Hoopa

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Residential area of ​​the Hoopa

The Hoopa or Hupa are an Indian tribe of the Athapaskan language family of the Na-Dené languages in the Pacific Northwest . The Hoopa, together with the linguistically and culturally closely related peoples of the Tsnungwe (South Fork Hupa, South Hupa), Chimalakwe (New River Tsnungwe, New River Hupa), Chilula (Lower Redwood Creek Hupa) and Whilkut (Redwood Creek Hupa) formed the northernmost Pacific Coast Athabasque Group in California. Most of the tribes mentioned are assigned to the cultural area of ​​California , but as sedentary foragers and field hunters as well as fishermen (salmon) they have many cultural techniques in common with the indigenous peoples of the northwest coast culture .

Today their descendants are mostly registered in the officially recognized Hoopa Valley Tribe , the Hoopa Valley Indian Reservation , which was established in 1864, is the largest reservation in California with approx. 365.41 km² .

Naming

The tribal name commonly used today is derived from Huep'oola '/ Huep'oolaa ("Hupa people") from the Yurok language of the neighboring Yurok . The Karok, however, referred to the "Hupa / Hoopa" as Kishákeevar / Kishakeevra ("People along the Hupa River, i.e. Trinity River"), since the Trinity River was known in their language as kishákeevar-sav ("Hupa River").

The "Hupa / Hoopa" call themselves after the Hoopa Valley ( Na: tini-xw - "place where the paths / ways lead back") simply Na: tinixwe (also: Natinook-wa - "people from the place where the paths lead back") / Lead back ways, ie of the Hoopa Valley "), sometimes with the meaning as" people, on both sides of the way ". In contrast to neighboring peoples, they also simply refer to themselves as Dining'xine: wh (" Hupa-speaking people ") .

Residential area and known settlements

Hupa / Hoopa

The "Hupa / Hoopa" are one of the few Indian tribes that still live in their original habitat. Their tribal area stretched from the South Fork Trinity River northward along the lower reaches of the Trinity River ( Hun ' - "river") to the Hoopa Valley, on the New River ( Yiduqi-nilin ), Mill Creek ( Misq'i-nilin ) and Klamath River ( K'ina'-tahxw-hun ' - "River under / near the Yurok, i.e. Klamath River") in northwestern California. The Trinity River, which runs through the Hoopa Valley, is known for its abundance of fish.

The "Hupa / Hoopa" themselves were divided into two so-called tribelets (a leading settlement with several smaller associated settlements, acting as a ceremonial, cultural and social unit), named after the two leading settlements Ta'k'imił-ding (Hostler Ranch ) ("Place where acorn soup is cooked", religious center with the Xontah-nikya: w - "holy house, literally: big house") and Me'dilding (Matilton) ("place of the canoe"); important religious ceremonies and dances took place in "Ta'k'imił-ding (Hostler Ranch)" and there the two tribelets (groups) acted as ceremonial halves / sides of the tribe (similar to moieties ). The Me'dilxwe ("people of Me'dilding / Matilton", represented the upstream half of the Hoopa Valley) and the Ta'k'imiłxwe ("people of Ta'kimiłding / Hostler Ranch, represented the downstream half of the Hoopa Valley).

The Le: lxwe ("People of łe: l-ding / Le: ldin", ie the Tsnungwe and Chima: lxwe '/ Chimalakwe) sometimes took part together with the "Hupa / Hoopa" in "Ta'kimiłding / Hostler Ranch" participated in dances and ceremonies.

