Free school community Wickersdorf

Area of ​​the Free School Community of Wickersdorf , 1907

The Free School Community in Wickersdorf near Saalfeld on the eastern edge of the Thuringian Forest , also FSG or FSG , was a rural education home and is one of the most important educational reform school projects in Germany. It was founded on September 1, 1906 by a group of "educational rebels", Rudolf Aeschlimann , Paul Geheeb , August Halm , Martin Luserke and Gustav Wyneken . The boarding school existed during the German Empire , the First World War , the November Revolution , the Weimar Republic , the time of National Socialism , the Second World War , the Soviet zone of occupation and the GDR until 1991.

Numerous well-known educators worked in the FSG Wickersdorf , an icon of the German youth movement . A whole series of students emerged from it, who later achieved notoriety and importance. There was a large number of prominent personalities both among the parents and among the sponsors. Based on and inspired by the FSG Wickersdorf , further training centers were founded in northern, central and southern Germany through secessions of teachers.

In particular, the concept of "movement games" on the school stage can be understood as an original contribution by the Free School Community of Wickersdorf to a school-based movement and physical culture that continues to have an impact in the teaching subject of performing games to this day. This concept, which can be traced back to Martin Luserke, was both theoretically developed and practically tested over decades.

The boarding school enjoyed international recognition. There was probably no other school in Germany that polarized as much as the Free School Community of Wickersdorf . It had either ardent supporters or staunch opponents; Pedagogically interested contemporaries did not leave her cold. Co-founder Wyneken was and always remained the stimulus figure.

School development

1906 to 1918

The white berets worn by students and teachers of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf , here in front of the entrance to the dining, music and theater hall, were also jokingly referred to as "baker's hats" (1911)

In 1906, the school founders left Hermann Lietz's German Landerziehungsheim (DLEH) in Haubinda, Thuringia, after conflicts in order to set up their own educational reform school project on the derelict Wickersdorf domain . According to Walter Benjamin , only Martin Luserke and Gustav Wyneken formed an oppositional movement against the daily military drill of the pupils at the DLEH Haubinda .

In contrast to many of his colleagues, Wyneken, who was repeatedly wrongly referred to as the founder of the Free School Community in Wickersdorf or even as a reform pedagogue, never regarded the FSG as a rural education home and did not include it as part of the reform pedagogical movement. Instead, he made a unique claim. Until 1910 he set programmatic goals as co-founder and headmaster; after that he was discredited both within the FSG and against the state school authorities.

“Wynekens Wickersdorf [...], the practice of this dogmatician and his ideology replaced a traditional, relatively simple, easily undermined authoritarian system with another, sublime , totalitarian , unconditional commitment to an autocrat . Gustav Wyneken was undoubtedly one of the great motivators and exciters of German reform pedagogy in the 20th century. His usual canonization as a mastermind of an emancipatory or even anti-authoritarian education can - then as now - only be a fundamental misunderstanding. "

- Winfried Mogge

The FSG Wickersdorf should differentiate itself from the Lietz'schen Landerziehungsheimen and serve the idea of ​​education as the formation of people in the sense of a worldview . The aim was to redefine the relationship between teacher and student, which, according to Wyneken, should be based on comradeship and leadership , on a relationship between master and disciple , which he described as an erotic friendship. In doing so, he completely ignored the existing role difference between teacher and student and the necessary professional distance on the part of the teacher. The slogan of the Free School Community should not be the eternal, boring and self-evident »Become who you are« " , but rather the true potential of youth," pure receptivity to greatness, beauty and nobility, their need to be worshiped and loyal to be, their will to the ultimate and unconditional ”are awakened.

The Wickersdorf domain was successively acquired; Initially, it was limited to the old manor house, the tenant's apartment and the barn, which were gradually converted into apartments for the staff, utility rooms, a dining room and bedrooms and classrooms for the students. In the beginning, every available free room in the village was acquired.

School lessons at FSG Wickersdorf began in 1906 with initially thirteen boys who had followed the teacher dissidents from Lietz's rural education centers, one teacher and seven teachers. These students were Ernst Dümmler (* 1892), Alexander "Sascha" Gerhardi (1889–1967), Walther Heine (* 1890), Carlo Jerosch (1890–1974), Mario Jona (1890–1949), Helmut Keitel (* 1892) , Jaap Kool , Rudolf “Rudi” Kupffender (* 1889), Franz Heinrich von Langenn- Steinkeller (1889–1983), Hans Pordom (* 1891), Friedrich “Fritz” Salomon (1890–1946), Paul Wissinger (1891–1917 ) and Heinz von Zobeltitz .

In 1907 the FSG already had 64 students, 9 girls and 55 boys.

The school structures were largely characterized by comradeships , almost family-like groups consisting of around six to ten students of different ages and a teacher who acted as primus inter pares and comradeship leader. The choice of belonging to one of these comradeships was free for every student. Switching from students to other fellowships was very rare and was almost viewed as treason. All pupils, together with their teachers and parents, formed the “ school community ”, the highest hierarchical body, the summoning of which could be requested by the headmaster or by at least a third of those entitled to vote. Characteristic features of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf were the shared responsibility and co-administration exercised by the students - principles that were also taken up by the subsequent educational reform schools.

The comradeship of the "bears", founded there in 1906, moved from DLEH Haubinda to the free school community of Wickersdorf . According to the self-image of the comradeships, the students were "bear cubs", their guide Martin Luserke the "bear". In addition to the "bears", there were also the comrades of the "owls", "chamois", "Lehmänner" (after their leader Wilhelm Lehmann ), "penguins" and "wolves".

1907 with Martin Luserke's movement game based on Shakespeare , but also Balzac , Molière and others - the student Hermann Thimig (right, as Charlemagne ) remained involved with it all his life

The term “school community” was deliberately differentiated from the conventional state school, but also from the then common term “Landerziehungsheim” or “Landschulheim”. For Wyneken, who had studied theology , the church was not a rational institution, but a romantic community. According to Wyneken's crypto- religious beliefs, youth should be the instrument of a future community.

Wyneken originally envisioned the Free School Community of Wickersdorf as an “order of noble boys and young men”. He represented his concept of an "educational eros" not only theoretically but also practically. Wyneken explained: “The man sees the boy as beautiful and noble as his love dreams of him. But this man’s eros is met by a longing on the part of the boy. ”It is about“ the wonderful deepening of the emotional life and receptivity ”. The central task of comradeship is to function as the central place of "educational eros". In his extensive correspondence with students over the years, he offered those to whom he felt attracted "the chosen status of intimate togetherness", thereby exceeding the boundaries of the role of educator and teacher.

There was no room for girls or women (pupils, mothers, teachers) in Wyneken's model, which emerged in the context of the life reform and youth movement . Wyneken regarded himself as “the incarnation of the charismatic teacher-leader” and claimed this role for himself within the Free School Community of Wickersdorf . The contradiction between the unrealistic dogmatic views of Wyneken and the educational ideas of the reform pedagogue Ellen Key came to light when she visited the FSG Wickersdorf in July 1908 , characterized Wyneken as a " Jesuit general" and raised the demand for a development of the individual personality. At that time, near the boarding school, a hill that offered a view of the free school community was named after Ellen Key.

"... After I saw Wickersdorf and Dr. Having observed Wyneken's pedagogy, I would never put a child into his hands. Wyneken wants to raise disciples, not people; He is and never will be an educator; like a mint master he wants to shape his image in the soft metal of young minds ... "

- Ellen Key

“Wyneken is a prime example of how misinterpretations and falsifications can be found in literature. […] This teacher was in fact not a pedagogue, but a Gnostic philosopher and messianic prophet who gathered disciples around him in order to interpret his »worldview« and to demand »allegiance«. "

- Winfried Mogge

In contrast to the Christian lessons in traditional schools, the atheist Wyneken placed a focus on artistic, especially musical education. Another focus was sport, which however did not include the apparatus gymnastics maintained in state schools and therefore did without a gym , but instead relied on physical exercises outdoors during the warm season and on winter sports in winter. Based on the model of Robert Baden-Powell's “ Scouting for Boys ”, field games were carried out that were similar to pre-military training, but took place without weapons.

Before the First World War , it seemed a matter of course that the pupils would do an extended morning exercise with their teachers in the open without clothing. This was part of an ascetic and naturalistic physical education and free of sexual connotation . Neither the parents nor the public took offense. From spring to autumn, an endurance run in running clothes took place every day between the lessons, which later alternated with morning gymnastics. The pupils and some of the teaching staff and assistants took part.

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  Small orchestra rehearsal in the music hall of the Free School Community (1911)

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  Creativity training during art lessons in the painting and drawing room (1911)

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  Schoolchildren at work, partly busy with aircraft construction (1911)

The proportion of pupils of Jewish descent in the Free School Community of Wickersdorf was very high compared to state schools. Wyneken was by no means enthusiastic about this, however, as it ran counter to his idea of ​​an “order of youth”. In 1922 he stated in one of his book publications: “In the Free School Community there are always a few boys and girls who are pleasing to the eye with their noble class; but they are comparatively few. The majority will be said to be a good middle strike at best. The fairly large and lately steadily increasing share of the Jewish race in the student body is connected with the economic conditions on the one hand and with the religious and political neutrality of the school on the other (formerly around 20 percent, currently 40 percent). This is not cheap and Wickersdorf does not like it either, although any anti-Semitic movement is absolutely excluded; But compared to their share in the composition of the German people and even its educated classes, a disproportionately large Jewish influence creates a one-sidedness of the spiritual direction (which, by the way, is undesirable for the Jews themselves) and, as experience shows, depresses the level of physical performance. On the whole, of course with many notable exceptions, one also has the impression that the domestic milieu of the Jewish merchant does not create favorable preconditions for the strict, Spartan and idealistic trait of Wickersdorf's upbringing. Incidentally, it can be stated that pupils of Jewish descent hardly ever played a leading role in Wickersdorf, although there are no anti-Semitic prejudices among the youth there. But the type of specifically Jewish talent does not seem to correspond to the Wickersdorf ideal somehow ”.

