Otto Bamberger

Otto Bamberger, 1928

Otto Bamberger (born May 18, 1885 in Mitwitz , Upper Franconia ; † September 20, 1933 in Baden-Baden ) was a German businessman and entrepreneur, art collector of expressionist works, promoter of contemporary artists and art patron , product designer , “passionate pacifist” and social democrat . He is considered to be the largest client and sponsor of the State Bauhaus in Weimar and Dessau. Contemporaries he was seen as an unconventional, idiosyncratic personality who cultivated her individual style and liked to override the usual conventions within her sphere of activity. He died shortly after his release from National Socialist “ protective custody ”.

family

Otto Bamberger's parents: Sarah “Serry” Bamberger (1862–1925), née Ullmann, and her husband Philipp Bamberger (1858–1919), around 1916

The brothers Ludwig (1893–1964), Otto (1885–1933), Hugo (1887–1949) and Anton (1886–1950) Bamberger, around 1910

His family came from Mitwitz in Upper Franconia , where he was born in house No. 23 (today: Kronacher Straße 10). His family was of Jewish descent, but had a secular orientation.

Otto Bamberger was the eldest son of the businessman Philipp Bamberger (1858-1919) , who had been living in Lichtenfels (Upper Franconia) since 1887, and his wife Sarah "Serry" Ullmann (1862-1925) from Feuchtwangen . He had four younger brothers, Anton (1886–1950), Hugo (1887–1949), Josef and Ludwig (1893–1964). After his father Philipp died of a stroke at the age of 61, his mother committed suicide at the age of 62, a circumstance that was kept secret. Subsequently, the company was run by their eldest son Otto and Philip's brother Fritz, Otto's uncle.

Otto Bamberger in uniform with medal and his wife Henriette "Jetta" (1891–1978), née Wolff, around 1917

On December 24, 1913, the 28-year-old Otto Bamberger married in Hall the daughter of the resident manufacturers Beni Wolff (1857-1923), the 22-year-old Henriette "Jetta" (* 14 July 1891 in Hall; † October 30, 1978 in Louisville , Kentucky , USA), née Wolff. He got to know them through an ad that he had placed in a periodical that was widely distributed throughout the Reich. The small town of Lichtenfels apparently seemed too manageable for him to search for a life partner. Within his family, this approach, which was unconventional for the time and regarded as dubious, sometimes met with alienation; This may be indicated by the fact that both witnesses were provided by the Wolff family.

This marriage resulted in two children, Ruth (1914–1983) and Klaus Philipp Bamberger (1920–2008). The latter retrospectively characterized his parents as agnostics ; Religion was not an issue within the family. His sister Ruth confirmed this in their own records, however, recalled that she was always drawn attention from their parents on Jewish holidays and they rejoiced when they during their boarding time on Juist on the occasion of Yom Kippur of his own accord a synagogue in the north , on the neighboring mainland, visited.

Ruth, later married Löwenfeld, trained as a teacher at the Jewish seminar for kindergarten teachers and after- school care workers (like Inge Deutschkron later ) at Meinekestrasse 22 in Berlin-Charlottenburg under the direction of Lina Wolff (1897–1975), who received her doctorate . This was a younger sister of Ruth's mother Henriette, ergo Ruth's aunt. During their training, completed an internship Ruth in Jewish Landschulheim of Hugo Rosenthal in Mr. Lingen . Ruth completed her training in 1936 and then went, at that time still unusual, as an au pair to a family of the DuPont dynasty in England. In Paris, where her uncle Leopold Wolff (* 1889) resided, she received a US visa on November 5, 1938 and emigrated to the United States via Le Havre on November 17, 1938 with the SS Manhattan , initially to her uncle Anton Bamberger to New York City. In Louisville, Kentucky, USA, she was appointed head of the newly established kindergarten for the Jewish community. Ruth later specialized in the educational care of mentally handicapped children and became a respected advisor in this field.

Her younger brother Klaus changed his first name to "Claude" after he emigrated to the USA via France. After the Second World War , he founded a company in the US state of New Jersey that operates internationally and still exists today.

family business

View of the D. Bamberger company in Lichtenfels ( Upper Franconia )

Ready-to-ship freight from D. Bamberger on its way to the Lichtenfels train station ( Upper Franconia ), 1935

The family business was founded by Otto Bamberger's grandfather David Bamberger (1811–1890), a confectioner, whose first marriage was to Regina (1817–1854), née Bärlein, who died early, and to Adelheid (1829–1892). , née Grabfelder, was married. At that time, the Bavarian Jewish edict of 1813 was in force , which severely restricted the mobility, career choice and family development of Jewish citizens.

After the to date on 22 April 1871 Prussian concerning law, the equality of the denominations in civil and political relationship of 3 July 1869 the entire territory of the newly founded on 18th January 1871 the German Empire expanded and therefore also in the Kingdom of Bavaria had been introduced , the now applicable equality resulted in a significantly greater freedom of movement for Jewish citizens. Therefore, David Bamberger, who was already over 60 years old, sent his two underage sons Philipp (1858-1919) and Fritz (1862-1942) to Lichtenfels around 1875 in order to set up a branch for manufacturing and trading in the larger and more easily accessible small town to operate with baskets made from palm fronds , which the company imported from Cuba .

When the Lichtenfels branch flourished due to the local connection to the railway line, the 73-year-old David Bamberger closed his business premises in Mitwitz and handed over the management of his company to his two sons Philipp and Fritz on August 1, 1884. He left Mitwitz as the last citizen of Jewish origin living there, moved to Lichtenfels on July 1, 1887, died three years later and was buried there.

In Lichtenfels, the company grew into the largest company in the small town and one of the largest European suppliers of raw materials for the wicker and rattan furniture industry. A historian asserts the international reputation of the D. Bamberger company . At the same time, it was a trading company that employed more than 200 people around 1888 (" Dreikaiser year "), around half of whom were home workers, particularly from the Upper Franconian region. The company's buyers, including Otto Bamberger himself, were looking for raw materials and product ideas on every continent.

The D. Bamberger company was an important supplier to the Bauhaus during the Weimar Republic . This is what Bauhaus seating furniture produced to this day based on designs by Marcel Breuer , Erich Dieckmann , Ludwig Mies van der Rohe or Thonet seating furniture with woven seats and backrests based on Bauhaus designs refer to. D. Bamberger also supplied the raw material for Bauhaus seating furniture and tables made of rattan and made the table tops for them in his own joinery.

I.a. From 1927 it is documented that the D. Bamberger Lichtenfels company prepared expert reports for the State University for Crafts and Architecture in Weimar, in which, for example, the analysis of woven seating furniture from Italy and its comparison with Thuringian woven seating furniture. Otto Bamberger was running the company at this time with his business partners, his youngest brother Ludwig and Alfred (1890–1956), the son of his uncle Fritz.

Act

As early as 1910, Otto Bamberger, who was around 25 at the time, became the managing director of the family business D. Bamberger Palmkorb- und Möbelklopfer-Fabrik , which was owned by his father Philipp and his brother Fritz, Otto's uncle. Before that he had learned in the company and worked for various customer companies in England, France and Italy, where he also had to learn the respective national languages.

Villa " Sonnenhaus " in Lichtenfels , Kronacher Straße 19, around 1915

Bookplate by Otto Bamberger

Otto Bamberger's letter to the editor of June 24, 1919, concerning his SPD membership

In 1914, when his first child Ruth was born, Otto Bamberger had a villa built including interior fittings by the Hildburghausen -based architect August Berger , which has been a listed building since 1994. On the occasion of regular literary evenings, writers and graphic artists such as Alfred Kubin , sculptors such as Maria Lerch , painters such as Reinhold Nägele and art historians such as Justus and Senta Bier (1900–1978), née Dietzel , frequented this, which is now known as the “ Sonnenhaus ” .

Otto Bamberger, who was interested in modern art, literature, philosophy, politics, architecture and interior design as well as trips abroad, supported artists, some of whom were unknown and penniless, by purchasing works from them that at the time had no significant market value. He decorated the numerous rooms of the "sun house" with the most pleasing of these works. From September 1927, the vast majority of the art collection was kept in his library behind wide wooden sliding doors that were specially made for this purpose. Today, the works of art in Otto Bamberger's collection are in great demand, and the artists are mostly internationally known.

As a collector and patron of contemporary expressionist art of the artists involved in the Blauer Reiter , Otto Bamberger acquired an extensive collection of hundreds of graphics, paintings, drawings, lithographs, woodcuts, sculptures and other objects of art, for example by Ernst Barlach , Max Beckmann , Marc Chagall during the 1910s and 1920s , Lovis Corinth , Otto Dix , George Grosz , Otto Herbig , Wassily Kandinsky , Ernst Ludwig Kirchner , Paul Klee , Oskar Kokoschka , Käthe Kollwitz , Alfred Kubin , Wilhelm Lehmbruck , Max Liebermann , Franz Marc , Paula Modersohn-Becker , Emil Nolde , Pablo Picasso and Leo Putz . In 1918 he had Max Obermayer (1866–1948) make an oil painting that portrayed his four-year-old daughter Ruth. He also acquired sculptures by Maria Lerch , including Christian ones such as Maria with the baby Jesus .

Like his three younger brothers, he took part in the First World War, on February 14, 1915, he was first assigned to the reserve battalion of the Royal Bavarian 5th Infantry Regiment "Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig von Hessen" , and in December 1916 promoted to corporal, as a reserve officer instructed, ordered to the Royal Bavarian 18th Infantry Regiment "Prince Ludwig Ferdinand" in Landau, came to the front in Russia and was there from July to October 1918 assigned to the Royal Bavarian 1st Infantry Regiment "König" , with whom he was in Fighting in support of Ukraine was involved.

In 1919 Otto Bamberger felt compelled to justify his membership in the SPD , after having been subjected to severe criticism from left and right. On the one hand, he was accused of being pro-workers; he is responsible for increased wages in the basket industry. On the other hand, a social democratic attitude is only feigned in an entrepreneur. He therefore wrote a long letter to the editor, which was printed in the Lichtenfelser Tagblatt . In this he stated that he was only a partner in a company ( oHG ) and therefore did not stand for the business policy of the entire company with his private political convictions. His activity as an entrepreneur is not at the expense of his private freedom of political choice. There is not necessarily a contradiction between social democratic convictions and entrepreneurial activity.

On the occasion, Otto Bamberger gave his brother Anton , who married in 1919, an oil painting by Leo Putz , Lady in Blue , which he completed somewhat late in 1920.

From around the mid-1920s, a branch of the company located in Coburg sold a large number of games, wooden toys, construction sets, handicraft and handicraft materials for children based on the game theory specifications of the Pestalozzi student Friedrich Fröbel , as well as handicrafts made of wood, the Otto Bamberger partly designed or designed himself. From the mid-1920s onwards, he had his two children try out and evaluate the toys that he introduced to the company's portfolio as a new range. He basically advocated that these should deal better with real objects than with childlike miniatures. He only found toys that seemed educationally valuable to be useful. He categorically rejected common war toys such as tin soldiers and toy weapons.