Well-known "Hupa / Hoopa" settlements: ch'e: 'indiqo'-ding, k'inchwiwh-q'it (both near the mouth of Mill Creek), dahchwin'-ding (lower part of the settlement me'dil-ding / Matilton), me'dil-ding (Matilton, also: Captain John's Ranch), dahwilin-ding, tołts'a'ts'-ding (both at the mouth of Supply Creek), diysh-ta: ng'a: - ding (near Tish-Tang Point), mine: jixo-na'ne'iłtuł-ding, tse: -yehk'ixa: wh (both near the settlement mis-q'it / Miskut), mis-q'it (Miskut ), miyi-me '(Campbell's Ranch), nilin-kin'-ding (at the Sugar Bowl falls on the Trinity River), noleh-ch'e: l-ding (in Trinity Canyon), ta'k'imił- ding (Hostler Ranch, most important religious center of the "Hupa / Hoopa"), łeht'e: t'e'-ch'iłchwe'-ding (upstream from ta'k'imił-ding / Hostler Ranch), toliwh-q ' it (uphill from ta'k'imił-ding / Hostler Ranch), yidah-ding (lower part of ta'k'imił-ding / Hostler Ranch), tse: -na: l'a: -ding (near xonsah -ding / Honsading in the Hoopa Valley), xonsah-ding (Honsading) (Hoopa Valley), tse: wina: l-ding (Senalton), xah slin-ding (at the mouth of Horse Linto Creek), xontehł-miwah / xontehł-mingwah (near Campbell Field Prairie, a rocky hill on the west side of the Trinity River), xowung-q'it (first settlement at Campbell Field Prairie) , xowung-q'it (second settlement at Kentuck Ranch), yehwilin-ding.

Tsnungwe / South Fork Hupa

The Tsnungwe ( Tse: ningxwe - "Tse: ning-q'it (Ironside Mountain) people"; also: Tsanunghwa, Ce: ningxwe, South Fork Hupa, South Fork Trinity River Hupa, South Hupa) lived directly south of the "Hupa / Hoopa "from the Hoopa Valley about 30 miles up the Trinity River (southward) and on the South Fork Trinity River and on Willow Creek, further north along the New River ( Yiduqi-nilin ) and in the area around Burnt Ranch lived the Chimalakwe (also: Chima: lxwe ; Yinahch'in - "Those who come from upstream"; also: New River Tsnungwe, New River Hupa), who mostly also spoke the language of the neighboring Chimariko to the east. The Tsungwe called themselves Le: lxwe ("people of łe: l-ding / Le: ldin") after their most important settlement and religious center , the Chima: lxwe '/ Chimalakwe along the New River were also called Tł'oh-mitahxwe / Tl'oh-mitah-xwe ("people who live in the midst of grass").

The Tsnungwe and Chima: lxwe '/ Chimalakwe were also called "South Fork Trinity Tribe", "New River Indians" , "Kelta / Tlelwe / Hlelwe / Tlelding / Leldin Tribe" , "Tlohomtahhoi", "Chaltasom" or "Burnt Ranch Indians." " denotes.