Tent camp of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf in the Thuringian Forest , 1911

The stated claim of Wyneken went beyond any measure: The Free School Community should be a singular place of "youth culture" and the "proper right of youth", in which an "order of youth" for the start of social renewal can be found. Wyneken's vision took on increasingly religious and dogmatic features.

Within the FSG, art was given “a status of cult or religion. The preoccupation with music, poetry, painting, theater, dance, rhythmic gymnastics etc. was regarded as a sacred act, as a permanent worship service . The importance of aesthetic education was justified by the fact that here the objective spirit can emerge and work in the purest and most direct way ”.

“Music plays an important role in the life of the FSG. No festival is celebrated where it is not honored. And what our orchestra and school choir already achieved went far beyond mere amateurism. In addition to the music, the theater performances, which usually take place twice a year, are remarkable; once at the foundation festival, the school's biggest festival, and at Christmas or any other suitable occasion. We have seen plays by Molière , Shakespeare or the director [Martin Luserke] himself, which show a very special stylization not found in professional actors. It is undoubtedly art, and in this way the specifics of youth come into their own; if so, something of youth culture can be seen here. Something similar can also be noticed with the orchestra, since the rhythm is different when young people play than when old people play the same piece and yet the piece that is played does not cease to be a work of art. "

- Bernhard Hell

As a result of Wyneken, the Free School Community of Wickersdorf has been constantly accompanied by publicly conducted controversies since it was founded, which occupied even the first pages of daily newspapers. There were repeated conflicts with the school supervisory authorities and various parents as well as insoluble ideological disputes within the teaching staff, which led to a permanent fluctuation in the student and teaching staff .

The poet Stefan George , who was highly regarded in circles of the youth movement, criticized Edgar Salin : “I know about the beautiful boy. It is not made of bad wood, but it is rotten, rotten to the core. Remember: anyone who comes from Wickersdorf is hopelessly spoiled ”. He was referring to a possible new adept of the George circle . About Wyneken he said: “Wyneken is a lean rationalist without belief and without awe. Those who go through their school have forgotten the basic quality with which life begins in every educational province. ”The disciples of both camps were more or less faced with the choice of“ George or Wyneken ”because their loyalty could not apply to both gurus.

From 1907 pupils of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf participated with great success in bobsleighing on the Wadeberg in Oberhof and soon proved to be unbeatable at the German championships on the 1.9 kilometer long bobsleigh run with their five-seat bobsleigh called “Wickersdorf”. In the years 1908–1911 the FSG bobsleigh team won every time ; In 1911 three Wickersdorfer Bobsleighs took part in the races. The FSG helped shape the development of bobsleigh in Germany in the early years. Even in ski jumping , Wickersdorf students were successful at the “Oberhof Winter Sports Festival” from the first winter after the school was founded. For this reason, for example, the DLEH Haubinda did not take part, because its headmaster Hermann Lietz probably did not want to lead the debate about the supposedly “better” reform school on a sporting basis. Wyneken used the media attention for these successes to transfer them to the FSG . For many years they were cultivated, mythically transfigured, and subsequently interpreted pedagogically. The bobsleigh sport, however, was actively designed by the students themselves within the FSG and did not have to be significantly supported or supervised by teachers.

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  Issuing private letters by the stagecoach in the courtyard (1911)

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  During the German ball game (batter, similar to baseball ) on the sports field (1911)

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  Meal in the Christmas decorated dining room (1911)

The main work of the Swiss writer Carl Spitteler , the four-volume epic Olympic Spring , advanced to compulsory reading and a cult book at the FSG Wickersdorf at Wyneken's instigation. It contains a mythological glorification of man into a new Prometheus and played a key role in shaping the apostrophized "Wickersdorfer Geist". Later, but before the First World War , the teachers Paul Reiner and Ernst Schertel opposed the rather elitist poetry by Stefan George , whose poem The Guardian of the Forecourt was often recited on the occasion of various festive events at the boarding school. For the teacher Paul Reiner it became the guideline for his actions.

In 1909 the school principal Paul Geheeb left the Free School Community of Wickersdorf after a falling out with Wyneken and founded the Odenwald School in 1910 . The composer, music aesthetician and educator August Halm also left the FSG for a whole decade, but returned to work there from 1920, then under Luserke's direction.

In 1910, Wyneken was dismissed from the Ministry of Culture and Martin Luserke was appointed headmaster by Grand Duke Georg II of Saxony-Meiningen , who was also known as the "Theater Duke ". Thanks to Luserke, the running of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf had become more calm and it was only from this point on that it developed into a flourishing school system. Wyneken was at least equal to this. Luserke developed an approach to his own Wickersdorfer body style, the "body formation", in which he initiated the expressive dance and dance performances. The pedagogue Hans-Windekilde Jannasch described Luserke retrospectively as the “center” of the FSG . Their “heyday in the years 1909–19”, minus two and a half years of participation in and imprisonment in the war, was “largely determined by Luserke's personality”. An "abundance of creative suggestions" emanated from him; his “versatile musical talent” had “fertilized the life of the school”; he knew how to create an atmosphere. Alfred Ehrentreich later expressed himself similarly : Luserke had 75 percent shaped the image of Wickersdorf.

Luserke's ideas of an artistic “body formation” through “movement play and school stage” corresponded to aesthetic gymnastic exercises. He wanted to give the students a sense of the body that would give them at least an understanding of art dance, depending on their suitability or talent. His theory and practice was widely considered in specialist publications, including in the standard work of the 1920s Der Moderne Tanz by Hans Brandenburg .

In 1912 the teacher Georg Hellmuth Neuendorff left the FSG Wickersdorf and founded the Dürerschule Hochwaldhausen .

Wyneken continued to maintain his influence on Wickersdorf, for example through the legendary (also notorious) youth newspaper Der Anfang by Hans Kollwitz , Peter Kollwitz , Georg Gretor and Selig Bernfeld , which has been published since 1908 and which is known throughout the Reich through its mention in negative newspaper reports by others Schools in Bavaria were banned. FSG students such as Otto Gründler and Erich Krems also worked on this . Wyneken stayed on the school premises and thus continued to cause almost everyday confrontations.

Luserke's most successful project was the school theater, his "musical movement game", which he has largely established as a school subject of performing games to this day . During his aegis, the stage of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf became one of the leading youth stages in Germany.

Students of the Free School Community at the First Free German Youth Day on the Hoher Meißner on October 11 and 12, 1913, with Gustav Wyneken (left) and headmaster Martin Luserke (right)

On October 11 and 12, 1913, the First Freideutsche Jugendtag functioned as a deliberate alternative event to the celebrations on the occasion of the 25-year reign of Kaiser Wilhelm II and the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Leipzig . The entire student body of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf, which was around 100 at that time, had traveled to the Hohe Meißner , where speakers Martin Luserke and Gustav Wyneken met in front of about two to three thousand students and their adult mentors as speakers of the German youth movement ( Bündische Jugend ) could do, albeit controversial. For example, the important movement of the wandering bird canceled their participation at short notice. Nevertheless, a large number of "wandering birds" took part in the meeting. While Wyneken had emphatically emphasized the “autonomy” and glory of youth, Luserke described the youth phase as a “time of preparation”, a “time of essentially turned away from gathering and maturation”, which differs from the time of adult life, “maturity and the Working “differ considerably. In the youth phase you have to "acquire the great, fundamental, directional inner values", which should then "last a lifetime". The respected Frankfurter Zeitung , which reported in detail on the conference on the Hoher Meißner, described Luserke's speech as "the best and finest that has been said at the whole conference".

At Easter 1914, 27 girls and 78 boys visited the FSG Wickersdorf . At the beginning of the First World War, the number of students was reduced, and many of the older students and teachers followed the emperor's call to arms. During the war, a census took place on December 1, 1916. On this occasion, 20 girls and 65 boys were registered as FSG students.

Between Luserke and Wyneken supporters and opponents, at least in places, camps were formed which had the potential to poison the school atmosphere.

“Isn't this church a sect? A seclusion from the world, not from strength and courage, community spirit and self-confidence, but from weakness and fear, obstinacy and conceit? "

- Hans Brandenburg , 1914

From January 1914 to July 1916 the writer Ernst Schertel worked as a teacher for German, ancient history and the history of religion at the school. Schertel developed so-called “mystery games”, inspired by Asian dance festivals, which were accompanied by suggestive music composed by Schertel without key. However, his educational efforts met with reservations: the fact that he made his students understand the "conviction of the human-forming and culture-promoting power of male-male love" led to the end of his work in Wickersdorf. The colleague Hedda Korsch , who took over some of his students after he left, complained to Wyneken that Schertel had caused "real damage" among the students in some things.

1919 to 1933

Martin Luserke is said to have called Wyneken back to FSG Wickersdorf after the November Revolution and transferred the school management back to him there after the Wyneken state government had been deposed. In doing so, Luserke pursued the goal of dissolving the camp formation that had arisen from Luserke and Wyneken supporters and opponents.

Bernhard Hell , who had been teaching at the FSG since 1907 , left Wickersdorf in 1919 after disputes with Wyneken, initially joined the Free School and Work Community of the FSG dissident Bernhard Uffrecht , taught briefly in 1930 in the Landschulheim am Solling and founded the in the same year Protestant origin school . The teachers Hans-Windekilde Jannasch and Wilhelm Lehmann followed Hell because of Wyneken only a few months later to the Landschulheim am Solling .

