Hurst Castle

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Hurst Castle from the southeast

Hurst Castle is an artillery fort that King Henry VIII had built 1541–1544 at Hurst Spit in the English county of Hampshire . It was part of the royal Device Fort program , which was intended to protect England against the feared attacks from France and the Holy Roman Empire . Hurst Castle protected the Solent waterway . The first fort had a central donjon and three bastions and was equipped with 26 cannons in 1547. It was expensive to operate because of its size, but it was one of the most powerful forts along the coast. During the English Civil War of the 1640s, Hurst Castle was in the hands of the Parliamentarians and King Charles I stayed there for a short time before his execution in 1648 interned. The fort remained in use in the 18th century, but then fell into disrepair. Smugglers cavorted on the headland on which it stands .

Repairs to the fort were made during the Revolutionary and Coalition Wars with France and it was modernized to accommodate 24 pounder cannons. In the 1850s, new fears of invasion led to the installation of heavier 32-pounder cannons and new gun batteries being installed on both sides of the fort. Technological progress soon made these defenses unusable, but 61 cannons were installed in two long granite-clad batteries along the old fort between 1861 and 1874 . These were heavy weapons, e.g. B. 38 ton RML cannons with a caliber of 12.5 inches as muzzle loaders . In the course of this century these heavy weapons were also overhauled and lighter rapid-fire cannons were installed to replace them.

The fort formed part of the defense network around the entrance to the Solent during the First World War and was also re-armed during the Second World War . It was not until 1956 that the military decommissioned the fort and it came under the control of the Ministry of Works . In the 21st century, it is run jointly by English Heritage and the Friends of Hurst Castle as a tourist attraction. In 2015 around 40,000 visitors came. Coastal erosion has become a growing problem for Hurst Castle, despite government efforts to protect the headland. Four lighthouses have been built at Hurst Castle since the 18th century, a particularly tall example, which opened in 1867, is still in service today.

history

16th Century

16th century fort floor plan: A - Northwest Bastion; B - northeast bastion; C - donjon; D - south bastion

Hurst Castle was built in response to international tensions between England, France, and the Holy Roman Empire during the final years of Henry VIII's reign. Traditionally, the Crown had ceded the coastal fortifications to local lords and communities and only played a modest role in building and maintaining them Fortifications. As long as France and the Holy Roman Empire were involved in the conflict, attacks from the sea were common, but invasion of England seemed unlikely. There were limited defenses around simple log houses and towers in the southwest and along the Sussex coast ; in the north of England there were some more impressive structures, but on the whole the defenses were limited in size. Worsley's Tower, for example, which was built in the 1520s across from the site of the future Hurst Castle, was too small to contain powerful artillery and was described by the King's rapporteurs in 1539 as "one of the worst things ordered" they did ever seen.

In 1533 Henry VIII broke with Pope Paul III. because the latter did not grant him the annulment of his long marriage to Catherine of Aragon . Catherine of Aragon was the aunt of Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor, who saw the cancellation as a personal insult. Therefore, France and the Holy Roman Empire declared their union against King Henry in 1538 and the Pope encouraged the two countries to attack England. An invasion of England seemed certain. In response to this, King Heinrich issued an order (English: "Device") in 1539, in which he gave instructions for the "defense of the empire in times of invasion" and for the construction of forts ("Device Forts") along the English coastline .

Hurst Castle was designed to protect the western entrance to the Solent , an arm of the sea that runs from the English Channel to Portsmouth Naval Base and across Southampton Water to the important port of Southampton . The fort was one of four fortifications that William FitzWilliam , the Lord High Admiral , and William Paulet called for to strengthen the defenses along the Solent. The others were East Cowes Castle , West Cowes Castle, and Calshot Castle . It was on the Hurst Spit , a strip of gravel that protects salt marshes and the Wadden Sea just 1.2 kilometers from the Isle of Wight . Temporary earthworks were built on the site and in 1541, after work on the other three forts had been completed, work on Hurst Castle began under the direction of John Mille , the finance controller, and presumably Thomas Bertie , a master mason. Bertie was named captain of the fort in 1542 and the work was finished in January 1544; the cost was over £ 3,200.