Known Tsnungwe Settlements: Willow Creek Area: misqine: q'it / nisking-q'it, nants'ing-tah (Clover Flat), niskin-ji-ding / niskinje: ndihding (upstream from Willow Creek), since: chwun'-ding / da: chwan'-ding (across from niskin-ji-ding), da: chwan'-ding mima: n-ch'ing (across from da: chwun'-ding, Kimtu), suqe: - q'it / saqe: q'it (alternatively: so-ke'a-keit, sock-kail-kit), saqe: q'it mima: n-ch'ing (opposite suqe: -q'it / saqe : q'it), yinaq-xa: -ding / yinuq xa: -ti-nit (all three at Willow Creek), tl'ohday-kyoh-q'it, xowiyk'iLxowh-ding (formerly: kiqin-sa ' an-ding, Knight's Trailer Park), tse: -ding / tse: ting (across from xowiyk'iLxowh-ding / Knight's Trailer Park), xohxo-ch'e: l-ding / xoxo: ch'e: lding (an the mouth of Willow Creek), minq'it-ch-ding (Enchanted Springs), q'aykist ch'e: xahsding (China Flat), t'unchwing-tah (alternatively: tash-huan-tat, tash-wan- ta), d'ahilding / to-ye: l-ding (alternatively: a-hel-tah, ta-hail-ta, Whitson's), yinaq-xa: -ding (just above the mouth of Willow Creek) ; South Fork Trinity area: łe: l-ding / Le: ldin (also: Tlelding - "place where the rivers (South Fork and Trinity) meet", near today's Salyer, largest and leading Tsnungwe settlement; today: a k'ixinay), me: lchwin-q'it (part of łe: l-ding), ta: k'iwe: ltsil-q'it (part of łe: l-ding on the other side of the mouth of the South Fork ), ta: ng'ay-q'it (part of łe: l-ding, today's Salyers; today: k'ixinay), a: k'iwe: ltsil-q'it, ch'iłte: l-ding / ch'iLte: lting, yisinch'ing-qeh (all three on the South Fork River), chway-me '(Sandy Bar), dahchiwh-ding (about 12 miles above the river mouth), dilchwehch-ding (also: hay nahdiyaw tehLchwin-ding - "place where money grows", once an important rich settlement at the mouth of Campbell Creek), dilchwehch-qeh (at Campbell Creek), lichiwh-ding, tl'oh-wa: ne / xo-litsow- ch-ding / xoLtsowch-ding (Saxey Ranch), niLtaq-tah-ding (mouth of Mosquito Creek into Grouse Creek), qosta: n-ding, yahts'ame ', yidahtich'inahding (Ammon Ranch), yunihting (Todd Ranch), niLtaq-tah-ding ; Trinity River (South Fork - Cedar Flat) area: xan-kya: w-qeh / xan-qeh (on the Trinity River), ti-diL -ding (downstream from Salyer), xoling-kyoh-miye, miy-me ' (alternatively: me'-yemma, me-em-ma, Old Campbell Ranch / Fountain Ranch), k'inunq'-ding, tse: -q'it (Swanson's), no: k'iwowh-ding (downstream from tse : -q'it / Swanson's), kin-sa'an-ting (Irvings, Hawkins Bar), tse: Le: nga: ding (downstream from kin-sa'an-ting / Irvings), ta: wha: wh- ding (Gray's Flat), xowung-q'it (on a lake, near xweda'ay-sa'an-me '/ Chesbro's), xweda'ay-sa'an-me' (Wells, Chesbro's) ;

Well-known Chima: lxwe '/ Chimalakwe settlements: Burnt Ranch and New River area: tse: n-ding / tse: -nung-din (Burnt Ranch, largest and leading settlement of the Chima: lxwe' / Chimalakwe), tse: nung -axis-ding (near China Slide, upstream of yinaq-dinung-ting / McDonald's at Burnt Ranch), yinaq-dinung-ting (McDonald Ranch, Burnt Ranch), ch'e: nantiLting (at the mouth of the New River), ch'e: na: dawhding (Dyer's, Bell's Flat), ch'ixe: ne: wh-din (also: 'xolish na: xoxuynta' - Martha Dyer Ziegler's, upstream from qowh-ding), dahk'ilun-ding ( on the New River across from Quimby), k'ilna: dil mito '(Hoboken), k'iyawh-michwan (on China Creek, also: xolish ch'ena: xolxolding - China Creek), lige: y de: -dilLa: t-ding (upstream from tl'ohne: s-ding / Quimby), tl'ohne: s-ding (at the mouth of Quinby Creek, Ladd's, Thomas', Quimby), qowh-ding (south of Panther Creek), tl'ohsch'il'e: n-ding (Daily's, previously: Moses Patterson), tse: na: ning'a: ding (at the confluence of the East Fork and the New River), yidaq-nilin (New River), yidaq-le: na: lding (at the bifurcations of the New River upstream from Denny).

The Karuk living upstream eastward called the Chima: lxwe '/ Chimalakwe as Akráak va'ára ("New River People").