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  FSG students in the carpentry shop on the boarding school area, around 1920

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  Excursion with white berets and rucksacks, the younger boys with shorts, the older with knickerbockers , the girls with skirts, around 1925

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  Schoolchildren with pickaxe, shovel and sieve doing preparatory work for planting on the boarding school area, around 1925

Wyneken soon found himself exposed to allegations of sexual abuse of students and had to quit his service in 1920. Research revealed that Wyneken is said to have hugged a student while saying goodnight naked and had thigh intercourse with another student. The latter would be a practice with a clearly sexual connotation. These were apparently the 12-year-old FSG student Heinz Herrmann (* 1908) and the 17-year-old Viktor Behrens (* 1903). In addition, from a protocol written for this purpose, it emerges that Wyneken, in addition to these two, homosexually abused other students of his fellowship. As a result, Wyneken was sentenced to one year in prison for indecent acts and abuse of his authority as headmaster during the so-called "Eros Trial". However, this did not prevent him from publishing the repeatedly reissued Eros after his dismissal , a justification for pederasty . His case was discussed controversially throughout the German Reich.

Martin Luserke, who had suffered a severe war wound to the head that marked him throughout his life, took over the management of FSG Wickersdorf again .

In March 1922, Wyneken's follower Fernand Petitpierre , who was also arrested by “pedagogical eros” and who presumably had violently abused the FSG student Kalistros Thielicke (1905–1944) in 1919/20 , had to leave the field involuntarily. In a letter to Wyneken, Petitpierre blamed the so-called “ triumvirate ”, which consisted of Rudolf Aeschlimann , Martin Luserke and Paul Reiner and wanted to prevent Wyneken's return. In this letter, Petitpierre lamented the strong role that women now also played within FSG Wickersdorf : "If you had dreamed that your W.dorf [Wickersdorf] would later become a kind of three-family house [meaning: the Aeschlimann, Luserke and Reiner families] should be? That the woman [meaning: the role of the wives Aeschlimann, Luserke and Reiner] should one day become so important? Pathetic. ”After the later secession of the“ Triumvirate ”, Petitpierre, sponsored by Wyneken, returned to the FSG in 1926 and continued to live out his pedophile inclinations there undiminished.

“I was mature at the age of 13 and had the crucial symptoms of puberty behind me at the age of 14. Now it is a well-known phenomenon that country schools etc. are always a place of homosexuality. Wickersdorf was no exception and I became dependent on a teacher. [...] P., that was the name of the teacher, [...] had a kind of joking compulsion, which [sic!] He knew how to assert with enormous muscle strength. I revolted, but was the physically inferior. "

- Kalistros Thielicke

After a conversation with Luserke, Alfred Ehrentreich started working as a teacher in Wickersdorf in 1922. He characterized the technical teaching at the FSG Wickersdorf as more traditional, as clearly subordinate to the school life outside of the lessons and therefore sometimes as downright disappointing.

“I felt at home in the boarding school from the first day and I was entirely in agreement that school performance was only in third place in the educational program. After the development of personality and character, which came first, followed the physical exercise, i.e. sport. "

- Erik Ode , 1972

Description of the Wickersdorfer stage by school principal Martin Luserke , 1922

It was not until 1923, after seventeen years of existence, that the Free School Community of Wickersdorf was given the right to take the school- leaving exam internally. Before that, the Primaner had switched to a so-called "press". At the time, this was understood to mean private schools or boarding schools that had specialized in preparing their pupils for the Abitur and accepting it.

Streams of visitors felt drawn to the Free School Community of Wickersdorf and were, in some cases, productively included in the teaching processes. One of the visitors to the FSG in 1924 was Fritz Karsen , one of the leading reform pedagogues in the Association of Resolute School Reformers , who ran a school complex in Berlin-Neukölln . This “first comprehensive school in Germany”, which was named Karl Marx School in 1930 , was one of the few consistent public school attempts in the field of higher education in the Weimar Republic . Karsen persuaded the Wickersdorf teachers Hans Alfken , Alfred Ehrentreich and Hedda Korsch to join his staff.

For example, Bauhaus artists such as Ludwig Hirschfeld-Mack , the writers Paul Eberhardt , Wilhelm Lehmann , Rudolf Pannwitz and Carl Maria Weber taught at the FSG Wickersdorf .

“It was very international. By the way: despite all the mixture of peoples, there was no prejudice or nationality hatred. The most important thing about this boarding school was personality training. And that grabbed me too. Because until then I was always very passive about the school. Because of the sheer coercion, only defense mobilized. It was only in Wickersdorf that I became active, became a real student who saw the point of learning. I suddenly had fun with it. But the best part: I hardly noticed that I was changing. The change took place almost effortlessly. Playing - yes, that's the right word. We were brought up more through play. Through freedom, which must not be confused with license. Even the theater, which I was really interested in at home, I didn't have to miss. There was a real Shakespeare stage in the boarding school of the "Free School Community of Wickersdorf". I really let off steam. And I learned to ski. Even made it to the junior champion of Thuringia. "

- Erik Ode

In the spring of 1925 there was a decisive secession of important teachers, assistants and students: Since Wyneken remained a member of the "school community", lived in neighboring Pippelsdorf and kept his own room in the boarding school, Martin Luserke left with his wife Annemarie, Anni and Paul Reiner , Helene and Rudolf Aeschlimann , Christel and Fritz Hafner as well as the economic manager Marie Franke, their own eleven children and sixteen students (the comrades of the "bears", "penguins" and "wolves") the FSG , including Herbert von Borch , Walter Georg Kühne , Günther Leitz and Ove Skafte Rasmussen . In order to avoid the constant dissent with Wyneken, Luserke founded the Schule am Meer on the North Sea island of Juist , where in 1930/31 he succeeded in building a school theater hall that is unique in the whole of the country .

“The course of life of the 800 students who have passed through Wickersdorf so far shows that the most capable Wickersdorfers found it difficult to get into their own, but also that they carried away things that cannot be lost and are no cheaper than that at the cost of such difficulties. "

- Martin Luserke , 1924

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  Study trip with teacher Carl Maria Weber , around 1925

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  Gustav Wyneken (right) instructs how to use a cooking place built in the Thuringian Forest , around 1927

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  Group hike by FSG students and teachers in the Thuringian Forest , 1931

In 1925 Wyneken was allowed to continue working as an economic manager in Wickersdorf; however, he was not allowed to teach. Nevertheless, he had a great influence on the free school community , which led to renewed tensions.

Peter Suhrkamp , the later founder of the renowned Suhrkamp publishing house , came to the Free School Community of Wickersdorf through contact with the youth movement , where he taught from 1925 to 1929 and served as educational director from 1926 to 1929. He is said to have been respected and popular both in the college and among his students. On April 1, 1929, he gave up his teaching profession.

„½ get up, either gymnastics or endurance run. 7 o'clock back. Under the shower. ½ Tearing open the bed, for the prelude, about a quarter of an hour, prelude and fugue by Bach. I know them all by heart, maybe. Breakfast. 8 o'clock lesson. First two hours of either math or a language English or French, then bed making break. 2. Breakfast, then lessons again. And at 1 p.m .: noon. After lunch, a short roll-call about what had to be done in the afternoon. So either down into the meadow and rake the meadow with iron rakes to get the moss out of the grass. Otherwise the grass would have suffocated. Or pick up the stumps from the telegraph valley on 'a cart' as fuel, but not with any kind of draft animals, but we ourselves were the draft animals. On long ropes, don't you think so, hit the spokes, and up the telegraph valley. In any case, practical work every day, two hours, except Wednesday afternoon and Saturday afternoon. And of course the teachers took part. And it is also clear that we were informed there without our noticing it. "

- Franz Werner Schark

Sketch of the Wickersdorfer stage for movement games, 1924 - The glass mirror ( Martin Luserke , August Halm )

Erich Ebermayer wrote his novel Kampf um Odilienberg in 1929 , in which love affairs between teachers and students are described, specifically his friendship with Wyneken. This work was characterized in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung as "a kind of manual for pederasmus", dedicated to Wyneken, who was convicted of fornication. Basically one should first dedicate oneself to Wyneken's pedophile pages before citing him or referring to him.

When August Halm died in Saalfeld on February 1, 1929, he was buried near the boarding school on Eichberg. The FSG -Former and Reichstag member Ernst Putz visited the grave in September 1929 and later noted: “I was sitting at Halms grave in the last hours of my stay in Wickersdorf. It was a hot September day and the land below me was clear as autumn. Who wouldn’t want to envy the musician for this piece of earth ”.

“Later, the graduates of the Free School Community glorified the so-called“ Wickersdorfer Geist ”in memory, but I can still say one thing after decades: We are trained there to become open-minded, democratically minded young people. Nationalistic feelings are not conveyed, there is no religious instruction that pushes us into a certain faith. Among the students are many foreigners, girls and boys from Jewish homes, free religious and eight children from Ulan Bator in Outer Mongolia. Instead of the usual subject of religion, the school provides an overview of the world's major religions of faith. I am grateful to my parents for the rest of my life that they made these four years in the Thuringian village possible for me, it almost seems ennobled to be a former Wickersdorfer! "

- Friedrich Schoenfelder

From 1930, National Socialist educational policy was gradually integrated into school subjects. This was due to the Thuringian state politics, in which the NSDAP had been in power in a coalition government since 1930 . Presumably mediated by Otto Peltzer , who joined the NSDAP and the SS on May 1, 1933 , his old acquaintance, the deputy NSDAP Gauleiter and advisor in the Thuringian Ministry of the Interior and Public Education, Hans Severus Ziegler , thought he was a close employee of the State Minister Inneres und Volksbildung, Wilhelm Frick (NSDAP), gave a lecture on December 9, 1930 in the FSG Wickersdorf and came by for such appearances even more frequently in the following years. Wyneken hoped that, through Ziegler's advocacy, he would soon be able to act as headmaster again at Frick. However, this was a wish that was not fulfilled. Peltzer and Wyneken had worked closely together to transfer the Free School Community of Wickersdorf both ideally and practically to the National Socialist state and to recommend it as a NS model school. Peltzer therefore submitted a written offer to Ziegler to be able to “grant him an open view at all times” as the FSG's confidante .

