Jewish schools in exile on Lake Garda

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The Jewish schools in exile on Lake Garda are among the schools in exile that were founded after 1933 by teachers and educators who had to leave Germany for political reasons or because of their Jewish descent . Mostly Jewish children were taught and looked after, mostly with the aim of preparing them for emigration in a non-European country.

The schools on Lake Garda

Compared to the other schools in exile in Italy - country school home in Florence , school on the Mediterranean Sea and alpine school home on Vigiljoch - the state of research on schools in exile on Lake Garda is still poor. There are few scattered references to them, and little is known even about the educators who work there. There are also no references to the students who attended these institutions. The few publications that mention the schools also leave the question of how many institutions there are supposed to have been. In a revision of an article by Hildegard Feidel-Mertz in 2012, Hermann Schnorbach mentions “two or possibly three further smaller, 'family-like' country school homes on Lake Garda: the Casa Vita Nuova, Jewish home of education in Maderno under the direction of Kurt Wronke and the 'Töchterschule am Gardasee' and the 'Landschulheim am Gardasee', headed by Dr. Ilse Jacobi, who may have replaced each other and whose existence has so far only been documented by a short report and advertisements in daily newspapers. ”In fact, there is some evidence that the two last-mentioned institutions emerged from each other and both from Alice Jacobi - not Ilse Jacobi, like Schnorbach writes - were founded and directed.

Casa Vita Nuova in Toscolano-Maderno

Klaus Voigt mentions the Casa Vita Nuova, Jewish home for upbringing , but does not go into any details, and Feidel-Mertz's references to these schools are also poor. In her book “Pedagogy in Exile after 1933” one learns only that the Casa Vita Nuova was founded by the former Berlin graduate professor Kurt Wronke, who earlier had the wish to “raise Jewish children in a Jewish school”. His vision is then quoted as follows, without any chronological assignment: “At that time it seemed to be utopia. Today it has become a reality. Even today we are nothing more than a school, a school for girls. We learn languages. We do everything that belongs to a young person's general education. We let the girls work in the house. We play sports with them. We also hold exams. Nevertheless, everything is different with us than it used to be at school. We form something like a community of fate. If I am to describe my task for you in two words, as I understand it, then it is Jewish seriousness and joie de vivre that I want to create in the young people who come to us, apart from all knowledge, apart from the practical training Life that I by no means underestimate. "

A website about the history of the community of Toscolano-Maderno is a bit more informative, with an article about “Il colleggio per ragazze ebree all'Hotel Milano”, the school for Jewish girls in the Hotel Milano . The school was housed in a building that is now the Hotel Milano. On its website you can read that the building was built around 1926 and after about 10 years a school for Jewish girls was set up in it, before it was later confiscated by the Republic of Salo to accommodate officials from various ministries.

The author of the article about the school for Jewish girls in the Hotel Milano speaks more generally of the “thirties” and points out that when the building was used as a school, it was home to many young Jewish girls who came from wealthy German families. The facility was headed by two gentlemen whom he introduces by their first names, Hans and Hubert. The two had offered their guests a “stylish ambience” (“trattamento signorile”), organized music lessons and dance, and had sewing and other activities taught by employees from the local population. Often dance events or concerts with classical music were carried out.

No further statements are made about these people, Hans and Hubert, and the fact that they are presented here as heads of the facility is surprising in that the website also shows an advertisement from the Jüdische Rundschau which clearly states that the pedagogical management at Kurt Wronke, “Stud.-Assess. a. D. “. This advertisement from 1935 says about the school itself: “VITA NUOVA Jüdisch. House of Education Maderno - Lake Garda - Italy accepts girls, including domestic schoolgirls, aged 10-17. Best school and personality development. "The contact address is" Ms. R.-A. Fuß, Berlin W15, Uhlandstr. 39 “, which meant Gerda Fuß, the wife of the lawyer Max Fuß. Stumbling blocks for Gertrud and Max Fuß recall their fate during the Nazi era and their deportation to Auschwitz .

