, the need to actively strive for these reward stimuli does not seem to be different in highly sensitive people than in non-highly sensitive people. Another study could partially support the results of stronger positive feelings in highly sensitive people. However, in this study, the more intense positive feelings only occurred in the highly sensitive people who were raised in childhood with a high level of care and little overprotection .

Due to the similarity to high sensitivity, references were also made to other characteristics. For example, it is characteristic of autism to be highly sensitive to physical stimuli, but to be less emotionally sensitive. Autism is not only present as a disease in the population, but also as a seamless personality trait ( continuum ). In fact, high sensitivity is weak to moderate in connection with two out of three examined areas of this autistic continuum : High sensitivity is associated with poorer social skills (note 1) and an increased attention to detail. High sensitivity also correlates with difficulty identifying one's feelings and describing them in words.

Neural and cognitive aspects

An indication of possible neural differences associated with high sensitivity comes from fMRI studies. For example, as part of a study, the participants had to discover minor changes in unfamiliar photographic scenes. People with high sensitivity show more activation in brain areas that are responsible for visual attention. In line with Aron's theory, this is explained by the fact that they are more concerned with the subtle details of this representation. There was no difference in accuracy in detecting changes between the highly sensitive and the non-highly sensitive. In addition, those in this study who were highly sensitive were slower to spot minor changes.

In another study, highly sensitive people reacted more quickly to a task that required them to react to known visual stimuli. At the same time, however, they reported that they were more stressed by the task.

High sensitivity is wrongly associated with giftedness , especially in the field of coaching and advice literature.

creativity

Research has found a connection between certain aspects of creativity and high sensitivity. Although high sensitivity does not correlate with the ability to think divergent , it is roughly at a medium level with a behavioral tendency towards creative brainstorming and recognized creative successes.

education

Influencing factors in childhood and adolescence

Under certain circumstances, high sensitivity can lead to shyness (understood as discomfort and restriction of the desire for social contact). High sensitivity in biographically pre-stressed people ( psychological trauma , family conflicts, difficult socialization) promotes the development of shyness and negative emotionality.

Highly sensitive and non-highly sensitive children do not differ in how warm-hearted or loving they perceive their parents. In addition, adolescents who were patronized and made dependent by their parents report being more often highly sensitive. If highly sensitive people experience an upbringing with high parental care as a child and are at the same time little overprotected (e.g. they are allowed to decide things on their own), as adults they rate emotionally positive images as more intense.

Highly sensitive parents

Highly sensitive mothers report a higher feeling of connectedness with their child, but at the same time they also have more problems in bringing up them. High sensitivity in fathers goes hand in hand with a stronger feeling of attachment to the child.

Mental illness

For men, the relative chance of developing a mental disorder is 12 times higher if they are highly sensitive, for women it is 8.5 times higher.

Differentiation from ADHD

Affected people are apparently occasionally diagnosed with ADHD due to their overstimulation . However, highly sensitive people would benefit from a low-irritant environment more often than people with ADHD. Compared to people with ADHD, they then suffer less from difficulty concentrating or attention deficits. Interest groups of highly sensitive people are of the opinion that outdated ideas make the correct detection of high sensitivity and empirical data collection more difficult, and see a need for clarification.

Professional

According to Aron, highly sensitive people worked and still work more than average as clergy, authors, historians, philosophers, judges, artists and researchers.

High sensitivity test

Elaine Aron has developed a high sensitivity test that is used today in psychology for the empirical assessment of high sensitivity. In doing so, people indicate their level of agreement with a total of 27 statements , e.g. B. "Strong stimuli such as loud noises or chaotic scenes bother me a lot". Later research was able to confirm the validity of the test procedure. The test statements can be empirically divided into three different components:

  • The first one ( easy excitability ) is characterized by being quickly overwhelmed by internal and external demands.
  • The second component ( aesthetic sensitivity ) describes the sensitivity to aesthetic stimuli.
  • The third component ( low perception threshold) is expressed in sensory excitation perceived as unpleasant by external stimuli.

Without a completed neuroscientific theory, however, many methodological uncertainties remain.