In 1931, Wyneken was again charged with pedosexual abuse . He then had to leave Wickersdorf for good on instructions from Frick's ministry and moved with the 16-year-old student Herbert Koenitzer (1915–1943), first to Berlin , and in 1934 to Göttingen .

In 1931 Joachim Georg Boeckh (1899–1968) had to leave the FSG Wickersdorf because of pedosexual misconduct. He was then employed in a managerial position at the Odenwald School in 1938/39 . After 1949 he taught at the University of Education in Potsdam, later at the Humboldt University in Berlin.

Hans-Heinz Sanden (1914–2003), nephew of the local politician Bruno Asch and son of his brother Hans , was a student in the Free School Community from 1928 to 1932 . He later remembered the " Eros Paidekos , to whom much homage was paid in this school". He also mentioned the sexual assault on students by a number of teachers such as Joachim Georg Boeckh and Otto Peltzer, as well as the relationship between Gustav Wyneken and the student Herbert Könitzer, and stated: “Another problem arose after Peter Suhrkamp left [in April 1929] in the resurgence of homosexuality , which went so far that the normally inclined youngsters saw themselves pushed into an outsider role. Anyone striving for top performance and appropriate support could not avoid the homophile tendencies of many educators ".

Until the 1930s, numerous parents complained that the school administration was not doing anything about the sometimes crude rituals from which the new and very young students in particular had to suffer. These would be harassed by older students, attacked in the dormitory at night, thrown into the swimming pond or tied naked to a tree. Tests of courage also had to be passed.

“Either you had to sit down at the third tombstone from the right in the cemetery at night and smoke a cigarette. Or you had to steal a whole cake from a certain bakery in the nearby town of Saalfeld. Or you had to get a bride within 72 hours. "

- Erik Ode, 1972

On March 16, 1932, the Thuringian Ministry of the Interior and Public Education ordered that private schools had to reapply for recognition. " Aryan certificates " for school administrators and school administrators became compulsory, and the school principal had to be a Thuringian citizen. The Dutchman Jaap Kool therefore had to resign after a suitable successor had been found in Georg Neumann.

1933 to 1945

In early 1933, the school submitted new school and boarding regulations to the ministry for approval, in which they revoked the previous idea of ​​a free school community . This had a negative effect on student participation: The decision-making powers of the school community, which had been in force since 1906, were massively curtailed, while the rights of the school principal and the teachers' conference were considerably strengthened. Coeducation was abolished and the school became an all-boys boarding school. Girls could only be accepted as external workers in exceptional cases after approval by the ministry and had to live with the families of married teachers. Girls were "strictly forbidden" from entering the boys' private rooms and bedrooms. The remaining female student body should be systematically reduced. Students and teachers of Jewish descent (“non- Aryans ”) were no longer allowed to be accepted. Reduced tuition fees could only be granted to students of German origin that could be proven. The school name was changed in February 1933 to school community Wickersdorf , the boarding school now formed an equivalent to a state upper secondary school with a reform secondary school according to a ministerial order.

• 

  Physics lesson in the school community of Wickersdorf , around 1934/35. Lt. Board it went u. a. about the amount of charge Faraday and the electrophore

• 

  Chemistry lessons in the school community of Wickersdorf , around 1934/35. Lt. On the blackboard, students and teachers deal with a reaction equation , which involves the fact that a stronger acid displaces the weaker one from its salt

• 

  Roll call in the uniforms of the Hitler Youth (front) and the German Young People (back) in the courtyard of the Wickersdorf school community

From 1926 to 1933 the 15-time German champion and world record holder in the middle-distance run Otto Peltzer taught geography, history and biology in the free school community . In October 1933 he had to leave the educational home after allegations by two students for proven pedosexual offenses, for which he was convicted. One student was Algirdas Savickis , son of the Lithuanian ambassador Jurgis Savickis . Algirdas Savickis was later shot in the Kauen ghetto ( Kowno / Kaunas ). The second student was Arnold Ernst Fanck , son of the film pioneer and director Arnold Fanck .

At the end of March 1935, in view of the restructuring carried out by the National Socialists, there was a revolt against the Nazi school director Paul Döring (1903–1998), in which all students loudly and aggressively chanted “Döring out”. Then the Hitler Youth leaders went to Döring and explained to him very clearly that he could no longer be their leader and leader. The Hitler Youth area management investigated the incident on site and appealed to the ministry in favor of the students, but was unable to assert itself. In Döring's view, most of the teachers supported the student mutiny. By 1936 at the latest, National Socialist topics had prevailed in all school subjects. During the Second World War the student body grew from around 150 to around 250.

Contemporary site plan with names of buildings and areas, 1930s

In addition to the politicization of the Wickersdorf school community during the Nazi era, there were also individual retreats, which the area around the boarding school made possible through uncontrollable forests and fields.

The legal transformation of the Schulgemeinde GmbH into a state foundation, which was planned by the National Socialists for a long time, made it possible not only to smash the previous school structures, but also to acquire the majority of the assets brought in by “non-Aryan” shareholders. The school community retained its status as a private boarding school, but was renamed the Deutsche Heimschule Wickersdorf in 1943 .

Due to the island location of the FSG , its students received their only information from the FSG teachers and the school management during the Second World War . Tuning in or listening to foreign stations on the radio was prohibited and was therefore checked. Nevertheless, some of the older students were allowed to maintain their private (Imperial German) newspaper subscriptions, e.g. B. the Frankfurter Zeitung or the Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung .

1945 to 1991

Lessons in the special high school for Russian in Wickersdorf, 1973

View of the former buildings of the free school community or special school (GDR), 2014

The boarding school was continued in the Soviet occupation zone after 1945 and as a boarding school in the GDR from October 7, 1949 . After Thuringia was handed over by the Americans to the Soviet military administration on July 1, 1945, the boarding school was subordinated to the Thuringian provincial administration and on October 1, 1945 school operations were resumed. For the time being, the boarding school was again allowed to call itself the “Free School Community Wickersdorf”.

Coeducation was made possible again; Girls were given access, and so-called "workers 'and farmers' children", which cropping granted. The so-called “ bourgeois ” origin of the previous student body was a thorn in the side of the socialist government . In the years immediately following the war, the student body consisted roughly of equal numbers of children who had already been to this boarding school before the end of the war and whose parents generally belonged to well to very well-off circles, and children of whatever defined “working class”. In the older cohorts, these two parties took opposing political positions. a. led to these groups remaining largely separate outside the school context. There was at least one Stasi spy in each of the student houses .

From 1952 a specialization was established that prepared the students for later studies and the profession of Russian teacher - a cadre forge from which other state institutions in the GDR subsequently benefited. From 1964 onwards a special high school was created ( extended high school ). In 1968 the Abitur and the language proficiency test were taken for the first time .

Relics of the original reform pedagogical approaches could be found until the 1980s, for example the special emphasis on arts subjects and physical education, but also the shared responsibility of the students for the maintenance of the school buildings. The latter, however, also had an economic background.

After the unsuccessful attempt, after initial contact with Hartmut Alphei from the Odenwald School in February 1990 , to revive the tradition of the original Free School Community of Wickersdorf from May 14, 1990 as a "state boarding school with final and maturity examination", the boarding school was established Finally closed at the end of the school year 1990/91 for political and economic reasons by the Thuringian Ministry of Culture.

Since 1993 the area has been used by the anthroposophical community Wickersdorf for people with physical and mental disabilities.

Tabular overview of the first decades

• September 1, 1906: Founding of the Wickersdorf Free School Community .
• October 10, 1906: Prince Ernst von Sachsen-Meiningen and the responsible district administrator paid an official visit to the new state educational home.
• November 24, 1906: Triggered by the opening of the new boarding school, Wickersdorf received a telephone station.
• Summer 1907: conversions were carried out on the domain area, a water pipe was laid and new extensions for student accommodation, bathrooms, dormitories and steam heating were built.
• October 15, 1907: Paul Geheeb represented the FSG on the local council for the first time.
• March 19, 1908: The Swiss poet Carl Spitteler visited the FSG .
• June 1, 1908: Establishment of the driving post between Saalfeld and Wickersdorf; In future, the FSG received its mail by carriage to the schoolyard.
• July 1908: The reform pedagogue Ellen Key visited the FSG in Wickersdorf.
• Summer 1908: Martin Luserke built a house with 14 rooms, the FSG next to the barn a building with three floors for student accommodation.
• March 1, 1910: The domain mansion caught fire.
• Summer 1910: The mansion was rebuilt and extended by five meters.
• February 1, 1913: The domain forester's house became the property of the FSG .
• August 12, 1915: Seven Russian prisoners of war arrived with their guard for employment within the FSG .
• August 25, 1915: Three of the Russian prisoners of war were exchanged for French ones, who caused a stir with their uniforms (red trousers and hat, blue uniform skirt).
• June 25, 1918: The copper lightning rods were dismantled from the FSG buildings , donated for military purposes and replaced with iron ones.
• December 1918: The FSG acquired two acres of land, the garden meadows with the two village ponds (which were later joined together for the swimming pond), a house, two gardens and a meadow.
• Summer 1919: The FSG set up a joinery on the Leite and a laundry on the village green.
• September 12, 1919: The FSG received electric light in all rooms.
• In 1924 Fritz Karsen attended boarding school.
• March 30, 1925: Martin Luserke, Rudolf Aeschlimann , Fritz Hafner and Paul Reiner moved to Juist Island with their families and 16 FSG students .
• October 17, 1925: The FSG prepared the stable and barn.
• January 18, 1927: 9 students (3 girls, 6 boys) from Mongolia arrived as new students at the FSG .
• April 1927: The FSG built an oven for self-catering with baked goods.
• May 27, 1927: Minister of State Leutheußer and Ministerial Director Schnabel paid an official visit to the FSG .
• June 1927: The FSG built a tennis court.
• 1933: The Free School Community of Wickersdorf was only allowed to call itself the school community of Wickersdorf .