Whilkut / (Upper) Redwood Creek Hupa

Southwest of the "Hupa / Hoopa" and west of the "Tsnungwe / South Fork Hupa", three so-called tribelets (a leading settlement with several smaller associated settlements, acted as ceremonial, cultural and social unit) of the Whilkut ( Xwiy¬q'it-xwe / Xwe: yłq'it-xwe - "Redwood Ridge / Bald Hills People"; also: (Upper) Redwood Creek Hupa):

  • the Kloki Whilkut / Prairie Whilkut ( Tł'o: q'-xwe / Xontehł-xwe - "Prairie Volk" or Tł'o: q 'Xwiy¬q'it - "Prairie Whilkut"; also: Redwood Creek Whilkut) along the Upper Redwood Creek (approx. 12 settlements)
  • the Mad River Whilkut ( Me: w-yinaq / Me: w-yinuq , also: Mawenok - "below - upstream") along the southwest parallel Mad River , Maple Creek and Boulder Creek (at least 16 settlements) in the west of the "Kloki" Whilkut / Prairie Whilkut "as well
  • the downstream (north) North Fork (Mad River) Whilkut / Blue Lake Whilkut along the North Fork Mad River and in the area around Blue Lake ( Yitse'ni-xohch'indił-ding ) (at least six settlements).

The Whilkut were also known as "(Upper) Redwood Creek Indians" or "Mad River Indians" .

Well-known Whilkut settlements: ch'iłq'un-ding, mił-tehsch'e: -me '.

The tribal name commonly used today as "Whilkut" (with variants as: Whiylqit / Hwil'-kut, Hoilkut, Hoilkut-hoi ) is derived from the Hupa names for Redwood Creek and Redwood Ridge / Bald Hills as Xwiy¬q'it / Xwe: ył-q'it / Xoył-q'it back.

Chilula / Lower Redwood Creek Hupa

West of the "Hupa / Hoopa" and downstream (north) of the Whilkut along Lower Redwood Creek lived the Chilula ( Xwiy¬q'it-xwe / Xwe: yłq'it-xwe - "Redwood Ridge / Bald Hills People"; also: Lower Redwood Creek Hupa); they built their more than 20 settlements only along the east bank, as there the mountains along the river bank were broken through by valleys irrigated by small streams, while the west bank was difficult to access. The Chilula were also referred to as "Bald Hills Indians" or "Lower Redwood Indians" ; sometimes they are also regarded as another fourth tribelet of the Whilkut and are referred to as "Chilula Whilkut" .

Well-known Chilula settlements: k'ina'-xontah-ding (Kinahontahding), kinyiq'i-kyoh-mingwah (Kingyukyomunga), łich'iwh-'inahwh-ding (Hlichuhwinauhwding), mis-me '(Misme), noleh- ding (Noleding), q'a: xis-tah-ding (Kahustahding), q'ayliwh-tah-ding (Kailuhwtahding), q'ung'-kyoh-lay '(Kingkyolai), sikinchwin-mitah-ding (Sikingchwungmitahding) , to: n'-dinun-ding (Tondinunding), ts'in-sila: -ding (Tsinsilading), xontehł-me '(Hontetlme), xowuni-q'it (Howunakut), yinuqi-no: mitse'-ding (Yinukanomitseding), yitse'ni-ning'ay-q'it (Yisining'aikut). Other settlements are mentioned: Kailuhwchengetlding, Tlochime, Tlocheke.

The tribal name commonly used today as "Chilula" is also borrowed from the language of the Yurok who live downstream on the coast, who called them Chueluela '/ Chueluelaa' ("People of the Chuelue (Bald Hills)"); the Karuk also referred to them as Vitkirik'áraar ("People of the Viitkírik / Viitkírak (Bald Hills)").

Relationship to neighboring tribes

With neighboring tribes, the ratio was ambivalent: on the on the Pacific coast and the estuaries living Yurok ( Yida: ch'in-ninyay - "Those who come from down river", but also: K'ina ' - "stranger, enemy" ) and Patawat Wiyot ( Ta: ke ' - "Mad River Wiyot") as well as the Karuk ( K'inusni ), the "Hupa / Hoopa" (and related peoples) adopted many cultural techniques (such as dances, religious ceremonies, basket weaving) and drove Trade (they exchanged acorns for salt and mussels) - but there were often conflicts. There was also one of the peoples living upriver in the south and west (Eel River Athabasken: Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkiyone, Wailaki and others) called Xoning'-wiltuch ' (or mining'-wiltuch' , literally: "His face is tattooed") Tense relationship, as they were considered "wild" and, according to tradition, raided "Hupa / Hoopa" settlements, stole valuables and kidnapped women.

