bookplate

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Bookplate of the Buxheim Carthusian monk Hilprand Brandenburg von Biberach , end of the 15th century.
Heraldic bookplate for the Ex-Libris-Verein zu Berlin. Designed by Adolf Matthias Hildebrandt , 1892.

An ex-libris (from Latin ex “from” and libris “the books”; literally “from the books [of ...]”) is a piece of paper or a stamp that is stuck into books and used to identify the owner. Other names are bookplates , bookplates or book mark .

The diversity of the bookplates is reflected in a number of subgroups: The utility bookplates, which belong to commercial graphics , are opposed to the artistically ambitious collector's bookplates, which were often only made for collectors and not for use in libraries. According to the motifs shown, one differentiates z. B. Heraldic bookplates, nude bookplates u. a. m. Own exlibris are ex-libris that have been designed by the author for their own book collection. Due to their small format, bookplates are also subsumed under small graphics, although there are also larger collector's bookplates.

history

Forerunners of the printed bookplate were handwritten ownership notices, which were already common in the early medieval scriptorias of the monasteries . With the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440, books reached a wider audience at a lower price. The resulting bloom of the libraries gave rise to the desire to label one's own book possession. Ex-libris were now glued to the bindings ; small printed graphic works of art on sheets of paper as woodcut , copperplate engraving , steel engraving , lithography or in one of the modern printing techniques .

The first bookplates come from the Holy Roman Empire at the end of the 15th century. In the specialist literature, the woodcut bookplate of the Buxheim Carthusian monk Hilprand Brandenburg von Biberach (1442–1514) is considered the oldest. Its origin is estimated between 1470 and 1490. The ex-libris of Hanns Igler Knabensberger († 1501), a vicar from Schönstadt in Hesse , is also known from this period .

At the turn of the 16th century, bookplates were created by well-known painters such as Albrecht Dürer , Lucas Cranach the Elder , Hans Holbein the Younger and Hans Burgkmair the Elder . Later Sebald Beham , his brother Barthel Beham and Hans Baldung joined them.

At around the same time as in the Old Kingdom, these emerged in Switzerland and in the first half of the 16th century in other European countries: France , Bohemia , Poland and Italy . The first examples from England are known from the second half of the 16th century . In the course of the centuries, certain representations can be found on bookplates: In the Renaissance , coats of arms and portraits were used, which were often provided with ornaments and pictorial representations. Coats of arms symbolize honor and prosperity. Biblical motifs ( allegories ) are predominant on baroque bookplates . Engraving and etching had meanwhile replaced woodcuts .

Daniel Chodowiecki was one of the best illustrators in the 18th century. Popular motifs were library interiors. In England, Chippendale (named after the cabinet maker Thomas Chippendale) corresponded to the rococo of the mainland. In the Biedermeier period (1815–1848) sheets were created - e. B. by Ludwig Richter  - who portray a world of bourgeois security.

Bookplate art was revived around 1880 a. a. by the founder of the modern art of etching Max Klinger . The bookplate experienced a great boom around this time, which was reflected in an enormous variety of topics and in the formation of collectors' groups. Today's Deutsche Exlibris-Gesellschaft e. V. was founded in Berlin in 1891 under the name Exlibris-Verein zu Berlin . The journal Exlibris published by this society . The magazine for book markings - librarianship and the history of scholars appeared from 1891 to 1906, the successor ex-libris, book art and applied graphics from 1907 to 1941. Especially in Art Nouveau the bookplate flourished again.

In the last two centuries in particular, bookplates have become the subject of own collections and book-making activities ( bookplate art ). The English Ex-Libris-Society was founded in 1890, the German Ex-Libris-Society in Berlin followed in 1891 and the Austrian Ex-Libris-Society began its activities in 1903. In 1968 the Swiss Ex-Libris Club was founded.

Bookplate stamp

Imprint of a bookplate stamp from 1918
Bookplate stamp from 2008

Bookplate stamps (including book stamps , book stamps , name stamps , ownership stamps ) are tools for marking individual books, mostly on the endpaper or title page . These are round, square or oval wooden stamps with motifs and ornaments to characterize the owner . His name can be integrated into the stamp imprint. In contrast to a pre-printed and glued-in bookplate, the stamp is printed directly into the book with a stamp .

At the end of the 15th century, stamps were still in use as bookplates, later stamps, similar to library stamps, were considered "ordinary" marks, and private book owners preferred printed notes as bookplates. Today, stamping has something special about it, which is reflected in artistically cut modern bookplate stamps.