From when to when the school actually existed is not known. The author of the aforementioned website about the school in Maderno finally refers to the difficult situation after September 3, 1938, the day the Italian race laws were passed , which his mother, who taught sewing and knitting at the school, witnessed directly. The girls had to leave Italy within six months, could not return to Germany because the situation there was even more threatening for Jews, and they fled to other parts of the world, the majority opted for Palestine. This reference to the consequences of the Italian race laws sets a timeframe that suggests that Kurt Wronke could also have sought refuge outside of Europe. The "Documents from Hildegard Lewin, including a passenger list of the" Doppelschraubenschiff Orinoco "traveling from Hamburg to Habana, Veracruz and Tampico on May 27, 1939" are part of the collection of documents belonging to the Nachtlicht family in the archive of the Leo Baeck Institute . This passenger list shows the following persons in the "List of First Class Passengers" with the departure port Cherbourg and the destination Havana (Habana): Mr. Kurt Wronke, Ms. Kurt Wronke, Micaela Wronke, Ms. Sara Wronke, Mr. Hans Wronke. None of them should ever reach their escape destination Havana with the Orinoco :

“The Orinoco, the sister ship of the St. Louis , also left Hamburg on May 27 with 200 passengers for Cuba. The captain of the Orinoco, who was informed by radio of the difficulties in Havana, steered the ship into the waters off Cherbourg, France, where it remained for days. The Cuban treatment of refugees on the St. Louis, and to a lesser extent that of the refugees aboard the Flanders and Orduña , had drawn international attention to Cuba's immigration practices. However, neither the British nor the French governments were ready to accept the Orinoco refugees. The United States government then intervened, but half-heartedly. The US authorities did not accept the refugees either, although US diplomats in London put pressure on the German ambassador to give assurances that the German authorities would not pursue the Orinoco refugees after their return to the German Reich. With this dubious assurance, the 200 refugees returned to Germany in June 1939. Your fate remains unknown. "

Of the aforementioned Wronkes on board the Orinoco , only one statement can be made about his fate: Hans Wronke, “born on July 23, 1911 in Berlin / - / City of Berlin, residing in Berlin, emigration: France, deportation: from unknown 1943, Auschwitz, concentration and extermination camp, place of death: Auschwitz, extermination camp. ”It cannot be verified whether Hans Wronke was possibly the same Hans who was named as one of the two directors on the above-mentioned Italian website about Casa Vita Nuova .

Alice Jacobis School in Gardone Riviera

For this school, too, there is hardly any further material beyond the aforementioned mentions by Klaus Voigt and Hildegard Feidel-Mertz. There is only a direct indication of their existence on the basis of an advertisement in the already quoted Jüdischen Rundschau from 1935, the text of which reads: “ITALY Töchterheim am Gardasee. Under responsible, professional guidance, young girls are supported mentally and physically in a small, cultured group / Desired training in languages ​​(including New Hebrew), shorthand, housekeeping, tailoring, horticulture, crafts and sports / Quarterly and half-yearly courses. Mrs. A. Jacobi, Gardone-Riviera. The semester begins May 1st. ”A Zehlendorf telephone number was given to contact us. When Alice Jacobi moved away from the concept of Töchterheim cannot be said, but photos from her estate show that her school was later run as a co-educational institution. However, whether it operated under the name Landschulheim am Gardasee and was in the tradition of the country school homes, must remain open, which is why the more neutral term school on Lake Garda is used below .

Searching for traces: Fritz C. Neumann and the school on Lake Garda

So far, specific references to school can only be found in the memoirs of a contemporary of the educator Fritz C. Neumann . Due to the law to restore the civil service in April 1933, he was dismissed from the German school service and immediately emigrated to France - interrupted by trips to England and occasional stays with his family in Hamburg. At the beginning of 1935 he stayed in Hamburg again and temporarily worked in a tax consultancy office. Here he received a letter from Italy. A Mr. Löwenberg , unknown to him, let him know that his sister, Alice Jacobi from Berlin, was planning to open a boarding school for Jewish children from Germany in Gardone Riviera. He, Fritz C. Neumann, had been suggested for a position there by Paul Geheeb , who now lives in Switzerland .

Neumann neither reveals the identity of Mr. Löwenberg nor that of Alice Jacobi and gives no clues as to what relationships with Paul Geheeb might have existed (which might have justified the term Landschulheim am Gardasee , which Feidel-Mertz brought into play ). But at least the identity of Mr. Löwenberg could be clarified: It was Alice Jacobi's brother, the theater director Karl Löwenberg , who had emigrated to Italy with his family at the end of 1934 or beginning of 1935 (see below: Family Löwenberg ).