However, the "Hupa / Hoopa" mostly tried to live in peace with the neighboring - often very bellicose peoples - through trade, exchange and marriage policy.

language

The Hupa or Hupa-Chilula is (depending on the definition and perspective) a language with several dialects (or two dialect continua) or a group of closely related languages . Today, however, a distinction is usually made between "Hupa" and "Chilula-Whilkut", both of which are regarded as "Hupa languages":

The "Hupa" (also: Na꞉tinixwe Mixine꞉wheʼ - "Language of the Hoopa Valley people") is usually divided into three dialects (or languages):

  1. Hupa or Hoopa Valley Hupa (also: Dining'xine: wh - "Hupa-speaking people", aka Hupa)
  2. Tsnungwe or South Fork Hupa (also: Tse: ning-xwe, South Fork Trinity River Hupa)
  3. Q'ultsahs-ni or New River Hupa (also: New River Tsnungwe, bilingual in Hupa and Chimariko - hence mostly Chima: lxwe ')

The "Chilula-Whilkut" (also: Xwiy¬q'it-xwe, Xwe: yłq'it-xwe) is usually divided into two dialects (or languages):

  1. Chilula (also: Lower Redwood Creek Hupa, Downstream Redwood Creek Hupa)
  2. Whilkut (also: (Upper) Redwood Creek Hupa, Upstream Redwood Creek Hupa)
a. Redwood Creek Whilkut (also: Upper Redwood Creek Whilkut, Kloki Whilkut, Prairie Whilkut)
b. North Fork Whilkut (also: North Fork Mad River Whilkut, Me: w-yinuq)
c. Mad River Whilkut (also: Me: w-yinuq)

The "Hupa languages" together with the Mattole – Bear River (consisting of two languages ​​/ dialects) and the Wailaki (also: “Eel River-Athapaskisch”) (consisting of four languages ​​/ dialects) and the Kato form the California - Subgroup (Southern Branch) of the Pacific Coast Athapaskan (Athabaskan) along the Pacific West Coast as well as in the Pacific Northwest of the United States.

The Oregon subgroup (Northern Branch) of the other Athapaskan (Athabaskan) languages ​​of the Pacific coast - such as Tolowa (two languages ​​/ dialects) - are so different that a separation is assumed over 1300 years ago. The Tolowa ( Yide'-dining'xine: wh - "people living downstream from the Hupa") were therefore also called Dilwa: wh ("those who babble / babble") on the part of the "Hupa / Hoopa" .

In 2018 there was only one speaker who used the language as their mother tongue , and due to a language program in 2007 there was 30 L2 speakers . Today the language is taught again in school and several dictionaries and text collections have been published.

Way of life and culture

The "Hupa / Hoopa" were sedentary fishermen and hunters whose main sources of food were the acorn harvest (the seeds of the "Tanoak") and salmon , supplemented by elk and deer hunting.

The salmon (mostly king salmon , Chwulo: q'e ' - "Chinook Salmon") were caught during the annual salmon migration in spring and autumn . The fishing grounds were not freely accessible, but owned by the family and could not be used without their consent. For fishing, the "Hupa / Hoopa" used a dugout canoe ( Me'dil ) - made either from the wood of the giant tree of life ( Xodistł'o: n / Xodistł'o: n ' ) or the coastal sequoia (coastal redwood) ( Qawh -kyoh - "big yew") - and built fish fences (' Ehs ) and pots ( No: l'qe: t ), and they also built fishing platforms ( Dahk'iwe: wita: n ). The construction of such facilities required greater efforts and the captured catch was distributed among those involved. The abundance of food allowed the "Hupa / Hoopa" to live a sedentary lifestyle without agriculture . The acorns ( K'iwinya'n - "what to eat", called " acorn " in English) were used to make meals, from which they made porridge, bread, cookies, pancakes and cakes, they also ate toasted acorns. There were also traditional reasons for collecting acorns belonging to individual families ( T'unq'-no: 'ondil / Ta'nq'-no:' ondil - literally: "in autumn (where) they sit"). These were so important as a food source for the "Hupa / Hoopa" and related peoples, so that they can simply be called K'iwinya'n-ya: n ("acorn / acorn eater", meaning "person, human, People ").