While the parents' bedroom was mostly taboo for the children, their marriage bed became the scene of lively discussions on Sunday mornings as the so-called “family bed”. For the many regular guests in the "Sonnenhaus" it was not unusual to take part in the "family bed" with the two Bamberg children and their parents. A maximum of six people leaned against the footboard and headboard, or sat in the double bed, discussing philosophical, cultural, artistic or political topics to which the children listened. For the time, this should have resulted in an unusually revealing and picturesque picture. In addition to Alfred Kubin and Maria Lerch, the frequent guests at the “Sonnenhaus” from around the mid-1920s onwards were the Bauhaus designer Erich Dieckmann , who always drove up with a loudly rattling motorcycle, which Otto Bamberger's little son Klaus was particularly enthusiastic about.

Otto Bamberger commissioned Dieckmann at the end of 1926 to completely redesign and equip the interior of the "Sonnenhaus".

According to the documentation from the main state archive in Weimar , Otto Bamberger was probably the first and only client of the Bauhaus who commissioned the complete redesign and furnishing of an entire building. The extensive correspondence on this has apparently been preserved. Otto Bamberger is therefore considered the greatest sponsor and client of the Bauhaus.

Otto Bartning , the director of the Staatliche Bauhochschule Weimar , was involved in handling this major order . On April 20, 1928, he asked the Bambergers in writing to accept a short delay in the delivery time of their kitchen furniture, because he absolutely wanted to exhibit them beforehand because of what he thought was an excellent execution.

A number of Dieckmann's designs for Otto Bamberger can be found in February 1929 in the design magazine Die Form , in at least one furniture catalog from the Staatliche Bauhochschule Weimar , in 1930 in Walter Müller-Wulckow's book The German Apartment of the Present and in Dieckmann's book Möbelbau in Holz, published in 1931 Tube and steel that is available as an antiquarian or reprint.

From 1925 to 1927, Otto Bamberger made it possible for his daughter Ruth to attend the reform-pedagogical boarding school Freie Schulgemeinde in Wickersdorf near Saalfeld in the Thuringian Forest . There was a direct train connection between Lichtenfels and Saalfeld . Otto Bamberger's regular house guest Alfred Kubin , who had financed his stepson Otto Gründler's school attendance there from 1907 to 1914, could have recommended this rural education home . Käthe Kollwitz's foster son , Georg Gretor , was also a student at this boarding school from 1911 to 1913.

Otto Bamberger with his daughter Ruth on the gym wheel in the area of ​​the Schule am Meer in Loog on the North Sea island of Juist , 1932

Otto Bamberger's son Klaus attended the reform-pedagogical boarding school on the North Sea island of Juist, founded and led by Martin Luserke , from autumn 1930 to Christmas 1933 . Since Easter 1927, his older sister, who had moved from the Wickersdorfer Landerziehungsheim to Juist, had also visited this place, where she passed her school-leaving examination on March 22, 1933 .

“I see him [Otto Bamberger] still standing on the beach in Juist, he came to visit his children. It struck me at the time that he wasn't dressed like most men, he wore a casual black suit, a shirt without a tie with a kind of ribbon around the collar and a wide-brimmed black hat. "

- Maria Becker

Luserke's musically shaped school by the sea was supported by the art collector and patron Alfred Hess from Erfurt in Thuringia. His wife Thekla (1884–1968), née Pauson, came from Lichtenfels. The Pauson family company there was active in the same market segment as D. Bamberger . Thekla Hess and "Jetta" Bamberger knew each other very well.

The school by the sea was closed at Easter 1934 against the background of Nazi " Gleichschaltung " and state-run anti-Semitism . At this private boarding school around 30 percent of the students, and thus also the parents, were of Jewish origin. Otto and “Jetta” Bamberger with the address “Lichtenfels, Sonnenhaus” were also listed as members of the “outside community” of the school by the sea . Son Klaus left Juist in East Frisia to avoid Nazi discrimination and moved to the Institute on the Rosenberg in St. Gallen, Switzerland , at the beginning of January 1934 (other name: Voralpinisches Knaben-Institut Dr. Schmidt ).

Otto Bamberger, who suffered from heart problems, was taken into so-called " protective custody " by members of the SA and interrogated after the transfer of power to the National Socialists in 1933 during a business stay in Frankfurt am Main as a Jewish entrepreneur and member of the SPD . After the intervention of his wife Henriette and with the help of a humanly and professionally correct lieutenant of the Frankfurt police, he was able to return to Lichtenfels after a week, albeit as a broken man with severe depression . A few months later he died in a sanatorium in Baden-Baden at the age of 48 of a heart attack.

The last book he read was Oswald Spengler's newly published work Years of Decision . Otto Bamberger had underlined a single sentence: "[...] whoever just wants comfort does not deserve to be there".

He was cremated and his urn was buried in the Jewish cemetery in Lichtenfels. Like the rest of this resting place, his grave was desecrated during the Nazi era and completely destroyed in 1941, most of the tombstones smashed, stolen and used for road construction.

Aftermath of Nazi state activities

His 42-year-old widow Henriette "Jetta" took on an active role in the company instead of her deceased husband, like the latter together with Ludwig and Alfred Bamberger.

“Klaus' mother received us in Lichtenfels [at the beginning of the 1935 summer vacation] with wonderful food and took me to my cozy room. The magical garden particularly impressed me. Ruth wasn't there [training internship in Herrlingen] and Klaus was still in his Swiss boarding school. I think it was called Rosenberg. Mrs. Bamberger was a good-looking active woman, but deeply overshadowed by the early death of her original and talented husband. "

- Maria Becker

Forced emigration

His young widow "Jetta" fled hastily to her mother Therese Wolff (born April 29, 1865 in Hall), née Reiss, in Stuttgart in September 1938, after being informed by a well-meaning informant from the Lichtenfels district office, Wilhelm Aumer (1883–1958) , had been warned that according to the ordinance on passports of Jews, the passports of all Jewish citizens of Lichtenfels would shortly be confiscated. Aumer withheld the instructions sent to him for a few days so that Henriette Bamberger could leave the city and the German Reich with her passport before they were implemented . She had to leave Otto Bamberger's art collection behind in the villa. The US consulate in Stuttgart issued her a visitor visa for the United States , where she visited her son Klaus, who had emigrated to the USA with the SS Manhattan via Le Havre on January 17, 1938 . Unlike her son, she never returned to Lichtenfels. She subsequently stayed in the USA; her visitor visa was extended again and again due to the political events. She initially worked as a housekeeper for a distant cousin, who was widowed at an early age, in order to at least approximately make up for the missing mother for his two small children. Later she worked in Cleveland as a housekeeper for the former Austrian Consul General Victor Tlach (born June 14, 1872 in Krems, Lower Austria), whom she also chauffeured and accompanied to receptions.

November pogroms 1938

Lichtenfels “ brown shirts ” penetrated the Villa Bamberger at Adolf-Hitler-Strasse 21 (today: Kronacher Strasse 21) during the so-called “ Reichskristallnacht ” on the night of November 9-10, 1938 , and destroyed a historic one in the salon Dutch tiled stove and threw hundreds of books from Otto Bamberger's library into the street. The housekeeper Kunigunda "Kuni" Rübensaal (1890–1978), who resolutely drove away the SA members who she personally knew, prevented more excessive destruction, such as that which took place at Otto Bamberger's brother Ludwig with a book burning in front of his villa at Bamberger Strasse 44. The Lichtenfelser Tagblatt referred to these attacks the following day and described the riots against the Lichtenfels Jews and the local synagogue as an expression of the indignant soul of the people .

Looted art

On November 10, 1938, several uniformed people from the Lichtenfels mayor's office arrived, recorded and classified Otto Bamberger's art collection as “ degenerate ” and confiscated it. It has been proven that not all of the confiscated works of art were actually considered “degenerate”. This proves z. B. a preserved correspondence with Otto Modersohn , widower of the late Paula Modersohn-Becker . Their works were confiscated in Lichtenfels, but were still allowed to be exhibited in art halls and museums during the Third Reich . Photos of at least three exhibits from Otto Bamberger's collection were subsequently sent to the anti-Semitic weekly Der Stürmer by a national socialist from Lichtenfels who was known by name as evidence of “degenerate” art in a Jew's household. Shortly before that, the city of Lichtenfels had advertised itself in the deeply racist propaganda paper with its “wonderful bathing beach”, to which Jews were denied access during this time, says Henriette Bamberger, who had swam there in the Main for more than two decades .

The largest and most valuable part of Otto Bamberger's art collection has not yet been returned. A few well-known objects have been searched for for decades.

A small part of the collection, pencil and charcoal drawings, woodcuts and lithographs, was found in the basement of the Lichtenfels town hall by US investigators, including a Hanoverian nephew of Otto Bamberger, Gerald Francis (Gerhard Franz Philipp) Bamberger (1920-2013), after the war ended found. Apparently, Lichtenfels Nazi officials and privileged local entrepreneurs had used the collection and thus stole private property that had become the property of the state. The finds were sent to Henriette Bamberger to the USA, where they arrived in a desolate state after months, packed in five boxes. The remaining parts of the family's household goods, which had been kept in a Nuremberg warehouse until the fixed “ Reich flight tax ” was settled, are said to have been destroyed in air raids .

In the "Sonnenhaus", Nazi-looted art from the allegedly lost collection of Otto Bamberger was apparently present and exhibited by the Striwa-Werke Striegel & Wagner family, co- owner Grete Wagner (1892–1986) , until the end of the 1980s . As a result, this family used part of the increasingly valuable Nazi-looted art from Otto Bamberger's collection for their private purposes. Only one of the works of art discovered there was returned in 1999 after six decades and many years of discussion.

"Aryanization"

The company D. Bamberger Lichtenfels (DBL) was " Aryanized " at unfair conditions at the end of 1938 , deleted from the commercial register on April 6, 1939 and renamed Knorr, Friedrich & Co. with the names of the new " Aryan " owners . Both namesake were previously executive employees of Otto, Ludwig and Alfred Bamberger. Their legal successors still refer to the renowned history of the D. Bamberger company , but fail to mention the dishonest "Aryanization" during the Nazi era .

Henriette "Jette" Bamberger in front of her green Mercedes-Benz 170 Cabriolet , 1935

On December 30, 1938, the Lichtenfels District Office compiled a list of Jewish citizens who had been issued a driver's license in the past and should now be illegally withdrawn. Otto Bamberger's widow Henriette (with the handwritten note “America”) is also recorded, who was the first woman to be issued a driver's license in Lichtenfels and was thus the first woman to drive in the city. In addition, Otto Bamberger's youngest brother Ludwig (with the handwritten note “Engl.” [England]) and Alfred, the son of Otto Bamberger's uncle Fritz, were included in the list. Both had recently managed the D. Bamberger company together with Henriette Bamberger.

Shortly beforehand, a list of Jewish motor vehicle owners had also been drawn up, in which the whereabouts of the vehicles that had been confiscated or were forcibly sold were later entered. This means that the green Mercedes-Benz 170 Cabriolet C with the registration number IIH-25699 , last chauffeured by “Jette” Bamberger, was transferred to a new “Aryan” owner on June 13, 1939.