The test was criticized for being suggestive . Instead of highly sensitive individuals using a questionnaire to identify themselves, a corresponding classification should be based on physiological measurements.

German language version

German-language versions of the test can be found on the Internet, but their reliability has been questioned. The first scientific translation into a German version with 27 questions was carried out in 2015 at the University of Graz . At the Helmut Schmidt University / University of the Federal Armed Forces in Hamburg , the test was revised so that the content of individual points was divided into additional questions (39 in total). After a corresponding evaluation in a sample of over 3,500 people, these were shortened to 26 questions . In application, the threshold for high sensitivity in the resulting test was 81 points for men and 88 points for women.

Everyday life and society

Highly sensitive people often attach importance to what others regard as unimportant. The penchant for attention to detail and the appreciation of social communication require time, care and a calm atmosphere, which is not always given. This is why highly sensitive people are confronted with appeals to adapt to the circumstances (e.g. “Don't stand in line!”).

In the professional environment, the behavior of highly sensitive people sometimes meets with rejection. Even in the private sector, high sensitivity is only of limited benefit. Highly sensitive people easily encounter incomprehension from outsiders because they often have different perceptions or different needs in certain situations (e.g. reduced activity or stimulus or times of being alone). Therefore, they may be perceived as oddities. From Aron's point of view, the difficulty in seeing sensitivity as something positive could be due to culturally determined attitudes in the West. She refers to the results of other researchers. They found that sensitive, quiet elementary school children are respected and liked by their peers in China, but not in Canada.

In entertainment media

literature

  • Elaine Aron: The Highly Sensitive Person's Workbook. Broadway Books, 1999, ISBN 978-0-7679-0337-0 .
  • Beate Felten-Leidel: Not because of mimosa: How I recognized my high sensitivity as a strength . BALANCE Buch + Medien Verlag, Cologne 2015, ISBN 978-3-86739-147-4 .
  • Wolfgang Klages: The sensitive person: psychology, psychopathology, therapy . 1st edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-89871-1 .
  • Ilse Sand: The power of feeling: Recognize high sensitivity and shape it positively . CH Beck, Munich 2016, ISBN 978-3-406-69793-7 , p. 153 .
  • Jerome Kagan : Galen's Prophecy; Temperament in human nature. New York Basic Books, 1994.
  • Luca Rohleder: "The calling for the highly sensitive", dielus edition, 1st edition 2015, ISBN 978-3-9815711-4-1
  • Brigitte Schorr: High Sensibility ", SCM Hänssler, 8th edition 2020, ISBN 978-3-7751-5336-2

Web links

Media reports

(Note 1) Sample statements from the questionnaire used in this study are "I find it difficult to make new friends" or "I find it difficult to understand people's intentions".