Cannon loopholes in the fort from the 16th century

The result was a stone artillery fort with a central donjon and three bastions, surrounded by a moat . The fort could carry 71 cannons. In 1547, however, Hurst Castle had 26 guns - four of them made of bronze and the rest of cast iron. There were two small field snakes (Saker), one field snake , one medium-sized cannon (Demi-Canon), one cannon with a short barrel (Curtall Canon), two smaller field snakes (Demi-Culverin), six large port cannons (Port Piece), four long ones , slender cannons (sling), two smaller long, slender cannons (quarter-sling) and seven older slender cannons (base), three of which were unusable. A 1559 report commented that Hurst Castle was instrumental in sending reinforcements from the main island to the Isle of Wight, mentioning that the fort was armed with eleven bronze and cast iron cannons, as well as nine broken cannons, handguns , arrows and bows, Skewer and hip . This report concluded that the fort was not adequately protected against attack because it had no flank protection but rounded walls and that it was expensive to crew because of its size; it required a captain, a vice-captain, twelve gunners, nine soldiers, and a porter. The historian John Kenyon says, however, that its considerable armament made Hurst Castle one of the most powerful forts on the south coast, even if it was equipped with lighter cannons than would have been ideal for its role as "ship sinker".

Meanwhile the threat of invasion from France was over and a permanent peace was made in 1558. Government interest turned from the south coast to the Spanish threat to the south-west of England. Around 1569, when Thomas Carew was Captain of Hurst Castle, there were fewer than ten cannons but the same size garrison as seven years earlier. His son, Sir Thomas Gorges , became captain after him and reported in 1593 that the gun platforms were in dire need of repairs.

17th century

Illustration of the fort in the 18th century

At the beginning of the 17th century there was peace between England, France and Spain and so the coastal defenses received little attention. The Gorges family continued to provide the captains of Hurst Castle; Sir Edward Gorges took over the post in 1610 when the fort was neglected. In 1628, the fort proved unable to prevent Flemish ships from making their way through the Solent, as only four or five of the 27 cannons were operational and the fort had neither ammunition nor gunpowder in stock. The government had all bronze cannons in the fort replaced; they were popular on ships because in 1635 they could fire faster and more reliably than cast iron cannons.

At the beginning of the English Civil War in 1642 between the supporters of King Charles I and those of Parliament , the fort was occupied by Captain Richard Swanley , a supporter of the Parliamentarians. In December 1648 it served briefly as a place of internment for the king before his trial and execution. During the interregnum (between the kings Charles I and Charles II ) it remained in use under the command of Colonel Thomas Eyre and was reinforced in 1650 to be able to withstand a royalist invasion.

After Charles II came to the English throne through the Stuart Restoration in 1660 , Eyre was dismissed and replaced by Edward Strange . The fort's future was uncertain; Charles II gave the order to disband the garrison and briefly considered whether he should have the fort torn down. Instead of occupying the fort with a regular garrison, it was decided in 1666 to only equip it with soldiers who were no longer needed on the Isle of Wight; they belonged to a unit of Robert Holmes , the governor of the island. Hurst Castle had since fallen into disrepair, delaying plans to send Holmes' men there until 1671. Repairs were made to the fort, and in 1675 a common garrison and nearly 30 cannons were stationed there.

18th century

Hurst Castle around 1840 with the Hurst Tower (center) and the High Lighthouse (right)

Hurst Castle continued to be used as a military base in the 18th century, but also served as the prison for a Franciscan Catholic clergyman, Father Paul Atkinson . Amid concerns about the moral state of England and a perceived threat to the established church, a law was passed in 1700 to "prevent the further growth of papacy"; Hurst Castle was chosen by the Privy Council as the repository for priests convicted under this law. Atkinson was believed to be the only person imprisoned in this manner and was held in the fort for 29 years from 1700 until his death in 1729.