Neumann gives some impressions of the school he was asked to work at. However, when he expressed his interest in the offer, he received a rejection from Alice Jacobi. She was looking for a Jewish teacher (Neumann was a Protestant) who could give Jewish religious instruction. But she asked Neumann to help her find a suitable person, which Neumann agreed. He wanted to win Hilde Marchwitza for it, but he approached her just as the Gestapo searched her apartment. What Neumann did not know: Hilde Marchwitza belonged to a resistance group around Hans Westermann and had made her apartment available as a meeting point. That was blown, and during the raid on March 5, 1935, Neumann, who happened to be passing by, was arrested. After a few days during which he was also held in the Fuhlsbüttel concentration camp , he was released in the early afternoon of March 9th.

Meanwhile, the hope of a job at Alice Jacobi's school was gone. “There were prejudices from another direction, the Jewish parents who had planned to entrust their children to Ms. Jacobi were shocked by the announcement that she would hire a non-Jewish teacher. They revoked the applications for their descendants. ”Neumann then submitted an alternative proposal to Jacobi. Instead of being a teacher, he would spend the summer holidays with her accompanying a group of Jewish children. He also saw this as a kind of promotional tour for the school, which he wanted to make better known in this way. To realize this plan, he worked with a friend Jacobis from Berlin and her cousin, and eventually he traveled to Gardone Riviera with 12 children, including his daughter Lisel . Lisel was, as her father ironically remarked, “the only Aryan among all these Semites”.

This summer on Lake Garda was not only a success as a trip, but also helped Neumann to make many contacts with Hamburg's Jewish families. He was accepted and it was decided that he should now teach their children privately. From then on, he gave a group of eight children lessons in several subjects according to the grammar school curriculum, and he earned additional income by occasionally working in the tax office in which he had previously worked.

Through the parents of a boy who had made the summer trip to Lake Garda, contact was made with the rural school in Florence in the spring of 1936 . Despite poor pay, Neumann accepted the offer to work there and went to Florence in June 1936. Because he had problems with what he saw as a bad school climate and kept coming into conflict with the two headmasters, he only stayed at the school home for the summer and then resigned. He traveled to Pisa to visit Paul Oskar Kristeller , whom he had met at the school home. From here he contacted Alice Jacobi again. “A cousin of hers, Aunt Käthe from Cologne, a wonderful, warm-hearted, intelligent and energetic lady, had teamed up with her and the little boarding school was now flourishing. Ms. Jacobi was happy to have me as an experienced teacher and I went to the beautiful place on Lake Garda. "

The identity of the aforementioned “Aunt Käthe from Cologne” remains as unclear with Neumann as that of the friend of Alice Jacobi from Berlin mentioned above or that of her cousin, and unfortunately Neumann does not report anything further about everyday life at school or about his work there. He stayed until August 1937, when he traveled to the USA because in the meantime an acquaintance of his was able to organize a scholarship for him at an American college.

Löwenberg family

A few indications showed that Alice Jacobi was born Alice Löwenberg in Elberfeld . With the help of the city archives of the cities of Wuppertal and Düsseldorf, the family background could then be clarified. Moritz Löwenberg (born September 25, 1852 in Czersk in the Schwetz district - October 14, 1912 in Düsseldorf), a manufacturer by trade, and his wife Clementine (née Calmer, born November 22, 1865 in Düsseldorf - date of death unknown), both members of the Israelite Religious community, were the parents of three children:

  • Alice Löwenberg (born August 25, 1890 in Elberfeld - † September 19, 1938 in Gardone Riviera )
  • Else Irma Löwenberg (born October 3, 1891 in Düsseldorf).
    She had been married to the Jewish merchant Georg Loewy (born May 20, 1882 in Culm ) since February 12, 1913 , who had moved to Düsseldorf on July 22, 1909, from Berlin. The couple, who de-registered for Dortmund on April 23, 1924, had a daughter: Lieselotte Ruth Loewy (* November 23, 1919).
  • Karl Walter Löwenberg (born June 23, 1896 in Düsseldorf - † October 14, 1975 in Hamburg).

The Löwenberg family moved to Düsseldorf from Elberfeld on November 29, 1890, shortly after the birth of their daughter Alice. Moritz Löwenberg is entered for the first time in the address book of the city of Düsseldorf from 1893 with the addition “manufacturer”. The entry from 1910 shows that he operated a “mechanical weaving mill”. Five years later, in 1915, only the entry "Loewenberg, Moritz, Wwe., Geb." is available for the company and for the private address due to the death of Moritz Löwenberg. Calmer, owner the company M. Loewenberg ”; In 1920 there is no longer an entry. Whether this non-entry from 1920 says that Clementine had also died in the meantime can only be guessed.