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Elaine N. Aron, Arthur Aron: Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionality. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . tape 73 , no. 2 , 1997, ISSN  1939-1315 , pp. 364 , doi : 10.1037 / 0022-3514.73.2.345 : "... our conceptualization of high sensitivity as implying both high levels of sensitivity to subtle stimuli and being easily overaroused."
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Nele Langosch: Personality: Are there highly sensitive people? In: www.spektrum.de. Spectrum of Science, June 9, 2016, accessed January 12, 2019 .
  3. ↑ Silke Weber: High sensitivity: How it really is . In: The time . January 19, 2018, ISSN  0044-2070 ( zeit.de [accessed November 11, 2019]).
  4. ↑ SWR2, SWR2: high sensitivity. Retrieved November 11, 2019 .
  5. ↑ a b c d e f g With a keen sense . In: Swiss Medical Journal . tape 98 , no. 5152 , December 20, 2017, ISSN  0036-7486 , p. 1750–1752 , doi : 10.4414 / saez.2017.06299 .
  6. ^ A b Corina U. Greven, Francesca Lionetti, Charlotte Booth, Elaine N. Aron, Elaine Fox: Sensory Processing Sensitivity in the context of Environmental Sensitivity: A critical review and development of research agenda . In: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews . tape 98 , 2019, pp. 287, 288 , doi : 10.1016 / j.neubiorev.2019.01.009 ( elsevier.com [accessed September 29, 2019]).
  7. ↑ a b c d Elaine N. Aron, Arthur Aron: Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionality. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . tape 73 , no. 2 , 1997, ISSN  1939-1315 , pp. 345-368 , doi : 10.1037 / 0022-3514.73.2.345 .
  8. ↑ a b Francesca Lionetti, Arthur Aron, Elaine N. Aron, G. Leonard Burns, Jadzia Jagiellowicz: Dandelions, tulips and orchids: evidence for the existence of low-sensitive, medium-sensitive and high-sensitive individuals . In: Translational Psychiatry . tape 8 , no. 1 , December 2018, ISSN  2158-3188 , p. 24 , doi : 10.1038 / s41398-017-0090-6 , PMID 29353876 , PMC 5802697 (free full text).
  9. ↑ Elaine N. Aron, Arthur Aron: Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionality. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . tape 73 , no. 2 , 1997, ISSN  1939-1315 , pp. 362 , doi : 10.1037 / 0022-3514.73.2.345 : "... the theory [is] that there is an underlying differentiating characteristic regarding how some individuals process stimuli, involving a greater sensory processing sensitivity, reflectivity, and arousability."
  10. ↑ a b c d e f Christine Starostzik: High sensitivity: Everything is too loud, too full, too bright. In: Doctors newspaper. Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, October 26, 2015, accessed on September 14, 2019 .
  11. ^ Klages, Wolfgang: The sensitive person: Psychology, psychopathology, therapy . 1st edition. Enke, Stuttgart 1978, ISBN 3-432-89871-1 , p. 133 ff . (on the “thalamus”; Klages differentiates in his book between sensitive and highly sensitive people, classifying artists and “ highly intellectuals” as examples of the latter.).
  12. ↑ G. Gross-Selbeck, W. Ebell, H. Doose: Psychophysical correlations in children and adolescents with electroencephalographically demonstrable photosensitivity . In: Monthly Pediatrics . tape 124 , no. 5 , 1976, p. 471-472 , PMID 934156 .
  13. ^ Gunter Groß-Selbeck, Wolfram Ebell, Hermann Doose: Galvanic Skin Response in Photosensitive Children 1 . In: Neuropediatrics . tape 9 , no. November 04 , 1978, ISSN  0174-304X , p. 303-311 , doi : 10.1055 / s-0028-1091490 .
  14. ↑ Jerome Kagan: Galen's prophecy: temperament in human nature . Basic Books, New York, NY 1994, ISBN 0-465-08405-2 .
  15. ↑ a b c d e Andreas Meißner: Highly sensitive personalities - a probably superfluous disruption concept . In: NeuroTransmitter . tape 26 , no. 9 , 2015, p. 16-17 ( bvdn.de [PDF]).
  16. ↑ Elaine N. Aron, Arthur Aron: Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionality. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . tape 73 , no. 2 , 1997, ISSN  1939-1315 , pp. 346, 365 , doi : 10.1037 / 0022-3514.73.2.345 .