Works (excerpt)

• Paul Geheeb, Gustav Wyneken: Program of the Free School Community Wickersdorf . Self-published, Wickersdorf November 1906, OCLC 249227634 .
• August Halm: piano exercise 3 . Free school community Wickersdorf, Wickersdorf 1907, OCLC 916029746 .
• Free school community Wickersdorf (ed.): First annual report of the free school community Wickersdorf. September 1, 1906 - March 1, 1908 . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1908.
• Gustav Wyneken: Program of the Free School Community Wickersdorf . Self-published, Wickersdorf April 1909, OCLC 254015571 .
• Free school community Wickersdorf (ed.): Wickersdorfer Jahrbuch 1909/1910 . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1910, OCLC 504224549 .
• Gustav Wyneken: Cabinet against Free School Community. A settlement with the bureaucracy and an appeal to the public . Ernst, Munich 1910, OCLC 943415380 .
• Free school community Wickersdorf (ed.): Admission conditions and notifications of the free school community Wickersdorf . Self-published, Wickersdorf February 1, 1910, OCLC 315 320 360 .
• Teaching staff of the free school community Wickersdorf (ed.): Wickersdorfer yearbook. Treatises on the curriculum of the free school community , periodical. Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1909–1914, OCLC 183383415 .
• Federation for Free School Communities: The Free School Community. Federal organ for independent school communities , periodical. Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1910-1920, OCLC 560489442 .
• Free school community Wickersdorf (ed.): Second annual report of the free school community Wickersdorf. March 1, 1908 - January 1, 1910 . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1910.
• Elisabeth Louis, Georg Hellmuth Neuendorff: Program of an educational school in the country . Mitzlaff, Rudolstadt 1911, OCLC 254435629 .
• Gustav Wyneken: student body and school reform . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1911, OCLC 633356463 .
• Free school community Wickersdorf (ed.): Third annual report of the free school community Wickersdorf. January 1, 1910 - June 1, 1911 . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1911.
• Free school community Wickersdorf (ed.): Fourth annual report of the free school community Wickersdorf. June 1, 1911 - October 1, 1912 . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1912, OCLC 879611545 .
• Martin Luserke: About the art of dance . Hesperus-Verlag, Berlin 1912, OCLC 491092617 .
• Martin Luserke: blood and love. A knight and shower drama , written in 1906 at FSG Wickersdorf , premiered there in 1906, first published in 1912, is still rehearsed and performed by many amateur theater groups to this day .
• Martin Luserke: Program of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf . Self-published, Wickersdorf 1912, OCLC 836506647 .
• Martin Luserke: Wickersdorfer stage plays . Adolf Saal, Lauenburg / Elbe, OCLC 73154831 .
• Martin Luserke: Five comedies and carnival games from the Free School Community of Wickersdorf ( Charlemagne and the priest Ameis , The Invisible Elephant , Sign Language , Blood and Love , Adventure in Tonking ). Bonsels, Munich 1912, OCLC 4565401 .
• L. Veeh: The free school community Wickersdorf as a future school (= pedagogy and philosophy, volume 2). Riethmüller, Kirchheim / Teck 1913, OCLC 73019954 .
• Bernhard Hell: Autonomy of the youth in the free school community Wickersdorf . In: Das Alumnat , H. 7 (1912), pp. 250–254.
• Bernhard Hell: The Free School Community of Wickersdorf . In: Das Alumnat , H. 5/6 (1913), pp. 241–220.
• Bernhard Hell: Fichte and the Free School Community . In: Die Tat , 5 (1914), pp. 1059-1062.
• Free school community Wickersdorf: Wickersdorfer yearbook 1914. Treatises on the curriculum of the free school community . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1914, OCLC 782008569 .
• Gustav Wyneken: The new youth. Your struggle for freedom and truth in school and at home, in religion and eroticism . Steinicke, Munich 1914, OCLC 312140083 .
• Martin Luserke: Freemasonry and modern pedagogy . Special print from the Freemason's weekly newspaper Der Herold . Association of German Freemasons, Berlin 1914, OCLC 72230173 .
• Gustav Wyneken: Carl Spitteler booklet for the poet's 70th birthday (= The Free School Community, 5th year, booklet 3/1915). Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1915, OCLC 730560782 .
• Free school community Wickersdorf (ed.): Chronicle. To the A. M. and friends of the FSG [A. M. = outside members]. o.V. , 1915/16, OCLC 315441222 .
• Gustav Wyneken: Against the old-language school lessons . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1916, OCLC 18060134 .
• Bernhard Uffrecht: Dr. Gustav Wyneken. A defense and settlement. Reply of the free school community Wickersdorf to Dr. Wyneken's writing: Ẁickersdorf, a cross-section . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1917, OCLC 79326428 .
• Bernhard Hell: Dr. Wyneken and the founding of Wickersdorf . In: Freideutsche Jugend , 3 (1917), H. 12, pp. 414–419.
• Bernhard Hell: The war primans . In: Die Tat , 8 (1917), no. 10, pp. 892-903.
• Free school community Wickersdorf (Hrsg.): Demands of the free school community Wickersdorf for the reorganization of the school system . Self-published, Wickersdorf 1918, OCLC 315319959 .
• August Halm, Romain Rolland, Gustav Wyneken: Music for schools. Three duets, music for "Was ihr wollt", Canticus Ostiarius . In: The free school community. Journal of the federal government for free school communities , 9th year, issue 1, October 1918. Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1918, OCLC 954970773 .
• Martin Luserke: Why do people work? A socialist ideology of work (= practical socialism, volume 3). Karl Korsch (Ed.), Verlag Free Germany, Hanover 1919.
• Gustav Wyneken: The group of ideas of the free school community. Dedicated to the wandering bird . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1919, OCLC 312140067 .
• Dedicated to August Halm on the occasion of his fiftieth birthday (= The Free School Community. Federal Gazette for Free School Communities). Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1919, OCLC 695883946 .
• Gustav Wyneken: Revolution (= free school community. Journal of the federal government for free school communities, IX. Vol. 2/3). Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1919, OCLC 248156725 .
• Gustav Wyneken: School and youth culture . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1919, OCLC 10769310 .
• Martin Luserke: School community. Building the new school . Furche-Verlag, Berlin 1919, OCLC 770618211 .
• Gustav Wyneken: The fight for the youth. Collected essays . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1920, OCLC 782005944 .
• Free School Community Wickersdorf: Guiding principles of the Free School Community Wickersdorf . Stöckist, Saalfeld an der Saale 1920, OCLC 831159534 .
• Martin Luserke: The free school community Wickersdorf near Saalfeld a. d. Saale. Propaganda writing of the Free School Community Wickersdorf, which out of the practice of a reform school outlines its principles and experiences - 1st annual report . Self-published, Wickersdorf [approx. 1920], OCLC 257665056 .
• G. Walter Klein: The free school community Wickersdorf. A sociological attempt . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1921, OCLC 162975148 .
• Gustav Wyneken: Eros . Adolf Saal, Lauenburg / Elbe 1921, OCLC 719479470 .
• Martin Luserke: Shakespeare performances as movement games . With an afterword by Hans Brandenburg. Edited by Bund for the New Theater. Walter Seifert Verlag, Stuttgart / Heilbronn 1921, OCLC 901163616 .
• Martin Luserke: On the technique of Shakespearian comedy . Walter Seifert Verlag, Stuttgart / Heilbronn 1921.
• Martin Luserke: The three wishes. A truly romantic solstice game . Adolf Saal Verlag, Lauenburg / Elbe 1922, OCLC 174796734 .
• Gustav Wyneken: The European Spirit. Collected essays on religion and art . Adolf Saal, Lauenburg / Elbe 1922, OCLC 1190425 .
• Martin Luserke: Brunhilde on Iceland. A truly romantic solstice game . Adolf Saal Verlag, Lauenburg / Elbe 1922, OCLC 906834065 .
• Martin Luserke: King Thrushbeard. A viking fairy tale . Adolf Saal Verlag, Lauenburg / Elbe 1922, OCLC 839967991 .
• Gustav Wyneken: Wickersdorf . Adolf Saal Verlag, Lauenburg (Elbe) 1922, OCLC 53141612 .
• Martin Luserke: The glass mirror . In: Ludwig Pallat, Hans Lebede (ed.): Youth and stage . Ferdinand Hirt Verlag, Leipzig 1924, OCLC 613042198 .
• Free School Community Wickersdorf (Ed.): Circular letter from the Free School Community Wickersdorf to its external members and friends . o. V., Leipzig 1925, OCLC 315441218 .
• August Halm: To the parents of our students . Publishing house of the Free School Community Wickersdorf, Wickersdorf [1928?], OCLC 315319549 .
• August Halm: Wickersdorfer Gesänge . Publishing house of the Free School Community Wickersdorf, Wickersdorf [1928?], OCLC 1015821093 .
• Free school community Wickersdorf (ed.): Pictures from the free school community Wickersdorf . Self-published, Wickersdorf 1930, OCLC 72054441 .
• Free school community Wickersdorf (ed.): Pictures from the free school community Wickersdorf in winter . Self-published, Wickersdorf [around 1930], OCLC 72054439 .
• Free School Community Wickersdorf: Principles of the Free School Community Wickersdorf . o. V., Wickersdorf, [approx. 1930], OCLC 263671892 .
• Jaap Kool: Das Saxophon (= JJ Weber's illustrated handbooks; 280 p. With numerous illustrations and music examples). J. J. Weber, Leipzig 1931 (reprints: (German) Bochinsky, Frankfurt am Main 1989, ISBN 3-923639-81-3 ; The Saxophone (engl.), Egon 1987, ISBN 0-905858-40-9 ).
• Free school community Wickersdorf (ed.): Daily course in pictures. Hübsch, Berlin / Leipzig 1932, OCLC 72387608 .
• Free school community Wickersdorf (ed.): Photo report of the school community Wickersdorf . o. V., [approx. 1933], OCLC 66438988 .