No further information is available about Else Irma Löwenberg beyond the facts mentioned above. The other two Löwenberg children have doctorates, Karl as Dr. phil. but where their academic training took place and where it was completed is not known. And while Karl's career as an employee at German theaters for the period from 1920 to 1933 can be traced almost completely, there is no evidence of Alice's professional or private career. All that is known is that she was married to the banking businessman Ernst Nathan Jacobi (born June 22, 1885 in Berlin - deported to Auschwitz on February 19, 1943 , where his trace is lost) since May 17, 1919. The marriage concluded in Berlin-Charlottenburg was divorced here in 1929; from her daughter Marion Doria (born May 22, 1920 in Berlin - † December 1, 1987 in Australia), who lived with her mother in Gardone.

Exile in Italy

The registration office of the municipality of Gardone Riviera confirmed that Marion Jacobi had lived there since October 5, 1933 and had also been formally registered since August 31, 1937. Registration data for other family members are not known there, but it can be assumed that the thirteen-year-old Marion did not travel to Italy without her mother and therefore Alice Jacobi had also been in Gardone since the beginning of October 1933; There is no evidence of Ernst Jacobi's presence in Italy, even temporarily. In addition, there is no evidence of what made Alice Jacobi choose Gardone Riviera as the destination of her emigration. Karl Löwenberg and his family followed in late 1933 or early 1934, and his letter to Fritz C. Neumann shows that at least at the beginning he supported his sister in building up her school. However, there is no evidence that he did that for the next few years, or that his son also attended his aunt's school.

There are photos of the school building from the estate of Fritz C. Neumann and the descendants of Alice Jacobi living in Australia, but documents on the school operations do not seem to have survived. This means that there is also a lack of clues about the identities of the children who attended school.

As mentioned above, Italy had passed its own race law in September 1938, which revoked the citizenship of all Jews who had been naturalized in Italy since 1919 and threatened the expulsion of all non-Italian Jews. It was thus foreseeable that a stay in Italy for the Löwenbergs and for Alice Jacobi and her daughter was only possible on a temporary basis. For Alice Jacobi, however, this was no longer relevant: she died on September 19, 1938 and was buried in Gardone Riviera. The Löwenbergs left Italy in 1939 with their nineteen-year-old niece Marion. Again, there is only one confirmation for Marion Jacobi. According to the registration office of Gardone Riviera, she left Italy on January 21, 1939 for New York. However, the Ellis Island database does not contain entries for either Marion Jacobi or the Löwenberg family for the following period. It can be assumed that she traveled to Ecuador with the Löwenbergs .

Susanne Levinger

A vague reference to Alice Jacobi's school can also be found in connection with the life story of Susanne (Susi) Levinger (Lewinger). She was born on September 21, 1914 as the daughter of the lawyer Otto Levinger and his wife Martha (née Frank, * July 6, 1888 - † 1953 in Israel). The couple had turned away from Judaism even before Susanna's birth and lived in a villa built between 1913 and 1914 at Rodenkirchener Uferstrasse 28 based on a design by the Cologne architect Paul Pott . Otto Levinger fell in the First World War in 1917.

The family also included Susanne's siblings Dora (born May 4, 1910 in Cologne) and Adolf (born May 17, 1911 in Cologne) in Cologne. Like their mother, everyone managed to flee Germany after Hitler came to power. Susanne left the Oberlyzeum und Studienanstalt i in April 1930 with the upper secondary qualification. E. der Evangelische Gemeinde Köln " and began training at the school for modern dance in Berlin led by Vera Skoronel and Berthe Trümpy (1895–1983) and then attended a school for orthopedics and therapeutic gymnastics in Cologne until December. She began working as a gymnastics teacher, but then went to England for further training at the dance school run by Kurt Jooss and Sigurd Leeder at the Dartington Hall School from the summer of 1935 to the summer of 1936. After that, she gave children to the Israelite orphanage in Cologne until the end of March 1937 , the Abraham-Frank House named after its founder Abraham Frank , dance and physical education classes.

At the beginning of 1937, when exactly, it cannot be said, because there is a testimony from the Israelite Orphanage from April 5, 1935 and another testimony about attending a dance school in Florence on April 20, 1937, Susanne Levinger went to Italy to see her to build a new existence there. She does not say how the contact came about, but "in the spring of 1937 she got a job as a gymnastics teacher at the 'Landschulheim am Gardasee, Villa Maddalena', Gardone Riviera, which offered neither future prospects nor work opportunities corresponding to my abilities". In another document, she states that she stayed at the school until September 1938. That was the time when (see above) the school was due to be closed anyway due to Italian racial legislation. She says nothing about whether she saw the death of Alice Jacobi.