These lists were based on a decree issued by the Reichsführer SS and the Chief of the German Police, Heinrich Himmler , on December 3, 1938. Jews are "unreliable and unsuitable for keeping and driving vehicles". Driving licenses and motor vehicle licenses for Jews of German nationality living in Germany must be handed in to the registration offices or police stations by December 31, 1938 at the latest. Their driving license will be withdrawn with immediate effect, and the keeping of passenger cars and motorcycles will be prohibited.

“[...] With this defensive measure against Jewish arrogance, too, the National Socialist state expressed the healthy sense of justice of the German people. Germans have long felt it as a provocation and a threat to public life when Jews drive a motor vehicle in the German streets or even co-use the streets of Adolf Hitler's created by German workers' fists. This state of affairs, which the German people had previously endured with unheard of long-suffering, has now also come to an end. Jews have no place in Germany at the wheel of a motor vehicle. [...] The Jew does not belong in this National Socialist traffic community . [...] "

- Heinrich Himmler

Four Mercedes-Benz vehicles from the D. Bamberger vehicle fleet passed into the possession of Knorr, Friedrich & Co. as a result of the "Aryanization" , two of them were sold by the company in March 1939, one to the Lichtenfels company Striwa- Striegel & Wagner works and another to the state government of Schleswig-Holstein.

The Lichtenfels family Conrad († 1959), Grete (1892–1986) and Siegfried Wagner (1929–2013) benefited from the property of Otto Bamberger's family since the Nazi seizure of Jewish property (robbery) and the " Aryanization " the "Sonnenhaus" was transferred extremely cheaply in 1939. This was co-owner of the textile manufacturer Striwa-Werke Striegel & Wagner . At the end of the war, the family was due to their many years of activity as a manufacturer of Nazi uniform parts for the NSKK , the SA , the SS and the air force of the Wehrmacht (during the Weimar Republic also for the " steel helmet ") and the employment of numerous forced laborers before the invading US -Army fled. The Bamberg villa “Sonnenhaus” was subsequently requisitioned by the General Staff of the US Army and inhabited by them before the Wagner family returned to continue using the villa.

Immediately before the adoption of the Restitution Act ( reparation ) on the basis of Military Government Act No. 59 , the attorney Thomas Dehler, who was working on behalf of the Wagner family at the time, claimed Otto Bamberger's widow, Henriette "Jetta" Bamberger, who was living in precarious conditions in the USA, offered a payment of only US $ 5,000 for the "Sun House". The aim was therefore to come into possession of a legal purchase contract in order to prevent the imminent regular restitution. Since Dehler "Jetta" Bamberger did not point out the imminent restitution, which he was definitely informed about due to his diverse functions in the Parliamentary Council , in the State Council of the US-American Occupation Area and in the Bavarian State Parliament , he maliciously deceived it and thus cheated. Shortly thereafter, Dehler became the first Federal Minister of Justice in the newly founded Federal Republic of Germany.

Holocaust victim

Otto Bamberger's uncle Fritz (1862–1942), together with his wife Emilie “Milli” Ida (1870–1942), née Kaumheimer, was deported to the Theresienstadt ghetto on June 17, 1942 , and was murdered there at the age of 79. His wife was murdered at the age of 72 in the Treblinka extermination camp .

literature

• [Klaus Philipp Bamberger]: The cheering couple , handwritten poem on the occasion of the 15th wedding anniversary [24. December] by Otto and Henriette Bamberger, undated [November / December 1928], 4 pages including decorative cover, unpublished.
• [Friends of Otto Bamberger]: Farewell words for Otto Bamberger , speech manuscript, Baden-Baden, September 22, 1933, 2 pages, typewritten, unpublished.
• Klaus Philipp Bamberger: My vacation , diary, handwritten entries, partly rhymed, with 3 glued photos, undated [clearly summer 1935], 43 pages plus title page, no page number, unpublished.
• Klaus Philipp Bamberger: Memories , dedicated to my mother on her 46th birthday [14. July 1937], typewriter manuscript, 18 pages, Lichtenfels, undated [June / July 1937], unpublished.
• Claude P. Bamberger: Aunt Pauline - Cleveland 1938 , essay, transcription, 8 pages, 1938, typewritten, unpublished.
• Claude Bamberger: The Life of Claudius . In: Skyline , Quarterly of Cleveland College of Western Reserve University , Vol. XVI, No. 1, November 1942, pp. 10-13.
• Heinrich Meyer: The Lichtenfelser Jews - A contribution to the city's history . In: Geschichte am Obermain , Vol. 5, Colloquium Historicum Wirsbergense, 1968/69, pp. 135–166. OCLC 633845164
• [Ruth Bamberger]: Arrival in Juist , essay on the school by the sea , typewritten, undated [presumably. 1970s or early 1980s], 5 pages, unpublished.
• [Ruth Bamberger]: The Big Freeze , essay on school by the sea , typed, undated [presumably. 1970s or early 1980s], 3 pages, unpublished.
• [Ruth Bamberger]: Abitur (graduation) , essay on the school by the sea , typed, undated [presumably 1970s or early 1980s], 4 pages, unpublished.
• Claude P. Bamberger: ART - A Biographical Essay . Meisenbach publishing house, Bamberg 1989. OCLC 634913800
• Herbert Loebl : The Holocaust - 1800 Years in the Making. Exemplified since approx. 1030 by the Experience of the Jewish Community of Bamberg in Franconia. A course of 9 lectures . Department of Religious Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Winter Term 1989. Self-published, Newcastle upon Tyne 1989. OCLC 630421121 Does not include: Chapter IV The Bamberg Families of Burgkunstadt and Mitwitz , unfinished, unpublished, 80 pages incl. Title page.
• Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770-1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993. OCLC 174282770
• Claude P. Bamberger: Breaking the Mold - A Memoir . C. Bamberger Molding Compounds Corp., Carlstadt, New Jersey, USA, 1996, ISBN 0-9653827-0-2 .
• Suzanne Loebl : At the Mercy of Strangers - Growing Upon the Edge of the Holocaust . Pacifica Press, Pacifica, CA, USA, 1997, ISBN 0-935553-23-1 . German editions: The Endless War - Youth on the Edge of the Holocaust . Scheunen-Verlag, Kückenshagen 2006, ISBN 978-3-9383-9827-2 ; Escape to Belgium - youth on the brink of the Holocaust . Epubli, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-0002-9 .
• Klaus Bamberger: From the history of the Bamberger family. Childhood memories of Lichtenfels (= Kleine CHW-Schriften, Colloquium Historicum Wirsbergense, Issue 2; Lichtenfelser Hefte zur Heimatgeschichte, special issue 3), ed. v. City archive Lichtenfels, Verlag HO Schulze, Lichtenfels 2005, ISBN 3-87735-177-8 .
• Günter Dippold : Structural evidence of the basket industry in the German basket town of Lichtenfels . In: Streifzüge durch Franken , Vol. 1, Colloquium Historicum Wirsbergense, Verlag HO Schulze, Lichtenfels 2010, ISBN 978-3-87735-201-4 , pp. 111-122.
• Siegfried Rudolph: Otto Bamberger - a Mitwitz art collector . In: 750 pages Mitwitz - An anthology , ed. v. Friedrich Bürger, self-published 2012, pp. 425–452. OCLC 814521359
• 13 driving licenses - thirteen Jewish fates , scrapbook for the exhibition of the same name. Project of the P-seminar History of the Meranier-Gymnasium Lichtenfels under the direction of Study Director Manfred Brösamle-Lambrecht on the initiative of District Administrator Christian Meißner , school year 2017/18, 2nd, corr. and exp. Edition (PDF file; 11.8 MB), Lichtenfels 2019.

book presentation

• Only in 2005 were the memories of the son Klaus (first name renamed to "Claude") published in the USA in 1993 about his family, childhood and youth in Lichtenfels by the history association Colloquium Historicum Wirsbergense (CHW) in the family's "Sonnenhaus" Bamberger is presented in partly considerably shortened and partly expanded German version. The publication leaves out the content of the great autobiography of Claude P. Bamberger, published in 1996.

exhibition

From November 10 to 24, 2019, the city of Lichtenfels in the Sonnenhaus commemorated the Bamberger family with an exhibition on the occasion of the anniversary of the “ Reichskristallnacht ”. District administrator Günter Dippold from the Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg presented twice due to the unexpectedly large number of visitors; the first mayor of the city, Andreas Hügerich , then opened the two-week exhibition, during which the premises could be viewed.