Problems with smugglers around Hurst Castle had been reported since the 1670s and this continued into the 18th century. In 1729 the Treasury chartered the Hurst , a wide, heavy yacht, to aid crackdown on smugglers outside Southampton. The crew was armed with muskets, pistols and swords. The problems remained and later in the same century the site served as a meeting place for smugglers led by the notorious criminal named John Streeter .

The fort was increasingly neglected and reports from the 1770s through the early 1790s tell of massive problems such as For example, that the fort's cannons could no longer be mounted on the dilapidated bastions and that water would penetrate through the crumbling walls. In 1793 the fort was considered to be "in the worst condition" of all the forts along the coast and all of its guns were unusable. The headland around the fort was used by civilians, e.g. B. by fishermen or gardeners; a lighthouse called the Hurst Tower was built in 1786 and the Shipwright's Arms public house was built next to the fort.

The first coalition war with France broke out in 1793 and resulted in the modernization of the fort. Repairs were carried out in 1794 at a cost of £ 647, followed by an overhaul of the defenses the following year by the Master General of the Ordnance . The sixteenth-century fort was still heavily fortified by the standards of the time, but could not carry the heavier cannons or gun batteries necessary to attack enemy warships. Instead, two new gun batteries, each armed with five 36-pounder cannons, were erected along the fort in 1795, and a further eighteen 9-pounder cannons were installed on the old fort. The cannons installed there had all been captured by the French.

19th century

1800-1858

Hurst Castle in an illustration from 1862 showing the new eastern gun battery (right) and converted 16th century fortifications

In 1803 war with France appeared likely again. After some discussion, it was agreed to adapt the 16th century donjon to accommodate six 24 pounder cannons. For this purpose, it was given a vaulted roof and a central pillar was added to the entire height of the building. The cost of this is estimated at £ 4122. The historian Andrew Saunders compares the resulting structure to the various Martello Towers that were being built along the south coast of England at the time. It was proposed to build two temporary gun batteries to replace the old installations from 1795, which had suffered from the salty air and had fallen into disrepair, but this plan was eventually abandoned in favor of rebuilding the donjon. The work was carried out by a team of soldiers and civil construction companies and was completed in late 1806.

The converted fort did not play an active role in the coalition wars, even though it served as a military hospital for wounded soldiers who were returning from the war on the peninsula in Spain in 1809 . A second lighthouse, called the High Lighthouse , was built next to the fort in 1812.

Official interest in Hurst Castle rose again in the 1840s when the introduction of shell guns and steamships created a new threat of a successful French attack on England's south coast. Before, sailing ships could only pass the fort slowly when they were going against the tide, which made them sensitive to attacks with the cannons installed on the fort; Steamships, however, could pass the fort at great speed. Military estimates and reports from 1850 and 1851 therefore suggested that armament should be significantly expanded, with more and much heavier guns being provided.

The improvements were made between 1852 and 1856 at a cost of over £ 6,725. The donjon was upgraded to accommodate 32 pounder cannons, the seaward bastion and curtain wall were reinforced with brick casemates and new gun batteries, and the trench was deepened to protect against surprise attacks. Two batteries were built to the west and east of the fort, protected by shingles and earth, and connected to the old fort by covered passages called caponiers . A well defensible barracks block was built next to the western battery to provide further protection against attacks from the land side. The result was that Hurst Castle was once again a mighty fortress, armed with fourteen 32-pounder cannons, fifteen 8-inch grenade guns, and two 32-pounder carronades . In wartime it required a crew of 440 and in peacetime a garrison of 105 men. Fort Albert was built across the strait on the Isle of Wight to support Hurst Castle in an attack. The old inn was first used as a garrison canteen and then demolished.

In 1852 the Isle of Wight Electric Company laid a specially armored submarine cable to connect Hurst Castle to Keyhaven on the mainland and Sconce Point on the Isle of Wight; two years later the Electric Telegraph Company connected the fort to Southampton. Hurst Castle used flags to send telegraph messages to ships entering the Solent and received messages from them the same way.