From September 1938 to July 1939, Susanne Levinger returned to the Jooss-Leeder school in England, but then traveled back to Italy. In her résumé she wrote that it was for a vacation stay during which she was surprised by the outbreak of war. After that, Susanne Lewinger stayed in Gardone until her arrest as the teacher of the grandson of the painter Angelo Landi (1879–1944) from Salò .

“Immediately after the outbreak of the war in Italy I was arrested, spent 1 month in the prison in Brescia and then in the concentration camp in Lanciano (Chieti) , and on February 2nd, 1942 transferred to the concentration camp Pollenza ( Macerata ). In the second week of September 1943 I managed to escape from this camp and join the Allies. As far as my poor health allowed, I worked as an interpreter in space. Military administration. In April 1944 I married Dr. Giovanni Javicoli in whose hometown San Vieto Chietino I have lived since then. "

Susanne Levinger, who met her future husband on the run, was a founding member of Amnesty International in Lanciano. She died on August 6, 2001 in San Vito Marina .

During her time at the Abraham-Frank House (AFH) in Cologne, Susanne Levinger met Amalie Banner, known as Malchen , who was born in 1923 and had to have his right leg amputated in 1934 due to bone cancer.

“Malchen found pity on all sides, everyone wanted to help her. her dance teacher Susanne Levinger brought her to Rodenkirchen for a few months and took care of the child who had been so struck by her fate. Susanne Levinger had lost her father at the age of two, who was killed in the First World War, and she knew what it was like to be someone who experiences so much suffering. Susanne succeeded in strengthening Malchen's courage to face life and in drawing her attention to her talent for drawing. If she couldn't dance now, she would still be able to use her hands unhindered. So Malchen came back to the AFH after a few months. "

Four years later, Amalie Banner was deported to Poland as part of the Poland campaign and was interned in the Warsaw ghetto after the outbreak of World War II . Despite the prevailing conditions there, Amalie Banner managed to establish written contacts with the outside world, including with Susanne Levinger between July and November 1941. This in turn managed to send Amalie Banner some soup cubes from her camp, whereupon she thanked her with a small drawing.

“After all, a picture gets to Italy. She painted her former dance teacher and friend Susanne Levinger on it. A letter from November 28, 1941 to Susanne Levinger in Italy is the last sign of life from Malchen and her family. "

swell

  • Fritz C. Neumann: Memoirs of a contemporary. unpublished manuscript in English, edited by Lisel Mueller. Libertiville 1965, OCLC 122561459 . A copy of the manuscript was kindly made available by the library of the German Historical Institute in Washington.
  • NS Documentation Center of the City of Cologne: Holdings 164 - Susanne Javicoli