School start-ups initiated by the FSG

For a number of teachers, pedagogical work within the Free School Community of Wickersdorf seemed not only to be suitable preparation for setting up their own schools, but also to provoke them downright.

• 1910: Odenwald School - by Edith Geheeb and Paul Geheeb in Ober-Hambach near Heppenheim an der Bergstraße in southern Hesse
• 1912: Dürerschule - by Georg Hellmuth Neuendorff in Hochwaldhausen in Central Hesse in Vogelsberg
• 1919: Free school and work community - by Hermione Uffrecht (1898-1961) and Bernhard Uffrecht first on the grounds of the state park Fürstenlager in southern Hesse Auerbach in Bensheim on the mountain road in Odenwald , then on the Sinntalhof in Lower Franconia Brückenau , later in Brandenburg Dreilinden at Potsdam and finally in the hunting lodge near Letzlingen in the Altmark of Saxony
• 1919: Free school and work community Sinntalhof - by Max Bondy and Ernst Putz in Brückenau in Lower Franconia
• 1925: School by the sea - by Martin Luserke on the East Frisian North Sea island of Juist
• 1930: Original school - by Bernhard Hell in Schelklingen in today's Alb-Donau district

criticism

• The reform pedagogue Max Bondy stated: The majority of the reform pedagogy pupils take "a kind of sideline position outside in life". They only felt comfortable when they were with their “school community” or their school “comradeship”, because “they found it difficult to connect with other people”. However, it is not based on a pedagogical error. Instead, this is a “positive confirmation” of the school atmosphere. “Just as the situation outside is today [meaning: during the Third Reich ], these difficulties must arise if our upbringing was correct and it affects precisely those who have been the longest ... [in school] and those who are most intense … Have participated in [school] life […] I am also convinced that the difficulties do not stem from the fact that our… [pupils] surpass other people in terms of spirit or other qualities and are therefore bored with them be. Our ... [students] are certainly not superior to average people and other people in disposition. It seems to me that the main cause of the feeling of foreignness among the ... [students] in the outside world lies in the fact that they notice that certain things are being neglected outside, on which ... [within the school] - less in theory than through the whole pattern of life - the greatest value is placed. ... [At school] the focus is on the human being, however not just any human being, but valid humanity in general and education for this humanity. As a result, a sense of human form has grown in them, for human dignity, for human cleanliness, honesty and thoroughness. "
• Adolf Grimme , then Magdeburg High School Councilor , later Ministerialrat in the Prussian Ministry of Education, personal advisor to the Ministry of Education and finally Prussian Minister for Science, Art and Public Education, wrote to Luserke on July 13, 1926: In view of the high fluctuation in the rural education centers, whatever comes and have no choice. "Valuable" teachers can therefore hardly be found. As a result, one could speak of “any pioneering work neither in terms of teaching nor education”. In addition, much of what was previously only possible in rural education centers, "can now also be carried out in large city schools, if only the staff works accordingly" and the concepts are implemented.
• After the First World War, Fritz Karsen wrote that Gustav Wyneken was “the most powerful pedagogical stimulus of the present day: permeated by the deepest ancestors of social development, he wrested the school from the dreary, soulless mechanism of learning. [...] She is the living place of the youth [...], it is autonomous community and their sense away all outward purposes only of the culture, as the ministry of the Spirit. "In 1928 he expressed, however, a fundamental criticism of the country residential schools of Hermann Lietz , to Gustav Wyneken's Free School Community of Wickersdorf , at Paul Geheeb's Odenwald School , at Martin Luserkes School by the Sea on the North Sea island of Juist and at Bernhard Uffrecht's Free School and Work Community . These would create an “artificial milieu” for the “students from the most diverse areas and milieus” and “create education in isolation from everyday life”.
• The historian Winfried Mogge is considered a profound Wyneken connoisseur. He states that it is "a propagation of legends that Wyneken has partly brought into the world" when he is called "the" founder of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf "". “In fact, this school was founded in 1906 as a secession of seven young teachers from the Lietzschen Landerziehungsheim Haubinda , and without the mercilessly ousted colleague Paul Geheeb , who received the concession for the re-establishment, Wyneken would not have been able to work here. Throughout his life - suppressing the periods and achievements of leaders such as Martin Luserke , Bernhard Hell , Bernhard Uffrecht , August Halm and Peter Suhrkamp - he [Gustav Wyneken] claimed the monopoly of interpretation for the school, which was supposedly spiritually founded by him and mystified as an early Christian community . For a time at the center of pedagogical, ideological and cultural-political discussions of his time, Gustav Wyneken fell like a comet from heaven after a sensational trial and his conviction as a pederast (1922). To this day he is considered a leading figure in the historical bourgeois youth movement and the originator of an emancipatory »youth culture movement« - a role that he himself saw sealed after his death by handing over his written estate to the archive of the German youth movement ( Ludwigstein Castle ). "
• The educational scientist Jürgen Oelkers described concepts such as that of course teaching or the “school community” as “untried and weak”. To stylize “outsiders” like Hermann Lietz, Gustav Wyneken or Martin Luserke as “great educators” was part of a self-presentation through which one was looking for followers and customers. German reform pedagogy has never been a “great and significant educational movement” .
• The reform pedagogue Paul Oestreich formulated in a letter to Theodor Litt in 1924 : “If you see the problems of the world situation as I do, then“ experimental schools ”can be of little use. "Educational oases" are pretty medieval monastery visions. "

Known people related to the school

→ Main article : List of well-known people related to the Free School Community of Wickersdorf

The people teaching and learning at the Free School Community of Wickersdorf , the parents of the pupils, the sponsors and shop stewards of the school show how the educational reform school project was embedded in the society of that time and its development.

Alumni meeting

Meetings of former students of the FSG take place. The last major cross-class meeting took place on the occasion of the 100th anniversary on September 9, 2006.