1859-1899

12.5-inch 39-ton - Rifled Muzzle-Loading - (RML) -Kanone with ammunition in the West Wing

Rapid advances in military technology rendered the new defenses useless before the end of the decade. The introduction of breech-loading could fire cannons, the explosive ammunition, and the construction of armored warships made sure that the guns and fortifications of Hurst Castle were no longer sufficient. In 1859 fears grew again that the French might invade England, possibly in a surprise attack. A royal commission in the same year requested that Hurst Castle should be given priority upgrade as one of the most important forts protecting Portsmouth harbor.

Hurst Castle was equipped with newer, heavy muzzle loading cannons in heavily armored casemates. These weapons were very slow to reload and so two long batteries were built on either side of the old fort to ensure that there was a good chance of hitting fast-moving enemy ships from the fort. 37 cannons were placed in the west wing and 24 in the east wing. These two batteries were installed above the one built there a few years earlier. In the course of the construction, the moat of the fort also had to be filled. As the construction work continued, it was decided to protect the new batteries with additional iron shields.

The work ended up costing £ 211,000. They began in 1861 and were largely completed by 1870, the additional reinforcement with iron shields not until 1874. In peacetime, about 131 officers and men were stationed in the fort, a number that had to be increased significantly in wartime, when all weapons were to be manned. Although the fort was never equipped with the total planned armament, it had but 1,891 ten 12.5-inch 39-ton - Rifled Muzzle-Loading - (RML) cannons, fifteen 10-inch 18-ton -Vorderladerkanonen, five 9-inch, 12-ton muzzle-loading cannons and three 64-pounder guns, which together made a formidable arsenal.

Two new lighthouses were built in the 1860s. The first was the “Low Light” in the back wall of the west wing. The second lighthouse was called "High Light"; it was the free-standing Hurst Point Lighthouse at the end of the headland that was built from 1865 to 1867. A new inn, the Castle Inn, was built at the northern end of the headland. A narrow-gauge railway was built in the 1880s to supply the fort.

In the 1880s and 1890s, both the penetration power of the naval artillery and the speed of the warships increased further, which made further investments in the fort necessary in the years 1888-1893. The magazine in the donjon, in which 2250 pieces of ammunition could be stored, was reinforced with concrete and the southern bastion of the old fort was filled with pebbles and concrete to provide additional protection against enemy projectiles. New 6-pounder rapid-fire cannons were installed in a battery at the end of the east wing and supported by machine guns so that fast-moving watercraft could be targeted, especially the new torpedo boats. Further positions for 12-pounder cannons followed, one of which was on top of the donjon.

20th and 21st centuries

The theater in the west wing with the wall paintings from the Second World War that have survived to this day

With the beginning of World War I , the guns that Hurst Castle had received in the 1870s were no longer usable. The fort kept 17 of them, as the historian Coad described it, hung "like a collection of elderly blunderbusses, " but the fortress was mainly protected by the newer rapid-fire cannons. During the war, the armament of Hurst Castle was controlled from the Needles Battery , where a fire control station, which was also equipped with telegraph technology, was set up. After the war, the cannons were removed from the 16th century part of the fort. In 1933, this part of the fort was included in the national collection of the Ministry of Works (as a historic building), although some modernizations were still carried out on the rest of the fortress in the 1930s. The Low Light was replaced by a new lighthouse in 1911.

In 1940, during World War II, Hurst Castle was re-armed with two 12 pounder cannons and a unit from the Isle of Wight Rifles was stationed there. All guns were controlled from the fire control station on the Needles Battery. Searchlights and more 6 pounder guns followed the following year, when the 37-Strong Detachment was renamed 129 Coastal Battery Royal Artillery after the installation of 40mm Bofors guns . A tower called the Director Tower was built along the west wing. In the further course of the war the weapons were taken out of service and the battery was closed in July 1945. Most of the weapons were uninstalled after the war.