Web links

Commons : Otto Bamberger  - Collection of Images

References and footnotes

1. ↑ ^{a b c} marriage certificate of Otto Bamberger and Henriette Wolff dated December 24, 1913. In: Familienbuch Beni Wolff, entry B. No. 58; Registry office Schwäbisch Hall, transmitted by the Schwäbisch Hall city archive, Dr. Andreas Maisch, on July 5, 2019.
2. ^ [Friends of Otto Bamberger]: Farewell words for Otto Bamberger , speech manuscript, typewritten, unpublished, Baden-Baden, September 22, 1933, 2 pages.
3. ↑ Klaus Philipp Bamberger: Memories , Dedication: My mother's 46th birthday [14. July 1937], manuscript, typewritten, 18 pages, unpublished, undated, Lichtenfels, [June / July 1937], p. 7.
4. ↑ ^{a b} Entry in the death register of Otto Bamberger; transmitted by the Baden-Baden City Archives, Claudia Falk, on August 8, 2019.
5. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: Breaking the Mold - A Memoir . C. Bamberger Molding Compounds Corp., Carlstadt, New Jersey, USA, 1996, ISBN 0-9653827-0-2 , p. 10. Quote: “ardent pacifist”.
6. ↑ ^{a b} entrepreneur, art fan, sociologist and Lichtenfelser . In: Neue Presse , May 6, 2009, on: np-coburg.de [Headline partly incorrect; Otto Bamberger was a Mitwitzer, not a Lichtenfelser.]
7. ^ Klaus Bamberger: From the history of the Bamberger family. Childhood memories of Lichtenfels (Kleine CHW-Schriften, Colloquium Historicum Wirsbergense, Issue 2; Lichtenfelser Hefte zur Heimatgeschichte, special issue 3), ed. v. Lichtenfels City Archives, HO Schulze, Lichtenfels 2005, ISBN 3-87735-177-8 , p. 10.
8. ↑ ^{a b} Dr. Katja Schneider: Erich Dieckmann. Notes on life and work . In: Prof. Dr. Anita Bach, Alexander von Vegesack: Erich Dieckmann - practitioners of the avant-garde: furniture construction 1921–1933 . Bauhaus Weimar, Bauhochschule Weimar, Burg Giebichenstein, exhibition catalog June 13 - September 30, 1990, Vitra Design Museum, 1990, ISBN 3-9802539-1-0 , pp. 9–28.
9. ^ ^{A b} Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770-1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, p. 17.
10. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Klaus Bamberger: From the history of the Bamberger family. Childhood memories of Lichtenfels (= Kleine CHW-Schriften, Colloquium Historicum Wirsbergense, Issue 2; Lichtenfelser Hefte zur Heimatgeschichte, special issue 3), ed. v. Lichtenfels City Archives, HO Schulze, Lichtenfels 2005, ISBN 3-87735-177-8 , pp. 18–24.
11. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m} Dr. Siegfried Rudolph: A Mitwitzer art collector . In: Mitteilungsblatt - Official Journal for the Administrative Community Mitwitz , No. 25 (1992), June 19, 1992.
12. ^ Klaus Bamberger: From the history of the Bamberger family. Childhood memories of Lichtenfels (= Kleine CHW-Schriften, Colloquium Historicum Wirsbergense, Issue 2; Lichtenfelser Hefte zur Heimatgeschichte, special issue 3), ed. v. Lichtenfels City Archives, HO Schulze, Lichtenfels 2005, ISBN 3-87735-177-8 , pp. 39–40.
13. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Ramona Popp: Historically important house will Hort , March 29, 2019, on: infranken.de [The article does not mention the profiteers and subsequent users of the property from 1939 ( Striwa co-owner Conrad Wagner with his wife Grete and Son Siegfried), contains factual inaccuracies and fuzziness as well as a serious false statement regarding the whereabouts of Otto Bamberger's art collection, despite the underlying preparatory work of the Lichtenfels City Archives.]
14. ↑ ^{a b} Dr. Herbert Loebl OBE: The Holocaust - 1800 Years in the Making. Exemplified since approx. 1030 by the Experience of the Jewish Community of Bamberg in Franconia. A course of 9 lectures . Department of Religious Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Winter Term 1989. Self-published, Newcastle upon Tyne 1989. OCLC 630421121 Does not include: Chapter IV The Bamberger Families of Burgkunstadt and Mitwitz , unfinished, unpublished, p. 55.
15. ↑ Philipp Bamberger was born on March 11, 1858 in Mitwitz and died on September 21, 1919 in Lichtenfels, where he was buried. His wife Sarah "Serry" Ullmann was born on May 17, 1862 in Feuchtwangen and divorced on February 9, 1925 due to suicide . Quoted from: Family tree of the Anton Bamberger family, undated [approx. 1933]. In: Gerald F. Bamberger: The Story of My Life - A Memoir , July 2010.
16. ^ Anton Bamberger (born April 4, 1886 in Mitwitz, Upper Franconia; † December 28, 1950 in New York City) was the last citizen of Jewish origin to be born in Mitwitz, like his older brother Otto in house number 23. He grew up in Lichtenfels and later did an apprenticeship at Meyer Cohen & Co. ( Adolph Meyer and Alexander Abraham Cohen) in Hannover-Linden, a company that focused on rubber and chemical by-products. In 1911 he was appointed manager of its New York City branch. As early as 1914, however, he returned to Germany because of the outbreak of the First World War and served as a non-commissioned officer in the artillery force . In 1915 he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class. After the war he returned to Hanover, married Else in 1919 (born April 11, 1894 in Bocholt ; † August 24, 1986 in New York City), née Magnus. Anton Bamberger's marriage resulted in two children, Vera (born March 18, 1924, later married Hirtz) and Gerhard Franz Philipp (born September 20, 1925; † December 2, 2013 in Sarasota , Florida ), both born in Hanover. Together with partners, Anton Bamberger acquired his former training company, which was subsequently renamed Jacobowitz & Co., GmbH . The rapidly growing company became insolvent due to hyperinflation . Together with his new partner Hermann Bolte, he founded Bolte & Co., KG ( Bolco logo) in Hanover, which was on the market until the 1950s. 1937 Anton Bamberger was the " Aryanization expelled" from the company, was traveling in the spring of 1938 in the US to his uncle Gustav "Gus" Bamberger (1864-1943) to Cleveland to prepare for his emigration, and received from him an affidavit that he used on June 14, 1938 for his family to emigrate to New York City via the Netherlands. There he initially traded in chemical by-products, founded the A. Bamberger Corporation , one of the first plastic recycling companies in the USA, and the American Molding Powder & Chemical Corporation , a pioneer in the recycling of plastic materials. Its most successful brand name, Ampacet , is still used today by a globally active successor company of this name. From January 1943 he took his nephew Claude P. (Klaus Philipp) Bamberger (1920–2008), who had been discharged from the US Army for health reasons, into his business. Quoted from: Dr. Herbert Loebl OBE: The Holocaust - 1800 Years in the Making. Exemplified since approx. 1030 by the Experience of the Jewish Community of Bamberg in Franconia. A course of 9 lectures . Department of Religious Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Winter Term 1989. Self-published, Newcastle upon Tyne 1989. OCLC 630421121 Does not include: Chapter IV The Bamberger Families of Burgkunstadt and Mitwitz , unfinished, unpublished, p. 58 .; Quoted from: Suzanne Loebl: At the Mercy of Strangers - Growing Upon the Edge of the Holocaust . Pacifica Press, Pacifica, CA, USA, 1997, ISBN 0-935553-23-1 , p. 24.
17. ^ Bamberger, Hugo . In: German National Library, on: d-nb.info
18. ↑ Hugo Bamberger: About addition, substitution and halochromic phenomena in organic chemistry , on: hathitrust.org
19. ↑ Hugo Bamberger (born August 12, 1887 in Lichtenfels; † December 31, 1949 in New York City) studied organic chemistry at the Julius Maximilians University in Würzburg and completed his studies with a doctorate on the subject of addition, substitution and Halochrome phenomena in organic chemistry as Doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. Nat.). During the First World War he served as a non-commissioned officer in a pharmaceutical (?) Military laboratory in Bulgaria, for which he was awarded the King Ludwig Cross in 1916 and a Bulgarian Order of Merit of unknown form for the military in 1918. During the war he moved to Hanover and acquired the small chemical factory Leonhardt & Martini (colloquially: "Blaufabrik") in Köthenwaldstrasse, renamed Chemische Fabrik Lehrte (CFL) in June 1926 , which still exists there today. He developed this into an international company that cooperated with Bolte & Co., KG , in which his brother Anton was involved. In the early 1920s he married Margarete "Gretel" (born February 21, 1902 in Nuremberg; † February 7, 1991 in New York City), née Schwarzhaupt. The marriage resulted in two daughters, Susanne "Suse" (* 1925, later married Loebl) and Gabriele (* 1930, later married Lewinson), both born in Hanover. In 1935 he intended to leave Germany because of the National Socialists. The first attempt in the direction of Spain was broken up by the Spanish Civil War , the second in the direction of Italy because of Mussolini's cooperation with Hitler ( Berlin-Rome axis ). In 1937 he emigrated to Belgium in the context of the " Aryanization " and built up the small pharmaceutical factory La Synthèse there. In 1938 his family followed him. After the invasion of the German Wehrmacht in 1940, he was deported to the southern French Camp de Concentration de Saint-Cyprien , an internment camp on the Mediterranean beach, around May / June . When he received his US visa in April 1941, he was allowed to leave the internment camp and emigrated to the USA via Spain and Portugal in May 1941. His wife and two daughters went underground in Belgium and had to live there under difficult and dangerous conditions until the end of the war. Hugo Bamberger, who speaks seven languages ​​and who had arrived penniless in the USA, managed again to build a pharmaceutical factory, the Chemo Puro Mfg. Corp. On Long Iceland in New York State to build. In 1946 his wife and two daughters were able to follow to the USA. Quoted from: Dr. Herbert Loebl OBE: The Holocaust - 1800 Years in the Making. Exemplified since approx. 1030 by the Experience of the Jewish Community of Bamberg in Franconia. A course of 9 lectures . Department of Religious Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Winter Term 1989. Self-published, Newcastle upon Tyne 1989. OCLC 630421121 Does not include: Chapter IV The Bamberger Families of Burgkunstadt and Mitwitz , unfinished, unpublished, p. 60; Quoted from: Suzanne Loebl: At the Mercy of Strangers - Growing Upon the Edge of the Holocaust . Pacifica Press, Pacifica, CA, USA, 1997, ISBN 0-935553-23-1 , pp. 12, 47, 49, 58; Quoted from: Sandra Köhler: The chemical factory has existed for 130 years . In: Hannoversche Allgemeine , August 27, 2018, on: haz.de; Quoted from: Chemo Puro Mfg. Corp. In: Chemical & Engineering News. 35, 1957, p. 28, doi : 10.1021 / cen-v035n014b.p028 .