literature

School publications

• Dieter Barth: 75th anniversary of the special school EOS Wickersdorf September 1981 . mcb-Verlag, Baden-Baden 1997, ISBN 978-3-932896-00-2 .
• ders .: The boarding school Wickersdorf from 1945 to 1991 (= edition “die westfront”, volume 2). mcb-Verlag, Baden-Baden 1999, ISBN 3-932896-01-7 .
• Free school community Wickersdorf (ed.): First annual report of the free school community Wickersdorf. September 1, 1906 - March 1, 1908 . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1908.
• ders .: Annual report of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1908, OCLC 250824016 .
• ders .: Wickersdorfer Jahrbuch 1909–1910. Treatises on the program and the second annual report of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf. March 1, 1908 - January 1, 1910 . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1910, OCLC 504224549 .
• ders .: Wickersdorfer yearbook. Treatises on the curriculum of the free school community (until 1909/10). Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1910, OCLC 183383415 .
• ders .: Program of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf . o. O. 1909, OCLC 254015571 .
• ders .: Program of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf . cit . 1910, OCLC 917827757 .
• ders .: Program of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf . No. 1911, OCLC 604378452 .
• ders .: Chronicle. To the external members and friends of the FSG , o. Verl. U. Location 1915-1916, OCLC 315441222 .
• ders .: To redesign the school system. Demands of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf for the reorganization of the school system . 1918, OCLC 315319959 .
• ders .: Report on the teacher crisis in Wickersdorf. Winter 1927/28 . O. O. 1928, OCLC 315211062 .
• ders .: Pictures from the Free School Community of Wickersdorf . Self-published, Wickersdorf 1930, OCLC 72054441 .
• ders .: Free school community Wickersdorf. Daily run in pictures . Hübsch, Berlin / Leipzig 1932, OCLC 72387608 .
• August Halm : Wickersdorfer Gesänge . Edited on behalf of the Free School Community Wickersdorf, o. O., o. J., OCLC 720607958 .
• Walter Hammer-Hoesterey: For the twentieth anniversary of the school community Wickersdorf . In: Junge Menschen , special issue, 7th year 1926, issue 11th Melle 1926, OCLC 258063716 .
• L. Veeh: The free school community Wickersdorf as a future school . In: Der Schulfreund , supplement 2 (= pedagogy and philosophy). Riethmüller, Kirchheim 1913, OCLC 73019954 .
• Gustav Wyneken : My relationship with Wickersdorf . Otto Henning, Greiz 1916, OCLC 162430502 .
• ders .: Guiding principles of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf . O. O. [1920], OCLC 917827757 .
• ders .: Wickersdorf . Adolf Saal Verlag, Lauenburg / Elbe 1922, OCLC 53141612 .
• ders .: Spitteler's visit to Wickersdorf . In: Neue Schweizer Rundschau , N.F. 26 (1948), Issue 1, OCLC 605664453 , pp. 56-63.
• Oberschule Wickersdorf: Festschrift 50 years Oberschule Wickersdorf 1906–1956 . Mitzlaff, Rudolstadt 1956, OCLC 249728177 .
• Hilmar Höckner: August Halm and the music in the free school community Wickersdorf . G. Kallmeyer, Wolfenbüttel 1927, OCLC 21590165 .
• Franz Hilker : German School Trials . CA Schwetschke, Berlin 1924, OCLC 250122489 (therein: Free School Community Wickersdorf ).
• GW Klein: The Free School Community of Wickersdorf. A sociological attempt . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1921, OCLC 162975148 .
• Alfred Knopf: Wickersdorf then and now . Neuenhahn, Jena 1938, OCLC 72150454 .
• Wickersdorf community: Wickersdorf - a school of life. 1906-2006. A contribution to the chronicle in pictures , [ed. on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf ]. Self-published, Wickersdorf 2006, OCLC 180130207 .
• Erwin Fischer : Basics from the ideas of the school community Wickersdorf , ed. v. School community Wickersdorf Wickersdorf 1933 OCLC 721169000 .
• ders .: Photo report of the school community Wickersdorf. The school community is building a swimming pond . Wickersdorf b. Saalfeld-S. 1933, OCLC 72054226 .
• ders .: Photo report of the school community Wickersdorf . Wickersdorf b. Saalfeld-S. 1937, OCLC 72054229 .
• Eva Seeber : The Free School Community of Wickersdorf - a school reform testimony from the years 1906 to 1933 and its confrontation with the Nazi dictatorship. In: Dieter Matzukat, Peter Hahn (ed.): Free school community Wickersdorf - memories, thoughts, activities from different years , Volume 3, self-published 2002 ( online ).
• Special school EOS Wickersdorf: Humanist tradition and socialist present. 1906-1981. Saalfeld 1981.
• Martin Luserke : Third annual report of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf. January 1, 1910 - June 1, 1911 . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1911.
• ders .: Fourth annual report of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf. June 1, 1911 - October 1, 1912 . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1912.
• ders .: Program of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf . Self-published 1912, OCLC 254429350 .
• ders .: Theater performances at the free school community and school performances in general . In: Fourth annual report of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf. June 1, 1911 - October 1, 1912 . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1912, pp. 45–55.
• ders .: Wickersdorfer Jahrbuch 1914. Treatises on the curriculum of the free school community . Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1914.
• ders .: School community. Building the new school . Berlin 1919, OCLC 561230178 .
• ders .: Propaganda writing of the Free School Community Wickersdorf, which out of the practice of a reform school presents its principles and experiences . The Free School Community of Wickersdorf near Saalfeld a. d. Saale [approx. 1920], OCLC 257665056 .
• ders .: The free school community Wickersdorf near Saalfeld ad Saale . N / A , OCLC 72230247 .
• ders .: The Free School Community of Wickersdorf . In: Franz Hilker (Ed.): German School Trials. C. A. Schwetschke, Berlin 1924, pp. 77-89, OCLC 250122489 .

Secondary literature

• Archive of the German youth movement (ed.): Historical youth research - The free school community Wickersdorf . In: Yearbook of the Archives of the German Youth Movement , N. F. 3/2006, Schwalbach am Taunus 2007, ISBN 3-89974-395-4 .
• Peter Bernhard: The Free School Community of Wickersdorf and the State Bauhaus Weimar . In: Peter Bernhard (Ed.): Bauhaus lectures. 2017, ISBN 978-3-7861-2770-3 , pp. [59] -65.
• Peter Dudek : "The Oedipus from Kurfürstendamm". A Wickersdorf student and his matricide in 1930 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2015, ISBN 978-3-7815-2026-4 .
• ders .: “You are and will remain the old abstract ideologue!” The reform pedagogue Gustav Wyneken (1875–1964) - A biography . Verlag Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2017, ISBN 978-3-7815-2176-6 .
• ders .: "Experimental field for a new youth". The Free School Community of Wickersdorf 1906–1945 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7815-1681-6 .
• ders .: "Life lived in advance" - The memories of the Communist Reichstag member Ernst Putz of his school days in Wickersdorf . In: Gudrun Fiedler , Susanne Rappe-Weber, Detlef Siegfried (Eds.): Collecting - opening up - networking: youth culture and social movements in the archive . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2014, ISBN 978-3-8470-0340-3 , p. 161 ff.
• René Gass: In the early death. The short life of the war volunteer Otto Braun (1897–1918) . Chronos, Zurich 2014, ISBN 978-3-0340-1229-4 .
• Alfred Ehrentreich : Stefan George in the Wickersdorf Free School Community . Castrum Peregrini Presse, Amsterdam [1972]. Reprint from: Castrum Peregrini, No. 101, 1972, OCLC 755055136 , pp. 62-79.
• Jörg Ziegenspeck : Martin Luserke - Notes on the life and work of the reform pedagogue . Lecture at the opening of the exhibition Martin Luserke - Reform Pedagogue - Writers on the Sea and on the Seashore , October 9, 1988, Morgenstern Museum in Bremerhaven ( online ).
• Dietmar Haubfleisch: Dr. Alfred Ehrentreich (1896–1998) . Marburg 1999 ( online ).
• Heike Heilmann: Gustav Wyneken and his endeavors to train a new youth using the example of his personal dealings with students, parents and colleagues from the Free School Community of Wickersdorf . Master's thesis, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main 2004, OCLC 178793973 .
• Hans Peter Schöniger: The education of the whole person. On the history of a reform pedagogical ideal . Phil. Diss., Schneider-Verlag Hohengehren, Baltmannsweiler 2004, ISBN 978-3-89676-796-7 .
• Alexander Priebe: From school running to school sport. The reform of physical training in the German rural education centers and the Free School Community of Wickersdorf from 1898 to 1933 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2007, ISBN 978-3-7815-1561-1 .
• Bernadette Proske: Gustav Wyneken and the Free School Community of Wickersdorf . GRIN Verlag, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-638-59939-9 .
• Horst-Dieter Ritz: "Wickersdorfer Höhenflug". Born from 1961 to 1965. Natural science branch of the extended boarding school Wickersdorf . Print Media Center Gotha, 2010, ISBN 978-3-939182-27-6 .
• Alfred Schröder: The educational views of Gustav Wyneken and their realization in the free school community Wickersdorf . Diploma thesis / dissertation, University of Leipzig 1964, OCLC 918055612 .
• Nicole Taschewski: Gustav Wynecken and the free school community Wickersdorf . GRIN Verlag, Munich 2007, ISBN 978-3-638-79029-1 .
• Bernhard Uffrecht : Dr. Gustav Wyneken. A defense and settlement. Response from the Free School Community of Wickersdorf to Dr. Wyneken's writing: Ẁickersdorf - A cross section. Eugen Diederichs, Jena 1917, OCLC 79326428 .
• Erwin Fischer. Lawyer, publicist, civil rights activist. Estate 1904–1996 . In: Institute for Contemporary History, Munich and Berlin 1996, signature ED 445.
• The Free School Community of Wickersdorf . In: Yearbook of the Archives of the German Youth Movement, Historical Youth Research , NF Volume 3/2006.
• Thijs Maasen: Pedagogical Eros. Gustav Wyneken and the Free School Community of Wickersdorf . Männerschwarm Verlag, Berlin 1998, ISBN 3-86149-032-3 .
• Dieter Matzukat, Peter Hahn (eds.): Free school community Wickersdorf - memories, thoughts, activities from different years (5 volumes), 2002.
• Sabine Meisel: Gustav Wyneken. His educational philosophy and its practical implementation in the free school community Wickersdorf . Master's thesis, Justus Liebig University Giessen 1988, OCLC 180457122 .
• Wolfgang Näser: Halm, August (1869–1929): On the fate of Beethoven's music . In: Beethoven , 1927 ( online ).
• Konrad Landrock: Friedrich Georg Houtermans (1903–1966). A great physicist of the 20th century . In: Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau . Vol. 56, Issue 4, 2003, pp. 187-199 ( online ).

Memories, novels, etc. Ä. related to school

• Lise Urban: Experiences in the Free School Community of Wickersdorf 1906–1933. To commemorate the 90th day the Free School Community of Wickersdorf was founded , ed. v. Heimatverein Wickersdorf. Wickersdorf 1996, OCLC 246153209 .
• Hans Brandenburg : Munich shone. Childhood memories . Munich 1953, pp. 445-495.
• Erich Ebermayer: Battle for Odilienberg . Zsolnay, Berlin / Vienna / Leipzig 1929.
• Ines Geipel : The magazine . Novel. Transit, Berlin 1999, ISBN 978-3-88747-146-0 .
• Haiko Jakob: Wickersdorf. Memories of Wickersdorf . Rockstuhl, Bad Langensalza 2007, ISBN 978-3-86777-007-1 .
• Volker Kluge : Otto the Strange . Parthas-Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-932529-74-X .
• Almut Körting: youth culture and youth castle idea . In: Köpfchen, 2000/2001, 3-4, pp. 4-9.
• Herbert Kühnert : My first visit to the Wickersdorf Free School Community (summer / autumn 1908) . In: Memories of Gustav Wyneken . 1966, OCLC 634408202 .