In 1956 the entire Hurst Castle was placed under the administration of the Ministry of Works . In the 1970s, the additional concrete protection that had been added to the southern bastion in the 1880s was removed. When the new state agency, English Heritage , was founded in 1983 , it took over the management of the fort. In 1996 the Friends of Hurst Castle took over the day-to-day operations of the fort and English Heritage continued to take care of the other aspects of management. In 2015, 40,000 visitors toured the fort. The fort is a Scheduled Monument . The High Light , which was built in 1867, is still in use as a lighthouse and has been listed by English Heritage as a Grade II Historic Building.

Coastal erosion is evident on the headland , which it has slowly shifted towards the coast. This process has made the remains of the battery and the barracks on the west wing from 1852 disappear and occasionally reveals the foundations of the later fort. This erosion has increased significantly since the 1940s due to the construction of groyne batteries in the nearby towns of Bournemouth and Christchurch , which prevented the natural renewal of the headland with pebbles from the cliffs there. Erosion caused new damage to the eastern end of the fort in 2013, raising additional concerns. State efforts to stabilize the headland in its current position began in the 1960s to protect both the fort and neighboring towns. In the 1990s, over 900,000 tons of pebbles were heaped up and this is still going on today. The headland and the adjacent coastline are protected as a Site of Special Scientific Interest .

architecture

Today's floor plan; A - location of the old battery; B - location room / fire control station; C - 12 pounder rapid-fire guns, Bofors gun storage and fire control tower; F - searchlight tower; G - metal lighthouse and “Low Light”; H - ferry; I - railway connection (today and in the past); J - "High Light"; K - 12 pounder battery; L - 16th century fort; M - east wing; N - 6 pounder rapid fire guns; O - Bofors guns; P - fire control station

Middle fort

The middle fort was originally built in the 16th century, but changed significantly in the early and mid-19th centuries. It consists of a central tower with three bastions that extend to the northwest, northeast and south. Its diameter is about 52 meters. A cannon-studded curtain wall originally connected the three bastions, but this was later changed significantly with the addition of walls and rooms to create a deeper structure. The middle fort forms the entrance to the rest of the fortress and can be accessed through a gateway from 1873. The 16th century moat that originally protected the fort was backfilled in the 1860s.

The twelve-sided central tower or donjon has a diameter of about 20 meters; it has two floors and a basement. The interior is circular and a spiral staircase leads up through a pillar in the middle. The ground floor and first floor were originally divided into several rooms and formed the accommodation for the garrison, but are no longer divided today. Both projectiles have eight loopholes each for lighter weapons; the upper floor was so high above the outer walls that it could easily fire over them. On the roof there are remains of the gun emplacements from the 1850s. Originally there was also a lookout tower there, but it was removed in 1805. Immediately after its construction, the donjon was connected to the outer bastions by three bridges.

The two-story north-west bastion protected the fort against attacks from the mainland along the headland and housed the fort's original portcullis and accommodation for the garrison. It had three levels of gun posts on the ground floor, upstairs and on the roof, which were used in the 19th century to house heavier weapons and as protection for shooters with small arms. The bastion creates a connection to an external caponier, a covered corridor with loopholes for close defense, which was built in 1852. The north-west and south bastions are each only one story high and originally had two levels of gun posts, on the single floor and on the roof. Heavier weapons were also stored there in the 19th century.

West and east wings

In the west wing
In the east wing

The west and east wings were built between 1861 and 1874 and are made of bricks and stones. Both were equipped with gun positions designed to accommodate heavy cannons and a crew of up to 12 men. The gun posts were protected by casemates with granite parapets and wrought iron shields. With their removable window plates, they also served as accommodation for the operating personnel. Small magazines were behind the casemates.

The west wing is about 215 meters long and has 37 stands for heavy artillery and two main magazines, as well as various auxiliary buildings, e.g. B. canteens, storage rooms and relaxation facilities. There are also two of the fort's lighthouses, one from 1865 that was decommissioned, and an iron, gas-powered lighthouse that is still in use today. The garden has been recreated in the way it was in World War II. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, guns were rebuilt, especially on the west wing; on its roof there are stands for 12 and 6 pounder rapid-fire cannons, a Bofors cannon and the associated fire control stations. A small theater that was built in by the gunners in World War II has been preserved to this day on one of the gun stands, along with various wall paintings that were believed to have been used for performances in this theater.