literature

  • Hildegard Feidel-Mertz (Hrsg.): Schools in exile. Repressed pedagogy after 1933 . rororo, Reinbek 1983, ISBN 3-499-17789-7 .
  • Hildegard Feidel-Mertz : Education in exile after 1933. Education for survival. Pictures at an exhibition . dipa publishing house, Frankfurt am Main 1990, ISBN 3-7638-0520-6 .
  • Hildegard Feidel-Mertz (updated version: Hermann Schnorbach): Jewish country school homes in National Socialist Germany. A repressed chapter of German school history. In: Inge Hansen-Schaberg (Ed.): Landerziehungsheim-Pädagogik. (= Reform pedagogical school concepts. Volume 2). Schneider Verlag Hohengehren, Baltmannsweiler 2012, ISBN 978-3-8340-0962-3 , pp. 159-182.
  • Hildegard Feidel-Mertz (updated version: Hermann Schnorbach): The pedagogy of the rural education homes in exile. In: Inge Hansen-Schaberg (Ed.): Landerziehungsheim-Pädagogik. (= Reform pedagogical school concepts. Volume 2). Schneider Verlag Hohengehren, Baltmannsweiler 2012, ISBN 978-3-8340-0962-3 , pp. 183-206.
  • Klaus Voigt: Refuge on Revocation. Exile in Italy 1933–1945. Volume 1, Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-608-91487-0 .
  • Dieter Corbach: Cologne and Warsaw are two worlds. Amalie Banner - Suffering from Nazi terror. Scriba Verlag, Cologne 1993, ISBN 3-921232-43-0 . (The book contains a photograph by Susanne Levinger (p. 18) and the above-mentioned drawing made by Amalie Banner (p. 78). The letters are also printed, the Amalie Banner from the Warsaw ghetto to Susanne interned in Italy Levinger wrote)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz (updated version: Hermann Schnorbach): The pedagogy of the rural education homes in exile. 2012, p. 191.
  2. ^ Klaus Voigt: Refuge on revocation. Volume 1, 1989, p. 200 ff.
  3. ↑ Hildegard Feidel-Mertz: Pädagogik im Exil nach 1933. 1990, p. 151. The references on page 257 do not give any indication of the origin of the document, but suggests that it was a travelogue.
  4. ↑ a b History of the school for Jewish girls in the Hotel Milano in Toscolano-Maderno
  5. ↑ The Hotel Milano
  6. ↑ a b Jüdische Rundschau. No. 31/32 (special edition 40 Years of the Jüdische Rundschau), April 17, 1935, p. 52.
  7. ↑ Stumbling block for Gertrud Fuß
  8. ↑ Stumbling block for Max Fuß
  9. ↑ Nachtlicht Family Collection 1872–1999 Bulk: 1938–1942
  10. ↑ USHMM's Holocaust Encyclopedia : Seeking Refuge in Cuba, 1939 . There also information on the fate of the passengers on other ships that did not reach Cuba.
  11. ^ Commemorative book victims of the persecution of Jews under the National Socialist tyranny in Germany 1933–1945: Hans Wronke
  12. ^ Fritz C. Neumann: Memoirs of a contemporary. 1965, p. 192.
  13. ^ Fritz C. Neumann: Memoirs of a contemporary. 1965, p. 194.
  14. ^ Fritz C. Neumann: Memoirs of a contemporary. 1965, p. 197.
  15. ^ Fritz C. Neumann: Memoirs of a contemporary. 1965, p. 198. “There had entered prejudice from the other direction, the Jewish parents who had planned to entrust their children to Mrs. Jacobi were shocked by the announcement that she would engage a non-Jewish teacher. They withdraw the applications for their offspring. "
  16. ^ Fritz C. Neumann: Memoirs of a contemporary. 1965, p. 199.
  17. ^ Fritz C. Neumann: Memoirs of a contemporary. 1965, pp. 207-208. “A cousin of hers, Tante Käthe from Cologne, a wonderfull, warmhearted, intelligent and energetic lady, had joined forces with her and the little boarding school was now flourishing. Mrs. Jacobi was glad to get me as an experienced teacher and I went to the lovely place on Lake Garda. "
  18. ^ Fritz C. Neumann: Memoirs of a contemporary. 1965, p. 208.
  19. ↑ a b c City Archives of the City of Wuppertal: Written information from April 23, 2019; City archive of the state capital Düsseldorf, written information from June 18, 2019.
  20. ↑ Commemorative Book Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933–1945
  21. ↑ a b Comune di Gardone Riviera, Servizi Demografici: Information on registration data of the Jacobi & Löwenberg families from February 22, 1919.
  22. ↑ Written communication from her granddaughter Madeleine Ausbruch, who lives in Perth , on April 19, 2019.
  23. ↑ Gianni Orecchioni: I sassi e le ombre. Storie di internamento e di confino nell'Italia fascista: Lanciano 1940–1943 , Edizioni di storia e letteratura, Roma 2006, ISBN 88-8498-290-1 , p. 76. The documentary “Susanne Lewinger, una vita nel novecento ”by Alberto Gagliardo. ( Susanne Lewinger, a life in the twentieth century ) For further internment dates see also: Susanne Lewinger in the database "Ebrei stranieri internati in Italia durante il periodo bellico"
  24. ↑ a b c d e NS Documentation Center of the City of Cologne: Holdings 164 - Susanne Javicoli
  25. ↑ Berthe Trümpy's estate is in the German Dance Archive Cologne : Berthe Trümpy inventory overview
  26. ↑ a b c Curriculum vitae of Susanne Javicoli, born Levinger, on July 26, 1955, in: NS Documentation Center of the City of Cologne: inventory 164 - Susanne Javicoli
  27. ↑ Orlando Bellisario: Treglio negli anni della Grande Guerra. 2018, ISBN 978-0-244-96685-0 , p. 116. (books.google.de)
  28. ↑ a b Irene and Dieter Corbach: Amalie Banner and the Jewish life in Cologne. , February 25, 1986. The text should have been a first approximation of the topic, which was then presented in more detail in the book by Dieter Corbach (see below).