20. ↑ Ludwig Bamberger (born September 5, 1893 in Lichtenfels, Upper Franconia; † September 16, 1964 in Charleston , South Carolina ) was trained in London from 1911 to 1914 until the First World War broke out. He served as a soldier and was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class in 1918. Across from the family business in his hometown, he built a house at 44 Bamberger Strasse. He collected contemporary works of art and high quality (art) books, whereby he was particularly influenced by his brother Otto. In 1922 he married Thea (born November 10, 1898 in Frankfurt am Main ; † August 11, 1990 in Charleston, South Carolina), née Spier, a daughter of the Frankfurt shoe retailer Simon Spier (1859-1929). The marriage resulted in two daughters, Anne Margarethe "Annegret" (* 1923 in Bamberg, later married Karesh) and Eva (* 1927 in Coburg, later married Edelstein). Like Otto Bamberger's children, Ludwig's daughters were also used as test persons for the D. Bamberger company to try out their wooden toys. Due to her talent for drawing, “Annegret” was already involved in the catalog design of the Lichtenfels company when she was nine. In 1936 she was sent to Professor Buser's international pre- alpine daughters institute in Teufen AR in Switzerland because of Nazi discrimination , Eva Bamberger in 1938 to a boarding school in Italy. Ludwig Bamberger applied for immigrant visas for England and the USA for himself and his family. During the “ Reichskristallnacht ” from November 9th to 10th, 1938, Lichtenfels “ brown shirts ” broke into the family home, plundered and burned numerous book treasures on Bamberger Straße. Only 445 books from Ludwig Bamberger's library are preserved and cataloged in the Lichtenfels city archive today. Subsequently, the NSDAP mayor of Lichtenfels, Wilhelm Krautheim (born March 4, 1902 in Neuensorg near Kemnath , † February 9, 1971) in the context of the " Aryanization " claimed the house of the Ludwig Bambergers' family and moved there. In September 1939 Ludwig Bamberger and his family traveled to the United States with a visitor visa, where they received an affidavit in Cleveland from Ludwig's uncle Gustav "Gus" Bamberger (1864–1943) . However, they had to wait for their registration number to be called within the permitted immigration quota. A telegram they received during their visit to the US informed them that their application to immigrate to England had meanwhile been granted. However, it turned out to be very problematic to get there directly from the USA, because they would normally have had to return to the German Reich first in order to comply with the immigration regulations. This would not have gone well. After some back and forth, the German couple were allowed to emigrate to England from New York City. There Ludwig Bamberger succeeded in establishing a business partnership with Reginald Hoefkens, whose company Sunny Smile Ltd. Produced toys for toddlers. "Annegret" attended Hornsey College of Art (also: Hornsey School of Art ) in the London Borough of Haringey . After the declaration of war in 1939, Ludwig, Thea and Eva Bamberger were interned as " Enemy Aliens " on the Isle of Man in the Hutchinson Internment Camp , while "Annegret" was allowed to live with the family of her father's business partner, Reginald Hoefkens. After Ludwig Bamberger was released from the internment camp after about nine months, he was able to build on his business partnership with Reginald Hoefkens again. He bought a house in Mill Hill, in the London Borough of Barnet . After the 12./13. April 1945, the family's villa in Lichtenfels was temporarily used as the headquarters of the US Army stationed there. Ludwig Bamberger's nephew Gerald Francis (Gerhard Franz Philipp) Bamberger (1920–2013), as an investigating US officer on site, discovered confiscated Jewish property from various relatives in the basement of the town hall of Lichtenfels, including furniture and works of art by Ludwig Bamberger. In 1946 Ludwig's daughter "Annegret" married a US soldier stationed in England and followed him to South Carolina. In 1949 Ludwig Bamberger, his wife and daughter Eva also followed. Quoted from: Sunny Smile Limited, nursery toy manufacturer: records, approx. 1950s - 2004 (PDF file; 139 kB), on: vam.ac.uk. Quoted from: Dr. Herbert Loebl OBE: The Holocaust - 1800 Years in the Making. Exemplified since approx. 1030 by the Experience of the Jewish Community of Bamberg in Franconia. A course of 9 lectures . Department of Religious Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Winter Term 1989. Self-published, Newcastle upon Tyne 1989. OCLC 630421121 Does not include: Chapter IV The Bamberg Families of Burgkunstadt and Mitwitz , unfinished, unpublished, pp. 62–66; Quoted from: Christa Fischer: Deep in my heart, was I really ready to visit Germany? . In: Project Jewish Life Frankfurt am Main, on: juedisches-leben-frankfurt.de
21. ↑ Dr. Herbert Loebl OBE: The Holocaust - 1800 Years in the Making. Exemplified since approx. 1030 by the Experience of the Jewish Community of Bamberg in Franconia. A course of 9 lectures . Department of Religious Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Winter Term 1989. Self-published, Newcastle upon Tyne 1989. OCLC 630421121 Does not include: Chapter IV The Bamberger Families of Burgkunstadt and Mitwitz , unfinished, unpublished, p. 54.
22. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770-1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, pp. 54-55.
23. ^ Obituary Jetta Bamberger. In: Structure , German-Jewish Periodical in New York City, Vol. XLIV, No. 44, Friday November 3, 1978, p. 28.
24. ↑ The first name of Otto Bamberger's wife is given in the English-language sources as Henrietta or "Jetta", in the German-language sources partly as Henriette or "Jette". The registry office entries in the family book of the Beni Wolff family (April 1, 1857 in Braunsbach; † January 2, 1923 in Stuttgart) from Hall, which was handed over to the Stuttgart registry office on September 13, 1921 because of their relocation, show in the marriage certificate of Otto Bamberger and Henriette, née Wolff, the spelling ending in “e”, as well as two lists drawn up by the Lichtenfels district office in 1938, one “Henriette” and the other “Jette”. In the periodicals of the Schule am Meer on Juist published during the early 1930s , the spelling “Jetta Bamberger” is recorded. Otto and Henriette Bamberger's son Klaus (1920–2008) consistently used the spelling “Jetta” in his records and publications from 1935 to 2005. Henriette Bamberger herself has received a large number of handwritten letters on which she signed both in private and in business correspondence with "Jetta Bamberger". The monogram printed on their stationery reads "JB".
25. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Otto and Henrietta Bamberger . In: New York State, Department of Financial Services, Holocaust Claims, on: ny.gov
26. ↑ Henriette's father, the merchant Beni Wolff (1857–1923), and the merchant Adolf Wolff, both of whom lived in Hall, acted as witnesses for the wedding of Otto Bamberger and Henriette Wolff. Quoted from: the marriage certificate of Otto Bamberger and Henriette Wolff from December 24, 1913. In: Familienbuch Beni Wolff, entry B. No. 58; Registry office Schwäbisch Hall and registry office Stuttgart. For Beni Wolff there are several spellings of his self-chosen first name, but his signature and his tombstone clearly identify them as "Beni".
27. ↑ Gravestone 1758 Wolff, Beni, born April 1, 1857, died January 2, 1923 (Hahn p. 230, grave no. 2471/72) , Pragfriedhof Stuttgart; Landesdenkmalamt Baden-Württemberg, signature EL 228 b II no 72089-72090, archival identifier 2-2984554.
28. ↑ ^{a b c} Dr. Herbert Loebl OBE: The Holocaust - 1800 Years in the Making. Exemplified since approx. 1030 by the Experience of the Jewish Community of Bamberg in Franconia. A course of 9 lectures . Department of Religious Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Winter Term 1989. Self-published, Newcastle upon Tyne 1989. OCLC 630421121 Does not include: Chapter IV The Bamberger Families of Burgkunstadt and Mitwitz , unfinished, unpublished, p. 56.
29. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770-1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, p. 18.
30. ↑ Ruth Bamberger: Arrival in Juist , essay on the school by the sea , typewritten, undated [presumably. 1970s or early 1980s], unpublished, 5 pages, p. 4.
31. ↑ Wolff, Lina . In: German National Library, on: d-nb.info
32. ↑ Dr. phil. Lina K. Wolff: A Study of German-Austrian Refugees in Louisville, Kentucky . Master's Thesis, University of Louisville, 1945.
33. ^ Klaus Bamberger: From the history of the Bamberger family. Childhood memories of Lichtenfels (= Kleine CHW-Schriften, Colloquium Historicum Wirsbergense, Issue 2; Lichtenfelser Hefte zur Heimatgeschichte, special issue 3), ed. v. Lichtenfels City Archives, HO Schulze, Lichtenfels 2005, ISBN 3-87735-177-8 , pp. 42–44.
34. ↑ Caroline Lina Wolff was born on April 16, 1897 in Hall, the fourth of six children of the merchant Beni Wolff (born April 1, 1857 in Braunsbach), born as Baruch Benedikt Wolff, and his wife Therese (born April 29, 1865 in Hall), née Reiss, whom he married on August 23, 1887 in Hall. Caroline Lina's five siblings were Mina (* May 25, 1888), Leopold (* August 28, 1889), Henriette (* July 14, 1891), Heinrich Hans (* December 25, 1899) and Ilse (* December 23, 1901) . She studied at the Higher Political Science Faculty of the Eberhard Karls University in Tübingen and received her doctorate in 1923 with her inaugural dissertation on the topic: Women's welfare work in the police administration of the city of Stuttgart with special consideration of the prostitution issue : historical and fundamental issues . From 1930 she worked as a teacher at the Pestalozzi-Froebel House on Barbarossastraße in Berlin-Schöneberg, where she was dismissed after the cession of power to the National Socialists because of her Jewish descent. In 1934 her application for a position advertised by the Central Welfare Office for German Jews in Berlin as head of a training center for Jewish kindergarten teachers and after-school care workers was accepted, which she held up to and including June 1938. On April 22, 1939, the US consulate in Stuttgart issued her a visa, and on June 17, 1939, the 42-year-old emigrated via France from Boulogne-sur-Mer on the SS Volendam of the Holland-America Line to New York City . She traveled to Louisville, Kentucky, USA, where she settled. Her older sister Henriette “Jetta” Bamberger (1891–1978) had already arrived there in September 1938 with a visitor's visa, while her younger sister Ilse had emigrated from Hamburg to Hoboken , New Jersey with the SS Manhattan on November 28, 1935 . Quoted from: Erika Sommer (Hrsg.): 125 years of educator training at the Pestalozzi-Fröbel-Haus Berlin , catalog for the exhibition 125 years of the Pestalozzi-Fröbel-Haus - history and topicality in the Pestalozzi-Fröbel-Haus from March 18 to September 15, 1999 , Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-9806873-1-7 , p. 60; Quoted from: Sheets of the Jewish Women's Association for Women's Work and Women's Movement , No. 3 (1934), p. 15; Quoted from: Association newspaper of the former students of the Pestalozzi-Froebel-Haus I in Berlin W 30 , No. 172, June 1932, p. 29.
35. ↑ Klaus Philipp Bamberger: Meine Ferien , Diary, handwritten entries, partly rhymed, with 3 glued photos, undated [clearly summer 1935], unpublished, 43 pages plus title page, without page number indication [p. 16-17].
36. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770-1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, p. 22.
37. ^ Klaus Bamberger: From the history of the Bamberger family. Childhood memories of Lichtenfels (= Kleine CHW-Schriften, Colloquium Historicum Wirsbergense, Issue 2; Lichtenfelser Hefte zur Heimatgeschichte, special issue 3), ed. v. Lichtenfels City Archives, HO Schulze, Lichtenfels 2005, ISBN 3-87735-177-8 , p. 53.
38. ↑ About our company , on: claudebamberger.com