The east wing has remained relatively unchanged since its construction. It is about 150 meters long and has 24 stands for heavy artillery and two main magazines. The roof is home to the original fire control station and a Bofors gun post that were added during World War II. The east wing can be reached through a doorway in the northeast bastion. Directly below the east wing there are three stands for 6-pounder rapid-fire cannons from 1893, whose ammunition was handed in from the east wing through an opening in the outer wall.

The fort from the eastern part of the headland.

Individual references and comments

  1. ^ MW Thompson: The Decline of the Castle . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1987, ISBN 1-85422-608-8 , p. 111.
  2. ^ A b J. R. Hale: Renaissance War Studies . Hambledon Press, London 1983, ISBN 0-907628-17-6 , p. 63.
  3. ^ DJ Cathcart King: The Castle in England and Wales: An Interpretative History . Routledge Press, London 1991, ISBN 0-415-00350-4 , pp. 176-177.
  4. ^ JG Coad: Hurst Castle, Hampshire. 2nd Edition. English Heritage, London 1990, ISBN 1-85074-053-4 , p. 15.
  5. ^ A b Andres Saunders: Fortress Britain: Artillery Fortifications in the British Isles and Ireland . Beaufort, Liphook 1989, ISBN 1-85512-000-3 , p. 39.
  6. ^ A b B. M. Morley: Henry VIII and the Development of Coastal Defense . Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London 1976, ISBN 0-11-670777-1 , p. 7.
  7. ^ Peter Harrington: The Castles of Henry VIII . Osprey Publishing, Oxford 2007, ISBN 978-1-84603-130-4 , p. 5.
  8. ↑ JR Hale: Renaissance War Studies . Hambledon Press, London 1983, ISBN 0-907628-17-6 , pp. 63-64.
  9. ↑ JR Hale: Renaissance War Studies . Hambledon Press, London 1983, ISBN 0-907628-17-6 , p. 66.
  10. ^ Peter Harrington: The Castles of Henry VIII . Osprey Publishing, Oxford 2007, ISBN 978-1-84603-130-4 , p. 6.
  11. ^ Peter Harrington: The Castles of Henry VIII . Osprey Publishing, Oxford 2007, ISBN 978-1-84603-130-4 , p. 11.
  12. ^ Steven A. Walton: State Building Through Building for the State: Foreign and Domestic Expertise in Tudor Fortification. In: Osiris. Issue 25. No. 1 2010, p. 70.
  13. ↑ Jonathan Coad: Calshot Castle: Hampshire . Revised edition. English Heritage, London 2013, ISBN 978-1-85074-102-2 , p. 11.
  14. ↑ a b c J. G. Coad: Hurst Castle, Hampshire. 2nd Edition. English Heritage, London 1990, ISBN 1-85074-053-4 , p. 19.
  15. ^ A b Ian West: Hurst Spit - Barrier Beach of the West Solent. Southampton University, archived from the original on January 17, 2016 ; accessed on June 13, 2016 .
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l William Page: Parishes: Hordle. British History Online, 1912, accessed June 13, 2016 .
  17. ^ A b Peter Harrington: The Castles of Henry VIII . Osprey Publishing, Oxford 2007, ISBN 978-1-84603-130-4 , p. 8.
  18. ↑ It is difficult to compare costs and prices from early modern times with those of modern times. £ 3,200 from 1544 can in modern times be anywhere from £ 1.4 million to £ 609 million, depending on the yardstick. As a comparison, the total cost of the crown for all device forts from 1539–1547 was £ 376,500. B. Sandgate Castle cost £ 5,584.
  19. ↑ Martin Biddle, Jonathan Hiller, Ian Scott, Anthony Streeten: Henry VIII's Coastal Artillery Fort at Camber Castle, Rye, East Sussex: An Archaeological Structural and Historical Investigation . Oxbow Books, Oxford 2001, ISBN 0-904220-23-0 , p. 12.