Collections

(Selection)

gallery

See also

literature

  • Gernot Blum: Departure into the modern age. The ex-libris around 1900. Wittal, Wiesbaden 1990, ISBN 3-922835-19-8 .
  • Richard Braungart : The modern German bookplate for use. Munich 1922. Reprint Wiesbaden 1981. ISBN 3-922835-00-7
  • Richard Braungart : New German Nude Ex-libris. Hanfstaengl, Munich 1924.
  • Karl Emich Graf zu Leiningen-Westerburg : German and Austrian library symbols. Stuttgart 1901. Digitized edition of the University and State Library Düsseldorf
  • Helmut Franck: Art Nouveau bookplates. Prisma Verlag, Gütersloh 1984. ISBN 3-570-09021-3
  • Dieter Kudorfer: The ex-libris as a private groupage and the ex-libris collection of the Bavarian State Library . In: Bibliotheksforum Bayern 11 (1983), pp. 64–76.
  • Peter Rath, Boussa Vladimira: The bookplate . History of an almost forgotten field of commercial graphics. Catalog for the exhibition of the Marco Birnholz Exlibirs Collection. Sheets of the Meidlinger District Museum, issue 51, Vienna 2000.
  • Jan Sakwerda: 100 bookplates . Silesiaca and more ... Exhibition catalog of the Kleiner Grafikformen gallery of the Andzej Strug public library in Wroclaw, Wroclaw 1999.
  • Jan Sakwerda: About ex-libris and bookplate authors in Silesia until 1945. In: Signum libri decorum - Wroclaw and its inhabitants on old bookplates . Exhibition catalog of the City Museum in Wroclaw, Wroclaw 2002, ISBN 83-86626-61-5 .
  • Jan Sakwerda: The bookplate as a work of art and a source of knowledge. Some notes about its tradition in Silesia. In: Signum libri decorum - Silesia and Silesians on old bookplates . Exhibition catalog of the Breslau Municipal Museum and the Upper Silesian State Museum Ratingen-Hösel, 2005, ISBN 83-89551-16-0 .
  • Anneliese Schmitt: German ex-libris. A little story from the origins to the beginning of the 20th century. Koehler & Amelang, Leipzig 1986. ISBN 3-7338-0006-0 .
  • Dietrich Schneider-Henn: Ex-libris Monograms. Presentation and list of monograms of German and some foreign artists who have created about 1880-1920 Books character ... . Schneider-Henn, Munich 1983. ISBN 3-923239-03-3 (fundamental for the resolution of the monograms)
  • Elke Schutt-Kehm: Ex-libris catalog of the Gutenberg Museum , 4 volumes; Wittal, Wiesbaden 1985, 1998, 2003.
  • Elke Schutt-Kehm: Witch, housewife, saint - pictures of women in ex-libris for women . Wittal, Wiesbaden 1998, ISBN 978-3-922835-35-6
  • Moyland Castle Museum Foundation . Bookplate - The world in miniature. Small graphics and commercial graphics from the heyday of the artistic bookplate . Exhibition catalog. Bedburg-Hau, 2009. ISBN 978-3-935166-46-1
  • Karl F. Stock. Austrian bookplate bibliography 1881–2003. KG Saur, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-598-11687-X .
  • Henry Tauber: The German Ex-libris Association 1891 to 1943. Its history in the context of the bookplate movement and bookplate art primarily in Germany. Yearbook of the German Exlibris Society, Frankfurt 1995, ISSN  0075-2630 .
  • Henry Tauber: The German Ex-libris Society 1949 to 1999. Yearbook of the German Ex-libris Society 1999, Frankfurt. ISBN 3-925300-26-0 .
  • Claudia Valter: works of art in small format. German bookplates from the end of the 15th to the 18th century. Nuremberg 2014 (= cultural-historical walks in the Germanic National Museum. Volume 15). ISBN 978-3-936688-83-2 .
  • Friedrich Warnecke : The German book marks (ex-libris) from their origin to the present. Berlin 1890 MDZ .
  • Sylvia Wolf: Bookplate. Bruckmann, Munich 1985, ISBN 3-7654-2449-8 .
  • Helmuth Zebhauser: Alpine ex-libris. Meaning and image in graphic art from 1890–1930. Edited by the German Alpine Association. Bruckmann, Munich 1985. ISBN 3-7654-2043-3 .
  • Walter von Zur Westen: bookplate (book owner's mark). Velhagen & Klasing, Bielefeld / Leipzig 1901 ( digitized version ); 3rd edition 1925.

Web links

Commons : Bookplates  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: Exlibris  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Homepage of the German Exlibris Society (DEG), accessed on 8 May 2019
  2. ↑ Homepage of the Austrian Exlibris Society, accessed on May 8, 2019
  3. ^ Gerhard Plasser: Salzburg ex-libris. The work of art of the month. Salzburg Museum . May 2019, volume 32, sheet 373.
  4. ↑ Albert Treier : Talking ex-libris. History and art form of the German book mark, Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1986, p. 13 f., ISBN 3-447-02649-9