The hunt for elk ( Mik'iqots'e ' - "refers to the cracking sound of the bushes that is made when the elk moves through the undergrowth") and deer ( K'iłixun - "something that tastes good", by means of each Dahwid'a belonging to individual families : n - "what was placed on top (deer-catching station)") enabled the artful processing of leather (for shields, armor, etc.) and engraved horn (for eating utensils, combs, etc.), for this work of art the " Hupa / Hoopa "known.

In particular from the Yurok and Karok and partly from the Wiyot they had adopted several cultural techniques (fishing techniques, basket weaving, dances, rituals, etc.) and were therefore culturally similar. They traded extensively with the Yurok, with whom they exchanged acorns and inland food for redwood canoes, saltwater fish, mussels and algae; they sometimes married one another and attended each other's respective ceremonies. Many traditions, ceremonies and dances were adopted by the "Hupa / Hoopa" from the Yurok. Like other Californian tribes, they were known for their excellent art of basket weaving . In the baskets, they woven various roots, leaves and stems around prepared saplings (again based on the Yurok and Karok patterns).

The villages or (in California mostly :) rancherias ( łe: na: wh - "neighbors, people who live nearby") of the "Hupa / Hoopa" were on the banks of the rivers and consisted of plank houses ( Xo'ji -xontah - "true house") (shared by families), in which the women slept and the property was kept; there were also semi-underground sweat lodges (called Ta: kiwh ) in which the men slept and took sweat baths, and menstrual huts ( Min'ch - "small house") for women. In addition, during the acorn harvest, the families lived in temporary bark huts ( K'ila: dosch'e'-xontah - "bark house"), which were covered with bark from conifers . The less sedentary (since the Redwood Creek and Mad River were not as rich in fish as the Trinity and Klamath Rivers) and more dependent on hunting and gathering Whilkut and Chilula, on the other hand, mostly only built bark huts, as these were easier to dismantle and reassemble and therefore closed fit their more mobile lifestyle better.

The "Hupa / Hoopa" society was politically organized as a chieftainship and was strongly shaped by social inequality between women and men , between younger and older men, and between successful and less successful men and rich and less rich men .

The prosperity was on the possession of Dentalium - shells ( Xo'ji-miłky'o: xe: t ) depending on which one is likely acquired through trade with the Yurok and of scalps of Rotkopfspechts ( K'iya: wh-me: there ' ay - "bird heads").

The chief ( Ningxa't'e: n - "chief, chief, rich and important person") of the village was the richest man; his power was bequeathed to his son along with his possessions, but anyone with more wealth could inherit power and dignity. Personal insult, injury, or murder could usually be redeemed in the payment of blood money ; Means of payment were mostly shell money ( Xo'ji-nahdiyaw - "real, real money"). However, poverty could also lead to a kind of debt bondage and the person was made his personal K'ina: kil ( slave ) by the believer .

An important part of their religion was the worship of places, sacred rocks (connected with spiritual power), the Trinity River as a power to be worshiped ( Ta'na: n-na: niwe: sile'n - "you waters that have come, to flow down here ") as well as the recitation of magical formulas. Professional shamans ( K'ima: w-ch'iłchwe - "He who does medicine") diagnosed and treated diseases; they were paid for in Dentalium shells and deer skin blankets. Every year three special dances ( Ch'idilye ) along with the accompanying chants ( Whing ) were held for the good of the community, and there were ceremonial spring festivals ( Misq'it-ch'idilye - "(Spring) jumping dance" in the settlement Miskut (Misq'it) ", literally:" religious dance in Miskut (Misq'it) ") and autumn festivals ( T'unq'-ch'idilye -" (autumn) jumping dance ", literally:" religious autumn- Dance").