  20. ↑ a b c d e Lawrence H. Officer, Samuel H. Williamson: Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present. MeasuringWorth, 2014, accessed June 13, 2016 .
  21. ↑ a b c d e f J. G. Coad: Hurst Castle, Hampshire. 2nd Edition. English Heritage, London 1990, ISBN 1-85074-053-4 , p. 20.
  22. ↑ a b c J. R. Kenyon: An Aspect of the 1559 Survey of the Isle of Wight: The State of all the Quenes maties Fortresses and Castelles. In: Post-Medieval Archeology. Issue 13, 1979, ISSN  0079-4236 , p. 72.
  23. ↑ JR Kenyon: An Aspect of the 1559 Survey of the Isle of Wight: The State of all the Quenes maties Fortresses and Castelles. In: Post-Medieval Archeology. Issue 13, 1979, ISSN  0079-4236 , pp. 72, 76.
  24. ↑ Martin Biddle, Jonathan Hiller, Ian Scott, Anthony Streeten: Henry VIII's Coastal Artillery Fort at Camber Castle, Rye, East Sussex: An Archaeological Structural and Historical Investigation . Oxbow Books, Oxford 2001, ISBN 0-904220-23-0 , p. 40.
  25. ^ Peter Harrington: The Castles of Henry VIII . Osprey Publishing, Oxford 2007, ISBN 978-1-84603-130-4 , p. 49.
  26. ^ Andres Saunders: Fortress Britain: Artillery Fortifications in the British Isles and Ireland . Beaufort, Liphook 1989, ISBN 1-85512-000-3 , pp. 70-71.
  27. ↑ Martin Biddle, Jonathan Hiller, Ian Scott, Anthony Streeten: Henry VIII's Coastal Artillery Fort at Camber Castle, Rye, East Sussex: An Archaeological Structural and Historical Investigation . Oxbow Books, Oxford 2001, ISBN 0-904220-23-0 , p. 46.
  28. ↑ a b c J. G. Coad: Hurst Castle, Hampshire. 2nd Edition. English Heritage, London 1990, ISBN 1-85074-053-4 , p. 21.
  29. ^ JG Coad: Hurst Castle, Hampshire. 2nd Edition. English Heritage, London 1990, ISBN 1-85074-053-4 , pp. 20-21.
  30. ^ David Hayton: Moral Reform and Country Politics in the Late Seventeenth-Century House of Commons. In: Past & Present. Issue 128 1990, pp. 55-60.
  31. ^ John Anthony Williams: Catholic Recusancy in Wiltshire, 1660-1791 . Catholic Record Society, London 1968, p. 50.
  32. ^ John Anthony Williams: Catholic Recusancy in Wiltshire, 1660-1791 . Catholic Record Society, London 1968, p. 51.
  33. ^ E. Keble Chatterton: The Fine Art of Smuggling: King's Cutters Versus Smugglers, 1700–1855 . Fireship Press, Tucson 2008 1912, ISBN 978-1-934757-19-2 , pp. 15-16.
  34. ^ E. Keble Chatterton: The Fine Art of Smuggling: King's Cutters Versus Smugglers, 1700–1855 . Fireship Press, Tucson 2008 1912, ISBN 978-1-934757-19-2 , p. 15.
  35. ^ Geoffrey Morley: The Smuggling War: The Government's Fight Against Smuggling in the 18th and 19th Centuries . Alan Sutton, London 1994, ISBN 0-7509-0349-X , p. 98.
  36. ^ A b J. G. Coad: Hurst Castle: The Evolution of a Tudor Fortress 1790-1945. In: Post-Medieval Archeology. Issue 19, 1985, pp. 64-65.
  37. ^ A b J. G. Coad: Hurst Castle, Hampshire. 2nd Edition. English Heritage, London 1990, ISBN 1-85074-053-4 , p. 22.
  38. ↑ a b Lighthouses at Hurst. Hurst Castle, accessed June 15, 2016 .
  39. ^ JG Coad: Hurst Castle: The Evolution of a Tudor Fortress 1790-1945. In: Post-Medieval Archeology. Issue 19, 1985, p. 66.
  40. ^ JG Coad: Hurst Castle, Hampshire. 2nd Edition. English Heritage, London 1990, ISBN 1-85074-053-4 , pp. 22-23.