39. ↑ Dr. Herbert Loebl OBE: The Holocaust - 1800 Years in the Making. Exemplified since approx. 1030 by the Experience of the Jewish Community of Bamberg in Franconia. A course of 9 lectures . Department of Religious Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Winter Term 1989. Self-published, Newcastle upon Tyne 1989. OCLC 630421121 Does not include: Chapter IV The Bamberger Families of Burgkunstadt and Mitwitz , unfinished, unpublished, p. 49.
40. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770-1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, p. 8.
41. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Dr. Herbert Loebl OBE: The Holocaust - 1800 Years in the Making. Exemplified since approx. 1030 by the Experience of the Jewish Community of Bamberg in Franconia. A course of 9 lectures . Department of Religious Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Winter Term 1989. Self-published, Newcastle upon Tyne 1989. OCLC 630421121 Does not include: Chapter IV The Bamberger Families of Burgkunstadt and Mitwitz , unfinished, unpublished, p. 50.
42. ↑ ^{a b c} Lichtenfels (Upper Franconia / Bavaria) , on: Jewish-gemeinden.de
43. ^ Lichtenfels (district town) with -Seubelsdorf Jewish history / synagogue , on: alemannia-judaica.de
44. ↑ Handwritten protocol, signed by David Bamberger, dated September 1, 1881. Quote: “The Jewish community of Mitwitz has disbanded after almost everyone moved away about six years ago. In the last three years I have remained as the only member of the former community. ”In: Castle and Family Archives of the Barons of Würtzburg zu Mitwitz, Bamberg State Archives. Quoted from: Klaus Bamberger: From the history of the Bamberger family. Childhood memories of Lichtenfels (= Kleine CHW-Schriften, Colloquium Historicum Wirsbergense, Issue 2; Lichtenfelser Hefte zur Heimatgeschichte, special issue 3), ed. v. Lichtenfels City Archives, HO Schulze, Lichtenfels 2005, ISBN 3-87735-177-8 , p. 12.
45. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770-1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, p. 14.
46. ↑ ^{a b c d} Alfred Thieret: Suddenly victim of blind rage . In: Obermain-Tagblatt , November 3, 2013, on: obermain.de
47. ↑ ^{a b} Directory of graves of the Jewish cemetery Lichtenfels, 1840–1941, handwritten, undated. In: Stadtarchiv Lichtenfels, signature 063/6.
48. ↑ ^{a b c} Prof. Dr. Günter Dippold: The Jewish cemeteries in the vicinity of Burgkunstadt . In: Josef Motschmann, Dr. Siegfried Rudolph: "Good place" above the Main Valley - the Jewish cemetery near Burgkunstadt (= CHW Monographs, Volume 1). Ed. Colloquium Historicum Wirsbergense (CHW), HO Schulze, Lichtenfels 1999, ISBN 3-8773-5146-8 , pp. 136-142.
49. ^ Lichtenfels (Upper Franconia / Bavaria) , on: jewische-gemeinden.de
50. ^ ^{A b} Suzanne Loebl: At the Mercy of Strangers - Growing Upon the Edge of the Holocaust . Pacifica Press, Pacifica, CA, USA, 1997, ISBN 0-935553-23-1 , p. 5.
51. ↑ Letterhead from D. Bamberger Lichtenfels, 1936 , on: alemannia-judaica.de
52. ^ Klaus Bamberger: From the history of the Bamberger family. Childhood memories of Lichtenfels (= Kleine CHW-Schriften, Colloquium Historicum Wirsbergense, Issue 2; Lichtenfelser Hefte zur Heimatgeschichte, special issue 3), ed. v. Lichtenfels City Archives, HO Schulze, Lichtenfels 2005, ISBN 3-87735-177-8 , pp. 11-17.
53. ^ ^{A b} Claude P. Bamberger: Breaking the Mold - A Memoir . C. Bamberger Molding Compounds Corp., Carlstadt, New Jersey, USA, 1996, ISBN 0-9653827-0-2 , p. 13.
54. ↑ Facsimile of a letter from the D. Bamberger Lichtenfels company on behalf of Otto Bamberger from January 18, 1927 to the State University for Crafts and Architecture, Weimar. In: Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770–1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, p. 47.
55. ↑ company letterhead D. Bamberger Palmkorb- and furniture Klopfer factory , hand-written statement made on 2 July 1915 Carl Friedr. Bock, Bielefeld, Rathausstr. 4. In: Prof. Dr. Günter Dippold: City on the river, road and rail - An outline of the Lichtenfels history , p. 74. In: Schönere Heimat , 93 Jg., Issue 3 Heritage and Order , Bayerischer Landesverein für Heimatpflege, Martin Wölzmüller Eigen-Verlag, Munich 2004.
56. ↑ Special price list . D. Bamberger, Möbelklopfer- u. Palm basket factory (ed.), Owner Philipp & Fritz Bamberger, Lichtenfels (Bavaria), 1906, on: stabikat.de
57. ↑ company letterhead D. Bamberger Palmkorb- and furniture Klopfer factory , blank invoices with pre-printed part of the year 189_. Quoted from: Klaus Bamberger: From the history of the Bamberger family. Childhood memories of Lichtenfels (= Kleine CHW-Schriften, Colloquium Historicum Wirsbergense, Issue 2; Lichtenfelser Hefte zur Heimatgeschichte, special issue 3), ed. v. Lichtenfels City Archives, HO Schulze, Lichtenfels 2005, ISBN 3-87735-177-8 , p. 14.
58. ^ Builder Otto Bamberger, architect August Berger: building plans, 1913, Bamberg State Archives, signature Rep. K 14 Bpl. 5/1914.
59. ↑ Prof. Dr. Günter Dippold: Structural evidence of the basket industry in the German basket town of Lichtenfels . In: Streifzüge durch Franken , Vol. 1, Colloquium Historicum Wirsbergense, Verlag HO Schulze, Lichtenfels 2010, ISBN 978-3-87735-201-4 , pp. 111-122.
60. ^ Letter from Reinhold Nägele (1884–1972) dated December 15, 1919, addressed to "Otto Bamberger, Lichtenfels in Bavaria, Sonnenhaus", handwritten, unpublished.
61. ↑ ^{a b} Correspondence card [postcard] of Leo Putz (1869–1940) from April 17, 1920, sent to Meran, Tyrol, postmark dated “17.IV.20”, addressed to “Mr. Otto Bamberger, Lichtenfels, Germany, Sonnenhaus” , handwritten, unpublished.
62. ^ Letter from Alfred Kubin (1877–1959) of May 5, 1931 to Mrs. Otto Bamberger [Henriette "Jetta" Bamberger]. Quotation: "How quiet it may be now in the sun house after the two children had to leave and your husband is also away - I can already understand the" loneliness feeling "", handwritten, unpublished.
63. ↑ Klaus Philipp Bamberger: Meine Ferien , Diary, handwritten entries, partly rhymed, with 3 glued photos, undated [clearly summer 1935], unpublished, 43 pages plus title page, without page number indication [p. 2, 6, 10].
64. ↑ ^{a b} sheets of the outer community of the Schule am Meer, Juist (North Sea) , no. Year, no. No., November 1934, without page number [p. 5].
65. ↑ ^{a b} Steffen Huber: Planned after-school care center in Kronacher Strasse in Lichtenfels . In: Obermain-Tagblatt , July 5, 2019, on: obermain.de [According to the construction plans that have been received, the air raid shelter in the basement of the "Sonnenhaus" mentioned in this article or the photo series does not originate from the time the villa was built, but was made during the second World War installed there at the instigation of the Wagner family.]
66. ↑ Facsimile of a letter of congratulation from Senta Bier to Klaus Philipp Bamberger, undated [approx. 1942], signed “The three beers”.
67. ↑ Justus Bier , on: helga-pape-stiftung.de
68. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770-1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, Prologue, S. i.
69. ^ ^{A b} Claude P. Bamberger: Breaking the Mold - A Memoir . C. Bamberger Molding Compounds Corp., Carlstadt, New Jersey, USA, 1996, ISBN 0-9653827-0-2 , pp. 6-7. Quote: "Our home was constantly filled with all kinds of interesting people, mostly impoverished artists whom my father partially supported by buying their" crazy "pictures which the art world had not as yet recognized."
70. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: ART - A Biographical Essay . Self-published, Carlstadt, New Jersey, USA, 1989, p. 6.
71. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: ART - A Biographical Essay . Meisenbach publishing house, Bamberg 1989, p. 12.
72. ^ Meinhard Meisenbach: Reminiscences with Claude . In: Claude Bamberger, George McCauley: Celebrating Friends - A Memoir (PDF file; 4.4 MB), 2000/2012, p. 48.
73. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: ART - A Biographical Essay . Meisenbach publishing house, Bamberg 1989, p. 26.
74. ↑ Troop trunk role, teams established on November 25, 1914. , No. 2 recruits core role of the recruiting depot III, Ers.Batln.K.5.I.-R. In: War Tribe Rolls 5005 in Bayer. Main State Archives Section IV War Archives, serial no. 170, p. 85
75. ^ Suzanne Loebl: Escape to Belgium - Youth on the Edge of the Holocaust . Epubli, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-0002-9 , p. 15.
76. ↑ Several contemporary photos have survived showing Otto Bamberger in uniform, including one with two medals.
77. ↑ Otto Bamberger's younger brother and partner Ludwig (1893–1964) actually got involved in Lichtenfels as an honorary treasurer alongside Thomas Dehler for the left-liberal German Democratic Party (DDP).
78. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770-1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, p. 48.
79. ^ For clarification , letter to the editor from Otto Bamberger, dated June 24, 1919. In: Lichtenfelser Tagblatt , June 25, 1919. Quoted from a facsimile. In: Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770–1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, p. 48.
80. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770-1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, p. 16.
81. ^ Price list 169 - Playing, tinkering and other things , D. Bamberger, Lichtenfels, undated [around 1930].
82. ^ Price list 175 - Playing, tinkering and other things , D. Bamberger, Lichtenfels 1936.
83. ^ Suzanne Loebl: Escape to Belgium - Youth on the Edge of the Holocaust . Epubli, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-0002-9 , p. 13.
84. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770-1992 . Selbstverlag, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, p. 18. Quotation: “Frequently he [Otto Bamberger] arrived home with the latest wooden puzzle - colorful odd shaped pieces which could be fitted into a box or take on various shapes - and test them out on me or my sister. "
85. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: Breaking the Mold - A Memoir . C. Bamberger Molding Compounds Corp., Carlstadt, New Jersey, USA, 1996, ISBN 0-9653827-0-2 , p. 11.
86. ↑ Klaus Philipp Bamberger: Meine Ferien , Diary, handwritten entries, partly rhymed, with 3 glued photos, undated [clearly summer 1935], unpublished, 43 pages plus title page, without page number indication [p. 10]. Quote: "Now the sun house has been without any visitors for 1 week."
87. ^ ^{A b} Claude P. Bamberger: Breaking the Mold - A Memoir . C. Bamberger Molding Compounds Corp., Carlstadt, New Jersey, USA, 1996, ISBN 0-9653827-0-2 , p. 64.
88. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770-1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, p. 16.
89. ↑ Erich Dieckmann 1896–1944 , see there: 1930/31, on: design-museum.de
90. ^ Justus Bier : A new furniture book . In: Die Form - magazine for creative work , 7th year, issue 6, June 15, 1932, p. 200, on: uni-heidelberg.de
91. ↑ Tim Benton: Review of the German-language exhibition catalog by Alexander von Vegesack: Erich Dieckmann - Praktiker der Avantgarde. Furniture construction 1921–1933 . Vitra Design Museum, Weil am Rhein 1990, ISBN 3-9802539-1-0 . In: Journal of Design History , Vol. 4, No. 1 (1991), Design History Society (Ed.), Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 54-57.
92. ^ Bamberger, Otto, correspondence with Erich Dieckmann and Otto Bartning. In: Main State Archive Weimar, holdings number: 6-33-9010.
93. ↑ Facsimile of a letter from Otto Bartning dated April 20, 1928 to "Frau Otto Bamberger [Henriette" Jetta "Bamberger], Lichtenfels / Bavaria, Kronacherstrasse" [Central State Archive Weimar, inventory signature: 6-33-9010]. In: Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770–1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, p. 45.