The "Hupa / Hoopa" referred with their hierarchical social system, which was defined by wealth and status, the plank houses, their typical basket hats and stories to their origins in the area of ​​the northwest coast culture - but they knew no potlatch , no mask dances, carved totem poles and others carved works of art of the northern tribes. On the other hand, they had adopted many techniques from the Californian tribes (such as dances, healing arts, fishing).

history

The "Hupa / Hoopa" and other Athapaskan-speaking tribes, such as the Tolowa, Tlelding (probably: łe: l-ding - "place where the rivers (South Fork and Trinity) meet"), a settlement of the Tse: ningxwe near today's Salyer), Whilkut (also: Hoilkut-hoi / Hoilkut), Mattole , Sinkyone and Wailaki about 900 immigrated in the course of the southern drift of the Athapasques in northern California. They quickly adopted the culture of the tribes they found. Of the estimated 1,000 "Hupa / Hoopa" in 1700 , the number fell to 412 in 1905 due to epidemics introduced and environmental damage caused by the gold rush . Then the "Hupa / Hoopa" recovered, so that today around 2,000 "Hupa / Hoopa" are living in the Hoopa Valley Reserve.

The first contact with Europeans

In 1828 the American trapper Jedediah Smith was the first white man to cross the area of ​​the "Hupa / Hoopa", in 1849 gold was found on the Trinity River above their residential areas and the "Hupa / Hoopa" suffered from the onslaught of gold seekers during the Californian gold rush . A military post was established in 1855 and maintained until 1882. In 1864 the Hoopa Valley Reserve was established, which included almost the entire previous habitat of the "Hupa / Hoopa".

Todays situation

Today most of the "Hupa / Hoopa" still live in their ancestral area, but some are also members of neighboring tribes:

  • Hoopa Valley Tribe (runs an Indian casino with the Lucky Bear Casino , the Hoopa Mini Mart , the Hoopa Shopping Center , the Tsewenaldin Inn Motel , the wood processing operations called Hoopa Forest Industries (HFI) , including a factory for modular prefabricated houses, the K'ima : w Medical Center , a school, the Hoopa Tribal Museum and, with KIDE, a tribal local radio , the tribe also offers numerous tourism offers for hunting, fishing, hiking, camping, rafting, snow sledding, bird watching and because of its proximity to the Pacific coast Swimming and surfing, administrative headquarters: Hoopa , Humboldt County, 2013 population: 3,139) (Hupa, Tsnungwe, Chimalakwe, Chilula, Whilkut)
  • Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria (reservation / rancheria is in Humboldt County , operate the Seascape Restaurant and Pier , the Sunset Restaurant and also an Indian casino called Cher-Ae Heights Casino , administrative headquarters: Trinidad , "Cher-Ae" is the English adaptation of the indigenous name of the local Yurok settlement as Chuerey / Chuerew , population 2011: 154) (Yurok, Wiyot, Tolowa as well as Chetco, Hupa and Karuk)
  • Blue Lake Rancheria (Administrative Headquarters: Blue Lake, Humboldt County, Population 2010: 58) (Wiyot, Yurok, Hupa, Whilkut)

See also

Web links

Commons : Hoopa  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Yurok Language Project - Yurok dictionary
  2. ↑ Ararahih'urípih - Karuk Dictionary
  3. ^ Hupa Online Dictionary and Texts
  4. ↑ the Hupa-speaking peoples knew no "r" sound and therefore called the Chimariko "Chima: lxwe '/ Chimalakwe"
  5. ↑ Collective term for Tsnungwe, Chimalakwe and Chimariko and Wintun who live further upstream (eastwards)
  6. ↑ also the name for the Shasta living east along the Salmon River and the Upper New River
  7. ↑ Tsnungwe Tribe - Tsnungwe Place Names
  8. ↑ According to Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary - proper name not handed down
  9. ↑ possibly a derivation of K'inahsni - "passing / dancing in front of someone" (during a K'itse / K'iwidtse ( war dance ) in which the warriors boastfully dance in front of the line of enemy dancers)
  10. ↑ Homepage of the Hoopa Valley Tribe
  11. ↑ Homepage of the Cher-Ae Heights Indian Community of the Trinidad Rancheria
  12. ^ Homepage of the Blue Lake Rancheria