  17. ↑ Hanne Listou Grimen, Åge Diseth: Sensory Processing Sensitivity: Factors of the Highly Sensitive Person Scale and Their relationships to Personality and Subjective Health Complaints . In: Comprehensive Psychology . tape 5 , 2016, ISSN  2165-2228 , p. 5 , doi : 10.1177 / 2165222816660077 .
  18. ↑ Interview with psychotherapist and author Tom Falkenstein: Man and sensitive. Retrieved September 9, 2019 .
  19. ↑ a b Nico-Elliot Kälberer: Highly sensitive people: Do I look weird? What do they think of me? Why is it so loud here? In: Spiegel Online . September 29, 2011 ( spiegel.de [accessed September 15, 2019]).
  20. ↑ a b c d Jessica Kühn: Life without a filter in your head . In: sueddeutsche.de . January 4, 2018, ISSN  0174-4917 ( sueddeutsche.de [accessed December 17, 2018]).
  21. ↑ a b c Pia Rauschenberger: Highly sensitive people - more than neurotics? In: Deutschlandfunk Kultur. Deutschlandradio, April 11, 2019, accessed on September 14, 2019 .
  22. ↑ a b c d Matthias Lauerer: The unbearable hammering of the clock hand . In: Spiegel . December 1, 2014 ( spiegel.de ).
  23. ↑ a b c d e Brenda Strohmaier: Psychology: High sensitivity is an underestimated specialty . March 12, 2015 ( welt.de [accessed September 16, 2019]).
  24. ↑ Elaine N. Aron, Arthur Aron: Sensory-processing sensitivity and its relation to introversion and emotionality. In: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . tape 73 , no. 2 , 1997, ISSN  1939-1315 , pp. 360 , doi : 10.1037 / 0022-3514.73.2.345 .
  25. ↑ Elizabeth Bernstein: Do You Cry Easily? You May Be a 'Highly Sensitive Person'. (No longer available online.) In: wsj.com. The Wallstreet Journal, archived from the original ; Retrieved September 11, 2019 (American English).
  26. ↑ Christine Starostzik: High sensitivity: Everything is too loud, too full, too bright. In: Doctors newspaper. Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, October 26, 2015, accessed on September 14, 2019 .
  27. ↑ Pia Rauschenberger: Highly sensitive people - more than neurotics? In: Deutschlandfunk Kultur. Deutschlandradio, April 11, 2019, accessed on September 14, 2019 .
  28. ↑ SK: Life and Knowledge: Is high sensitivity just a fashion diagnosis? January 6, 2019, accessed September 15, 2019 .
  29. ↑ Martina Lenzen-Schulte: Advice for the highly sensitive: Feel more than many others . November 19, 2016, ISSN  0174-4909 ( faz.net [accessed September 29, 2019]).
  30. ↑ a b c d Francesca Lionetti, Massimiliano Pastore, Ughetta Moscardino, Annalaura Nocentini, Karen Pluess: Sensory Processing Sensitivity and its association with personality traits and affect: A meta-analysis . In: Journal of Research in Personality . tape 81 , 2019, p. 138–152 , doi : 10.1016 / j.jrp.2019.05.013 ( elsevier.com [accessed September 15, 2019]).
  31. ↑ a b Kathy A. Smolewska et al .: A psychometric evaluation of the Highly Sensitive Person Scale: The components of sensory-processing sensitivity and their relation to the BIS / BAS and Big Five. In: Personality and Individual Differences. Series B: Biological Sciences. Vol. 40, 2006, pp. 1269-1279, doi: 10.1016 / j.paid.2005.09.022 .
  32. ^ Jadzia Jagiellowicz, Arthur Aron, Elaine N. Aron: Relationship Between the Temperament Trait of Sensory Processing Sensitivity and Emotional Reactivity. 2016, accessed on January 2, 2019 .
  33. ↑ Liss, M., Saulnier, C., Fein, D., & Kinsbourne, M .: Sensory and attention abnormalities in autistic spectrum disorders . In: Autism . tape 10 , p. 155-172 .
  34. ^ RL Watling, J. Deitz, O. White: Comparison of Sensory Profile scores of young children with and without autism spectrum disorders . In: The American Journal of Occupational Therapy: Official Publication of the American Occupational Therapy Association . tape 55 , no. 4 , 2001, ISSN  0272-9490 , p. 416-423 , PMID 11723986 .
  35. ↑ Emma Clubley, Joanne Martin, Richard Skinner, Sally Wheelwright, Simon Baron-Cohen: The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): Evidence from Asperger Syndrome / High-Functioning Autism, Malesand Females, Scientists and Mathematicians . In: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders . tape 31 , no. 1 , February 1, 2001, ISSN  1573-3432 , p. 5-17 , doi : 10.1023 / A: 1005653411471 .