94. ↑ Facsimile of a letter from Erich Dieckmann dated April 20, 1928 to "Frau Otto Bamberger [Henriette" Jetta "Bamberger], Lichtenfels / Bay, Kronacherstr.", Unpublished.
95. ↑ Book room in Otto Bamberger's house . In: The Form. Journal for creative work , ed. For the German Werkbund . v. Dr. Walter Riezler , 4th year, issue 4, February 15, 1929, p. 119.
96. ^ Furniture from the Staatliche Bauhochschule Weimar , catalog of work carried out, undated [around 1930], 15 x 22 cm, 32 pages, on: archive.org
97. ^ Walter Müller-Wulckow: The German apartment of the present . Langewiesche, Königstein im Taunus, 1930, p. 76. OCLC 258443596
98. ^ Erich Dieckmann, Katharina Dieckmann: Furniture construction in wood, pipe and steel (= construction books, Volume 11), Hoffmann, Stuttgart 1931. New edition: Vitra Design Museum, Weil am Rhein 1990. ISBN 3-9802539-2-9 .
99. ^ Letter from Henriette "Jetta" Bamberger to her son Klaus in Neuchâtel dated March 1, 1937, typewritten, unpublished.
100. ↑ ^{a b} Directory of students of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf. In: Archives of the German Youth Movement , Ludwigstein Castle , Witzenhausen, Hesse. The student directory of the Free School Community shows the length of stay of Ruth Bamberger from 1925 to 1930, while her own memories describe that she was accompanied by her mother to the school by the sea on the island of Juist immediately after her 13th birthday (1927) to go to school. The published memoirs and the unpublished contemporary records of her brother Klaus also repeatedly point out that his sister had attended school by the sea a few years before him (from autumn 1930) .
101. ↑ Prof. Dr. Günter Dippold: Introduction . In: Klaus Bamberger: From the history of the Bamberger family. Childhood memories of Lichtenfels (= Kleine CHW-Schriften, Colloquium Historicum Wirsbergense, Issue 2; Lichtenfelser Hefte zur Heimatgeschichte, special issue 3), ed. v. Lichtenfels City Archives, HO Schulze, Lichtenfels 2005, ISBN 3-87735-177-8 , pp. 8-10.
102. ^ ^{A b} Claude Bamberger: The Life of Claudius . In: Skyline , Quarterly of Cleveland College of Western Reserve University, Vol. XVI, No. 1, November 1942, pp. 10-13.
103. ↑ ^{a b c} Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770-1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, pp. 9-11.
104. ^ Klaus Bamberger: From the history of the Bamberger family. Childhood memories of Lichtenfels (= Kleine CHW-Schriften, Colloquium Historicum Wirsbergense, Issue 2; Lichtenfelser Hefte zur Heimatgeschichte, special issue 3), ed. v. Lichtenfels City Archives, HO Schulze, Lichtenfels 2005, ISBN 3-87735-177-8 , p. 36.
105. ^ Sue Loebl: We were there from the beginning . In: Claude Bamberger, George McCauley: Celebrating Friends - A Memoir (PDF file; 4.4 MB), 2000/2012, pp. 33–35. Suzanne "Sue" Loebl was born on May 14, 1925 in Hanover as Susanne "Suse" Helene Bamberger. She is the daughter of Otto Bamberger's brother Dr. rer. nat. Hugo Bamberger (1887–1949), ergo a cousin of Otto Bamberger's children Ruth and Klaus (Claude). She followed her father, who emigrated to Belgium in 1937, together with the rest of the family to Belgium in 1938, where she studied chemistry. After the invasion of the German Wehrmacht , her father was deported to the Saint-Cyprien internment camp in southern France (Pyrénées-Orientales) in 1940. When he received his requested visa for the United States in April 1941, he was allowed to leave the internment camp and one month later emigrated to the USA via Spain and Portugal with the Marqués de Comillas of the Compañía Transatlántica Española . Like her sister and mother, Susanne had to go underground to avoid deportation. She worked as a housemaid for Belgian families who offered her (illegal) accommodation instead of financial compensation. In 1946 she was able to follow her father to the USA with her sister and mother. The entrepreneur who had run the chemical factory Lehrte (CFL) and the small pharmaceutical factory La Synthèse in Belgium had arrived in the USA penniless. There he succeeded within three years in a chemical-pharmaceutical company, the Chemo Puro Mfg. Corp. On Long Iceland in New York State to build. Susanne became an author under the name of Suzanne Loebl and published several pharmacological works, including one for nurses, which for decades became a standard work for this professional group ( The Nurse's Drug Handbook ), on viruses and AIDS / HIV , but also on historical and sometimes autobiographical ones Works about life in illegality during the Holocaust or about the Rockefeller family as well as books for children and young people. Quoted from: Dr. Herbert Loebl OBE: The Holocaust - 1800 Years in the Making. Exemplified since approx. 1030 by the Experience of the Jewish Community of Bamberg in Franconia. A course of 9 lectures . Department of Religious Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Winter Term 1989. Self-published, Newcastle upon Tyne 1989. OCLC 630421121 Does not include: Chapter IV The Bamberger Families of Burgkunstadt and Mitwitz , unfinished, unpublished, p. 60; Quoted from: Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770–1992 . Selbstverlag, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, pp. 54, 55; Quoted from: worldcat.org.
106. ↑ Leaflets of the outer community of the Schule am Meer, Juist (North Sea) , 14th circular, April 1933, pp. 10-11.
107. ↑ Ruth Bamberger: Abitur (graduation) , essay on the school by the sea , typewritten, undated [presumably. 1970s or early 1980s], 4 pages, unpublished.
108. ^ ^{A b} Maria Becker: Pieces of Memory. Memories by Maria Becker - to Claude on the occasion of his 80th birthday in 2000 . Essay, Uster 2000, typewritten, unpublished. From the estate of Claude P. Bamberger, owned by Mo-Li Bamberger, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA.
109. ^ Letter from Henriette "Jetta" Bamberger to her son Klaus in Neuchâtel dated June 17, 1936, typewritten, unpublished, contains a reference to Thekla Hess, née Pauson, and Charlotte "Lottie" Thurnauer (* 1890), née Neuberger. Both stayed in the Bamberger family's "Sonnenhaus" Lichtenfels repeatedly.
110. ↑ The so-called “outside community” of the school by the sea comprised some of the former students and teachers, some of the parents as well as the shop stewards and sponsors of the school. It had around 200 members. Membership required a membership fee. Few selected members have been appointed for life.
111. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770-1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, pp. 22, 55.
112. ^ Suzanne Loebl: At the Mercy of Strangers - Growing Upon the Edge of the Holocaust . Pacifica Press, Pacifica, CA, USA, 1997, ISBN 0-935553-23-1 , p. 9.
113. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770-1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, p. 20.
114. ↑ ^{a b} Facsimile of the typewritten manuscript of an eulogy for Otto Bamberger, Baden-Baden, September 22, 1933, without indication of the author [Freundeskreis des Otto Bamberger]. In: Henriette Bamberger's estate, owned by Claude P. and Mo-Li Bamberger, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA.
115. ↑ Otto Spengler: Years of Decision. First part: Germany and the development of world history . CH Beck, Munich 1933.
116. ^ Lothar Mayer: Jewish cemeteries in Middle and Upper Franconia . Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86568-572-8 , pp. 118-121.
117. ^ Lichtenfels (district town) Jewish cemetery , on: alemannia-judaica.de
118. ↑ ^{a b c d} Klaus Bamberger: From the history of the Bamberger family. Childhood memories of Lichtenfels (= Kleine CHW-Schriften, Colloquium Historicum Wirsbergense, Issue 2; Lichtenfelser Hefte zur Heimatgeschichte, special issue 3), ed. v. Stadtarchiv Lichtenfels, Schulze, Lichtenfels 2005, ISBN 3-87735-177-8 , pp. 44–46.
119. ^ The district office inspector Wilhelm Aumer (born January 22, 1883 in Regensburg, † August 22, 1958 in Lichtenfels) was responsible for passport and registration in the Lichtenfels district office. He recognized the illegality of the Nazi official instructions from the Reich capital early on and acted in such a way that he issued various Jewish citizens of Lichtenfels with identification papers that enabled them to emigrate to various countries. In doing so, he acted from a humane point of view against the applicable Nazi service instructions and also took a considerable professional risk. Aumer, who last worked in the rank of senior government inspector, was married to Margarete (born May 19, 1892 - August 30, 1968), née Frank. This marriage resulted in three sons: Hubert (* 1921), Walter (* August 3, 1923; † April 27, 2015) and Hans-Werner (* May 15, 1926; † January 30, 1995). Quoted from: Written information from grandson Reinhard Aumer, Munich, from September 20, 2019, with individual photographic evidence of the family grave at the Lichtenfels cemetery; Quoted from: Susanne Troche: Resistance against Hitler - individual examples from the Lichtenfels area , Chapter 6.4.3 Wilhelm Aumer .
120. ↑ Susanne Troche: Resistance against Hitler - individual examples from the Lichtenfels area , on: mgl-obermaingeschichte.de, Chapter 6.4.3 Wilhelm Aumer
121. ^ Letter from Henriette "Jetta" Bamberger to her son Klaus in Neuchâtel dated August 21, 1937, typewritten, unpublished, contains a reference to Wilhelm Aumer, who processed Klaus Bamberger's passport in the Lichtenfels district office.
122. ↑ Klaus Philipp Bamberger left the port of Le Havre on January 17, 1938 and arrived in the port of New York City on January 25, 1938. Quoted from: List or Manifest of Alien Passengers for the United States Immigration Officer at Port of Arrival , List 12, SS Manhattan - Passengers sailing from Le Havre, France, January 17th, 1938. Arriving at Port of New York, January 25th, 1938 ; Bamberger, Klaus Phillipp, Age 17, Student, German, Hebrew, Place of birth: Bamberg, Immigration Visa QIV 9562, issued in Stuttgart, Jan 7/38.
123. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: Breaking the Mold - A Memoir . C. Bamberger Molding Compounds Corp., Carlstadt, New Jersey, USA, 1996, ISBN 0-9653827-0-2 , p. 68.
124. ↑ Victor Francis John Tlach (born June 14, 1872 in Krems, Lower Austria) was representative of the branch of the Brothers Böhler Bros. in Sheffield, England, Gerent the kuk Honorary Vice Consulate in Sheffield, England from January 1896 kuk honorary vice-consul in Sheffield on April 10, 1897 , Honorary Consul ad personam from June 11, 1908 to August 12, 1914. In 1921 he immigrated to the United States and became a US citizen, President of Darwin & Milner, Inc. and Darwin Razor Corp. in Cleveland until 1943, then president of the American Agile Corp., also based there . Quoted from: Rudolf Agstner: Handbook of the Austrian Foreign Service . Volume 1: 1918-1938 . LIT Verlag, Münster 2015, ISBN 978-3-6435-0685-6 , p. 445. After the occupation of Austria by the German Wehrmacht in 1938, Tlach refused to go to his consulate in Cleveland for the US states of Kentucky, Ohio and Tennessee was responsible for hoisting the swastika flag . At the same time he resigned from his post as Consul General of Austria. Quoted from: Rudolf Agstner: Austria (-Hungary) and Its Consulates in the United States of America Since 1820. "Our nationals settling here count by the millions now ..." (= Research on the history of the Austrian Foreign Service, Vol. 4). LIT Verlag, Münster 2012, ISBN 978-3-643-90191-0 , p. 135.