  41. ↑ a b c d Comparisons of costs from the 18th or 19th century with modern costs differ widely, depending on the measure used. £ 647 in 1794 could equal £ 68,000 in 2014 using the GDP deflation table or £ 5.4m using other GDP tables. Accordingly, £ 4122 in 1803 could be between £ 335,000 and £ 21.7 million, £ 6,725 in 1856 between £ 691,000 and £ 16.1 million and £ 211,000 in 1874 between £ 19.2 million and £ 298 .3 million
  42. ^ JG Coad: Hurst Castle: The Evolution of a Tudor Fortress 1790-1945. In: Post-Medieval Archeology. Issue 19, 1985, p. 67.
  43. ↑ a b c d J. G. Coad: Hurst Castle, Hampshire. 2nd Edition. English Heritage, London 1990, ISBN 1-85074-053-4 , p. 23.
  44. ^ JG Coad: Hurst Castle: The Evolution of a Tudor Fortress 1790-1945. In: Post-Medieval Archeology. Issue 19, 1985, pp. 67-68.
  45. ^ JG Coad: Hurst Castle: The Evolution of a Tudor Fortress 1790-1945. In: Post-Medieval Archeology. Issue 19, 1985, p. 68.
  46. ^ JG Coad: Hurst Castle: The Evolution of a Tudor Fortress 1790-1945. In: Post-Medieval Archeology. Issue 19, 1985, pp. 68-69, 74-75.
  47. ^ Andres Saunders: Fortress Britain: Artillery Fortifications in the British Isles and Ireland . Beaufort, Liphook 1989, ISBN 1-85512-000-3 , p. 52.
  48. ^ JG Coad: Hurst Castle: The Evolution of a Tudor Fortress 1790-1945. In: Post-Medieval Archeology. Issue 19, 1985, pp. 67, 69-71.
  49. ^ A b J. G. Coad: Hurst Castle, Hampshire. 2nd Edition. English Heritage, London 1990, ISBN 1-85074-053-4 , p. 24.
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  68. ↑ a b c d Hurst Castle. Historic England. Retrieved June 17, 2016 .
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  74. ↑ a b c d J. G. Coad: Hurst Castle, Hampshire. 2nd Edition. English Heritage, London 1990, ISBN 1-85074-053-4 , p. 29.
  75. ↑ The other artillery positions that were controlled from the same fire control station were the Cliff End Battery , the Warden Point Battery , the New Needles Battery and the Freshwater Redoubt Battery .
  76. ^ Sebastian Fry: Heritage Under Fire: Hadrian's Wall, Avebury and the Second World War . English Heritage, Portsmouth 2014. ISSN  2046-9799 , p. 85.
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  80. ↑ Friends of Hurst. Friends of Hurst Castle, 2015, archived from the original on January 17, 2016 ; Retrieved June 20, 2016 .
  81. ↑ Visiting Hurst Castle near Milford on Sea. Hampshire Life, 2015, archived from the original on January 17, 2016 ; Retrieved June 20, 2016 .
  82. ^ Hurst Castle and Lighthouse. Historic England. Retrieved June 20, 2016 .
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  85. ^ Abbey Hunt: English Heritage Coastal Estate: Risk Assessment . English Heritage, Portsmouth 2011. ISSN  1749-8775 , p. 41.
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  87. ↑ a b Christopher Yandell: Hampshire Castle Under Threat. Daily Echo, 2013, archived from the original on January 17, 2016 ; Retrieved June 20, 2016 .
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  89. ^ Hurst Castle and Lymington River Estuary SSSI. (PDF) Natural England, archived from the original on January 17, 2016 ; Retrieved June 20, 2016 .
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Commons : Hurst Castle  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Coordinates: 50 ° 42 '23 "  N , 1 ° 33' 4.3"  W.