  36. ↑ a b The relationships between sensory processing sensitivity, alexithymia, autism, depression, and anxiety . In: Personality and Individual Differences . tape 45 , no. 3 , August 1, 2008, ISSN  0191-8869 , p. 255-259 , doi : 10.1016 / j.paid.2008.04.009 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed January 11, 2019]).
  37. ↑ Xuchu Weng, Tingyong Feng, Guikang Cao, Elaine Aron, Arthur Aron: The trait of sensory processing sensitivity and neural responses to changes in visual scenes . In: Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience . tape 6 , no. 1 , January 1, 2011, ISSN  1749-5016 , p. 38–47 , doi : 10.1093 / scan / nsq001 , PMID 20203139 , PMC 3023077 (free full text) - ( oup.com [accessed December 30, 2018]).
  38. ↑ Sensory processing sensitivity predicts performance on a visual search task followed by an increase in perceived stress . In: Personality and Individual Differences . tape 53 , no. 4 , September 1, 2012, ISSN  0191-8869 , p. 496–500 , doi : 10.1016 / j.paid.2012.04.019 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed January 3, 2019]).
  39. ↑ David Bridges, Haline E. Schendan: The sensitive, open creator . In: Personality and Individual Differences . tape 142 , 2019, p. 179–185 , doi : 10.1016 / j.paid.2018.09.016 ( elsevier.com [accessed September 18, 2019]).
  40. ↑ Elaine N. Aron, Arthur Aron, Kristin M. Davies: Adult Shyness: The Interaction of Temperamental Sensitivity and an Adverse Childhood Environment . In: Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin . tape 31 , no. 2 , February 2005, ISSN  0146-1672 , p. 181-197 , doi : 10.1177 / 0146167204271419 .
  41. ↑ Sensory processing sensitivity and its relation to parental bonding, anxiety, and depression . In: Personality and Individual Differences . tape 39 , no. 8 , December 1, 2005, ISSN  0191-8869 , p. 1429–1439 , doi : 10.1016 / j.paid.2005.05.007 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed December 15, 2018]).
  42. ^ Jadzia Jagiellowicz, Arthur Aron, Elaine N. Aron: Relationship Between the Temperament Trait of Sensory Processing Sensitivity and Emotional Reactivity. 2016, accessed on January 2, 2019 .
  43. ↑ Elaine N. Aron, Arthur Aron, Natalie Nardone, Shelly Zhou: Sensory Processing Sensitivity and the Subjective Experience of Parenting: An Exploratory Study . In: Family Relations . tape 68 , no. 4 , October 2019, ISSN  0197-6664 , p. 420-435 , doi : 10.1111 / fare.12370 .
  44. ↑ a b Sandra Konrad, Philipp Yorck Herzberg: Psychometric Properties and Validation of a German High Sensitive Person Scale (HSPS-G) . In: European Journal of Psychological Assessment . April 7, 2017, ISSN  1015-5759 , p. 1-15 , doi : 10.1027 / 1015-5759 / a000411 .
  45. ↑ a b Barbara Stelzer: Highly sensitive people have their talents. In: Salzburger Nachrichten . January 2, 2014, accessed January 20, 2014 ( archive ).
  46. ↑ High sensitivity - brief information for representatives of the medical professions (somato-pathology) , Information and Research Association High Sensitivity eV, October 27, 2013, accessed January 11, 2016. (PDF; 95 kB).
  47. Jump up ↑ Smith, Heather L., Sriken, Julie, Erford, Bradley T .: Clinical and Research Utility of the Highly Sensitive Person Scale . In: Journal of Mental Health Counseling . tape 41 , no. 3 , July 1, 2019, ISSN  1040-2861 ( questia.com [accessed October 9, 2019]).
  48. ↑ Christina Blach: An empirical approach to the construct of the highly sensitive personality, dissertation . Medical University of Graz, Graz 2015, p. 206 ( medunigraz.at ).
  49. ↑ Anke Sterneborg: Where real life is unbearable . In: Süddeutsche Zeitung , August 11, 2011.
  50. ↑ Elena Bernard: Book review of "From because of mimosa": High sensitivity as a gift. In: Spektrum.de. Spectrum of Science, accessed September 12, 2019 .
  51. ↑ Julia Bender: Opportunity instead of obstacle. Review of "The Power of Feeling". In: Spektrum.de. Spectrum of Science, April 7, 2017, accessed September 15, 2019 .