125. ↑ Alfred Thieret: “The beginning of the terrible end” , November 10, 2013, on: obermain.de
126. ↑ Facsimile of the newspaper report Unlimited outrage about the Jewish murder from the Lichtenfelser Tagblatt of November 10, 1938. In: Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770–1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, p. 51.
127. ^ ^{A b} Klaus Bamberger: From the history of the Bamberger family. Childhood memories of Lichtenfels (= Kleine CHW-Schriften, Colloquium Historicum Wirsbergense, Issue 2; Lichtenfelser Hefte zur Heimatgeschichte, special issue 3), ed. v. Lichtenfels City Archives, HO Schulze, Lichtenfels 2005, ISBN 3-87735-177-8 , pp. 48–50.
128. ↑ Letter from Otto Modersohn to the Ilse and Lena Wolff siblings on February 11, 1939. Quotation: “Fischerhude 11.II.39. Dear Miss. Wolff! On your request I will inform you of the following: the pictures m. deceased Mrs. Paula Modersohn-Becker were not officially rated as degenerate art. There was only a short time a picture of her in the degenerate exhibition in Munich a. was then soon withdrawn. In the exhibitions in Berlin a. Hamburg the “degenerate” had no picture of her. Her pictures hang in the Kunsthalle in Bremen, as well as a large number in the Roselius i. Bremen, which is also open to the public. The mayor's office in Lichtenfels is wrong if it is the question. Image by Paula M.-B. assigned to degenerate art, you can resp. Tell your wife sister to the mayor's office. Sincerely, Otto Modersohn. "
129. ^ Sculptures from Otto Bamberger's art collection, Lichtenfels, In: Nuremberg State Archive, Stürmer Archive, signature III WKv 7/72.
130. ↑ Der Stürmer , 16th year, No. 24, June 1938, no page number given [p. 11].
131. ↑ Der Stürmer , 16th year, No. 25, June 1938, no page number given [p. 11].
132. ↑ Der Stürmer , 16th year, No. 28, July 1938, without page numbers [p. 12].
133. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770-1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, p. 22.
134. ^ Suzanne Loebl: At the Mercy of Strangers - Growing Upon the Edge of the Holocaust . Pacifica Press, Pacifica, CA, USA, 1997, ISBN 0-935553-23-1 , p. 9.
135. ↑ ^{a b c d} Claude P. Bamberger: ART - A Biographical Essay . Self-published, Carlstadt, New Jersey, USA, 1989, p. 12.
136. ↑ Bamberger, Otto , German Lost Art Foundation Database (German Center for Cultural Property Losses), on: lostart.de
137. ^ Suzanne Loebl: Escape to Belgium - Youth on the Edge of the Holocaust . Epubli, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-0002-9 , p. 244.
138. ↑ Gerhard Franz Philipp Bamberger (born September 20, 1920 in Hanover; † December 2, 2013 in Sarasota, Florida), was a son of Otto Bamberger's brother Anton (born April 4, 1886 in Mitwitz; † December 28, 1950 in New York City) and his wife Else (born April 11, 1894 in Bocholt; † August 24, 1986 in New York City), née Magnus, and a cousin of Ruth and Klaus Philipp Bamberger. Gerhard and Klaus were close friends from a young age and met regularly in Hanover and Lichtenfels. At Klaus 'request, Gerhard also visited the Pre-Alpine Boys' Institute from 1935 onwards. Schmidt in St. Gallen, Switzerland . Henriette Bamberger had negotiated this with Gerhard's parents. In the United States, they met again in New York City after emigrating, but then there were differences of opinion about their professional orientation. Both changed their first names to "Gerald Francis" and "Claude Philip". Gerald initially worked at his father's company in New York City. After the USA entered the war in 1941, Claude and Gerald signed up for service in the US Army and were drafted in 1942 and 1943 respectively. While Claude had to be dismissed from the service of the 10th Mountain Division after almost nine months and an operation due to a serious knee injury sustained while skiing privately ( kneecap ) , Gerald became part of a psychological warfare unit due to his good language skills (native German speaker, French) Assigned to 12th Army Group , trained at the Military Intelligence Training Center ("Camp Ritchie") in the US state of Maryland. As an investigative officer of the Military Intelligence Staff (see: Ritchie Boys ), he was responsible for the Augsburg district at the end of the war, where he interrogated opportunists, careerists and perpetrators or citizens, the military and other officials. The 1st Lieutenant, who was awarded the Bronze Star Medal , came to Bamberg with the 8th Infantry Division and from there took the opportunity to make a detour to Lichtenfels, which he knew very well from his childhood. He visited the "Sonnenhaus" requisitioned by the US General Staff and was alerted by US comrades who were already working there in the Lichtenfels Town Hall to boxes that were found in the basement and bearing the words "Bamberger - Jewish Property". He confiscated these, which he was entitled to because of his function and authority, and had them shipped to the address of his aunt Henriette in the USA. In 1946 he married Ursula (* 1922 in Bocholt), née Friede. The marriage had four children. He then worked again in his father's plastics recycling company until he sold it in 1954. He then worked for various companies in this sector, and in 1967 he founded his own company, Bamberger Polymers, Inc. , from which he retired in 1984. Quoted from: Bamberger Polymers - Our History , on: bambergerpolymers.com; Quoted from: 1LT Gerald Francis Bamberger , on: findagrave.com; Quoted from: thi: “Die Mitläuferfabrik” - the behavior of the perpetrators . In: Obermain-Tagblatt , November 10, 2013, on: obermain.de; Quoted from: Abby Weingarten / Gerald F. Bamberger: Mind games at work in war . In: Herald Tribune , Interview, October 24, 2010, at: heraldtribune.com; Quoted from: Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770–1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, p 55. Quoted in: Obituary Bamberger, Gerald F. . In: The New York Times , December 5, 2013 at legacy.com
139. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: Breaking the Mold - A Memoir . C. Bamberger Molding Compounds Corp., Carlstadt, New Jersey, USA, 1996, ISBN 0-9653827-0-2 , p. 123.
140. ^ Letter from Corinna Wagner [later married Wagner-Sorg], also in the name of her sister Yvonne, dated May 30, 1994 to Claude P. Bamberger, typewritten, 1 page, unpublished.
141. ^ Letter from Corinna Wagner [later married Wagner-Sorg] from October 1994 to Claude P. Bamberger. In: Claude P. Bamberger: Breaking the Mold - A Memoir . C. Bamberger Molding Compounds Corp., Carlstadt, New Jersey, USA, 1996, ISBN 0-9653827-0-2 , p. 271.
142. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770-1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, p. 28.
143. ↑ Prof. Dr. Günter Dippold: Basics of industrial history in the Lichtenfels area (PDF file; 2.3 MB). In: Frankenland , 2005, pp. 169–181 (quotation point p. 177), on: uni-wuerzburg.de
144. ↑ Company history , on: knorrprandell.com
145. ↑ Klaus Philipp Bamberger: Meine Ferien , diary, handwritten entries, partly rhymed, with 3 glued photos, undated [clearly summer 1935], unpublished, 43 pages plus title page, without page numbering [p. 2, 8, 13, 16, 21].
146. ↑ Mercedes-Benz 170 (W15) Cabriolet C (Bj. 1931 to 1936), based on three photos of Henriette Bamberger's vehicle from 1935; see Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770–1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, unnumbered page before the prologue on p. I .; see Claude P. Bamberger: Breaking the Mold - A Memoir . C. Bamberger Molding Compounds Corp., Carlstadt, New Jersey, USA, 1996, ISBN 0-9653827-0-2 , Chapter 10, II. And a comparative model identified on contemporary photographs.
147. ↑ The license plate combination IIH stood for the Upper Franconia region.
148. ↑ Directory of Jews who have a driver's license (issued by the Lichtenfels district office) , Lichtenfels district office, December 30, 1938. In: 13 driving licenses - thirteen Jewish fates , scrapbook for the exhibition of the same name. Project of the P-seminar 2-pg history of the Meranier-Gymnasium Lichtenfels under the direction of study director Manfred Brösamle-Lambrecht, school year 2017/18, 2nd, corr. and exp. Edition, Lichtenfels 2019, PDF file, p. 99.
149. ↑ ^{a b} General driving ban for the Jews - Another defense measure of the German people . In: Völkischer Beobachter , No. 262, December 4, 1938, p. 2. In: Austrian National Library, on: anno.onb.ac.at
150. ^ Directory of motor vehicles that were formerly owned by Jews, issued by the Lichtenfels district office, first date entry December 19, 1938, last entry June 13, 1939. In: 13 driving licenses - thirteen Jewish fates , scrapbook for the exhibition of the same name. Project of the P-seminar 2-pg history of the Meranier-Gymnasium Lichtenfels under the direction of study director Manfred Brösamle-Lambrecht, school year 2017/18, 2nd, corr. and exp. Edition, Lichtenfels, 2019, PDF file, p. 100.
151. ^ Striegel & Wagner GmbH, Lichtenfels Bay., Striwa Ges. Gesch .: Price List No. 34 - Clothing for patriotic associations according to regulations, SA - SS - NSKK - Stahlhelm , undated [before 1933].
152. ↑ Striwa- "S" stands for industrial history on Obermain , June 17, 2019, on: infranken.de [The article refers to an "outstanding" company that employed female forced laborers and mentions aviator gear made during the Second World War. Despite the reference to the district homeworker Prof. Dr. Günter Dippold , on the other hand, does not mention the close ties between the owners and the Nazi regime, including the fact that the "outstanding" company has been producing uniform parts for right-wing national groups and, in some cases, highly criminal groups, for more than a decade since the Weimar Republic has, for example, for the " Stahlhelm ", the NSKK , the SA , the SS and also the aforementioned aviator outfits for the Wehrmacht air force , which is not named in the article. Quoted from: Striegel & Wagner GmbH, Lichtenfels Bay., Striwa Ges. Gesch .: Price List No. 34 - Clothing for patriotic associations according to regulations, SA - SS - NSKK - Stahlhelm, undated.]
153. ^ Claude P. Bamberger: Breaking the Mold - A Memoir . C. Bamberger Molding Compounds Corp., Carlstadt, New Jersey, USA, 1996, ISBN 0-9653827-0-2 , pp. 118-119.
154. ↑ David B. Marblestone: The Descendants of Salomon Bamberger and Esther Kann , pp. 6-9, on: t-online.de
155. ^ Fritz Bamberger . In: Yad Vashem - The World Holocaust Remembrance Center, on: yadvashem.org
156. ^ Bamberger, Fritz . In: Memorial Book - Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933–1945 , on: bundesarchiv.de
157. ^ Fritz Bamberger . In: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , at: ushmm.org
158. ↑ Emilie Ida Bamberger . In: Yad Vashem - The World Holocaust Remembrance Center, on: yadvashem.org
159. ^ Bamberger, Emilie Ida . In: Memorial Book - Victims of the Persecution of Jews under the National Socialist Tyranny in Germany 1933–1945 , on: bundesarchiv.de
160. ↑ Emilie Bamberger . In: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum , at: ushmm.org
161. ^ Exhibition The Bambergers in Lichtenfels , In: Obermain-Tagblatt , November 6, 2019, on: obermain.de
162. ↑ jhw: The history of the widely ramified Bamberger family , November 4, 2019, on: infranken.de
163. ↑ Bamberger-Villa in Lichtenfels becomes day care center , November 12, 2019, on: infranken.de
164. ^ The Bambergers - family branches from Kronach and Lichtenfels . In: Stadt Lichtenfels , on: lichtenfels.de