Audio

• Ines Geipel : Die Russische , radio play, Deutschlandradio, Berlin 2002, director: Christiane Ohaus , composition: Christoph Grund, 87:16 min. (September 23, 2018, 6:30 pm)

TV documentaries

• FSG student Erich Krems at At 17… The Century of Youth (6:00 min.), Deutsche Welle
• Stasi in the schoolyard (WDR, MDR) by Annette Baumeister from 2012. The documentary describes the fate of young people in their schools from the GDR - state security service were pressured and enlisted. The story of two schoolgirls from Wickersdorf is also told in the documentation.

Web links

Commons : Freie Schulgemeinde Wickersdorf  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Peter Hahn's private website with the option to read his five-part publication on FSG Wickersdorf
• Wickersdorf between 1900 and 1950 , website of the Heimatverein Wickersdorf with contemporary photos of the place and the free school community

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Alfred Knopf: The school community . In: ders .: Wickersdorf then and now , Neuenhahn, Jena 1938.
2. ↑ Alexander Priebe: From school running to school sport. The reform of physical training in the German rural education centers and the Free School Community of Wickersdorf from 1898 to 1933 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2007, ISBN 978-3-7815-1561-1 , p. 124.
3. ↑ ^{a b c} Peter Dudek : "Everything good average"? Impressions of the student body of the FSG Wickersdorf 1906–1945 . In: JHB 23rd Yearbook for Historical Educational Research 2017 . Verlag Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2018, ISBN 978-3-7815-2237-4 , pp. 234-279 (citation: p. 234).
4. ↑ Florian Telsnig: The rebellion of the youth against the enthusiasm for war of their teachers: Benjamin - Wyneken, Scholem - Buber, Kraft - Borchardt. In: Yearbook for European Jewish Literature Studies. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2014, ISSN  2196-6249 .
5. ↑ ^{a b c} Winfried Mogge: Review of criticism of childhood by Gustav Wyneken. In: Zeitschrift für Sozialpädagogik (ZfSp), H. 2/2016, pp. 215–222.
6. ↑ Peter Dudek: “You are and will remain the old abstract ideologue!” The reform pedagogue Gustav Wyneken (1875–1864). A biography . Julius Klinkhardt, 2017, ISBN 978-3-7815-2176-6 , p. 104.
7. ↑ ^{a b} Alexander Priebe: From school running to school sport. The reform of physical training in the German rural education centers and the Free School Community of Wickersdorf from 1898 to 1933 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2007, ISBN 978-3-7815-1561-1 , p. 114.
8. ↑ Winfried Mogge: Retaliation for the botched school days. Gustav Wyneken's authoritarian pedagogy between the Protestant monastery school and the free school community . In: Richard Faber (Ed.): Total institutions? Cadet schools, convent schools and country schools in beautiful literature. Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2013, pp. 195–231.
9. ^ Ulrich Panter: Gustav Wyneken. Life and work . Beltz, Weinheim 1960, p. 30.
10. ^ Heinrich Kupffer: Gustav Wyneken . E. Klett, Stuttgart 1970, p. 170.
11. ↑ Peter Dudek: "Experimental field for a new youth". The Free School Community of Wickersdorf 1906–1945 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7815-1681-6 , p. 79.
12. ↑ Peter Dudek: "Experimental field for a new youth". The Free School Community of Wickersdorf 1906–1945 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7815-1681-6 , p. 87.
13. ^ Heiner Barz : Handbuch Bildungsreform und Reformpädagogik . Springer-Verlag, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-07491-3 , p. 81.
14. ↑ Carola Groppe : Stefan George, the George Circle and Reform Education between the turn of the century and the Weimar Republic . In: Bernhard Böschenstein , Wolfgang Graf Vitzthum , Bertram Schefold , Jürgen Egyptien (eds.): Scientists in the George Circle. The world of the poet and the profession of science . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2005, ISBN 978-3-11-018304-7 , pp. 311-328 (quotation point p. 320).
15. ↑ ^{a b c} Peter Dudek : "Experimental field for a new youth". The Free School Community of Wickersdorf 1906–1945 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7815-1681-6 , p. 330.
16. ↑ Peter Dudek: “You are and will remain the old abstract ideologue!” The reform pedagogue Gustav Wyneken (1875–1864). A biography . Julius Klinkhardt, 2017, ISBN 978-3-7815-2176-6 , p. 115.
17. ↑ Peter Dudek: “You are and will remain the old abstract ideologue!” The reform pedagogue Gustav Wyneken (1875–1864). A biography . Julius Klinkhardt, 2017, ISBN 978-3-7815-2176-6 , p. 115.
18. ↑ Hans Peter Elsaesser: Memories of the Free School Community Wickersdorf in the years 1925/26 . In: Dieter Matzukat, Peter Hahn (ed.): The free school community Wickersdorf. Memories, Thoughts, Activities from Different Years , Volume 2, pp. 18-20.
19. ↑ Peter Dudek: "Life lived in advance" - The memories of the Communist Reichstag member Ernst Putz of his school days in Wickersdorf . In: Gudrun Fiedler , Susanne Rappe-Weber, Detlef Siegfried (Eds.): Collecting - opening up - networking: youth culture and social movements in the archive . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2014, ISBN 978-3-8470-0340-3 , pp. 161ff. (Quotation: p. 180)
20. ^ ^{A b} Rudolf J. Jaray: Memory of the country school home of the Free School Community Wickersdorf . In: Dieter Matzukat, Peter Hahn (ed.): The free school community Wickersdorf. Memories, Thoughts, Activities from Different Years , Volume 2, pp. 13-17.
21. ↑ Bruno Hamann: History of the school system. Becoming and changing schools in the context of ideas and social history . Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 1993, ISBN 978-3-7815-0748-7 , p. 198.
22. ^ Karl Körner: Martin Luserke. In: Meldorfer Hausfreund - Official newspaper for the announcements of the authorities of the city of Meldorf and the Meldorfer economic area , 7th year, No. 35, May 3, 1955, p. 1.
23. ^ Andreas Hoffmann: School and Acculturation . Waxmann Verlag, Münster 1999, ISBN 978-3-8309-5902-1 , p. 110.
24. ^ Gustav Wyneken: Wickersdorf . Adolf Saal Verlag, Lauenburg / Elbe 1922, p. 56, OCLC 705394263
25. ^ Gustav Wyneken: Eros . Adolf Saal Verlag, Lauenburg / Elbe 1921, OCLC 578450089
26. ↑ Christian Füller : Fall of Man. How the reform school abused its ideals . Dumont Buchverlag, Cologne 2010, ISBN 978-3-8321-9634-9 , pp. 132, 133.
27. ^ ^{A b c} Eva Seeber : The free school community Wickersdorf in the Nazi era . In: Historical youth research. Yearbook of the Archives of the German Youth Movement. The Free School Community of Wickersdorf . NF Volume 3/2006, Wochenschau Verlag, Schwalbach am Taunus 2006, ISBN 3-89974-395-4 , pp. 216–242.
28. ↑ Peter Dudek: "Experimental field for a new youth". The Free School Community of Wickersdorf 1906–1945 . Verlag Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7815-1681-6 , p. 89.
29. ↑ Meike Sophia Baader: Blind spots in the debate about sexualized violence. Pedagogical Eros and Sexual Revolution from a gender, generation and childhood historical perspective . In: Werner Thole (Hrsg.): Sexualized violence, power and pedagogy . Budrich, Opladen et al. 2012, ISBN 978-3-8474-0046-2 , pp. 84-99 (citation p. 88).
30. ↑ Peter Dudek: "Experimental field for a new youth". The Free School Community of Wickersdorf 1906–1945 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7815-1681-6 , p. 153.
31. ↑ Alexander Priebe: From school running to school sport. The reform of physical training in the German rural education centers and the Free School Community of Wickersdorf from 1898 to 1933 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2007, ISBN 978-3-7815-1561-1 , p. 110.
32. ^ ^{A b} Peter Dudek: "Experimental field for a new youth". The Free School Community of Wickersdorf 1906–1945 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7815-1681-6 , p. 194.
33. ↑ Alexander Priebe: From school running to school sport. The reform of physical training in the German rural education centers and the Free School Community of Wickersdorf from 1898 to 1933 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2007, ISBN 978-3-7815-1561-1 , pp. 21, 116, 118.
34. ↑ ^{a b} Peter Dudek: Farewell to educational eros. In: Der Tagesspiegel , March 18, 2010, on: tagesspiegel.de
35. ^ Klaus-Peter Horn : Educational Science in Germany in the 20th Century. To develop the social and professional structure of the discipline from initial institutionalization to expansion . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrinn 2003, ISBN, pp. 318–321, 350–352.
36. ↑ Jürgen Oelkers : What remains of reform pedagogy? In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , March 16, 2010, on: faz.net
37. ^ Gustav Wyneken: Wickersdorf . Adolf Saal Verlag, Lauenburg / Elbe 1922, p. 33, OCLC 705394263
38. ↑ Hans Peter Schöniger: The education of the whole person. On the history of a reform pedagogical ideal . Phil. Diss., Schneider-Verlag Hohengehren, Baltmannsweiler 2004, ISBN 978-3-89676-796-7 , p. 356.
39. ^ Bernhard Hell: The free school community Wickersdorf . In: Das Alumnat , H. 5/6 (1913), pp. 241–220 (citation: p. 219).
40. ↑ Alexander Priebe: From school running to school sport. The reform of physical training in the German rural education centers and the Free School Community of Wickersdorf from 1898 to 1933. Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2007, ISBN 978-3-7815-1561-1 , pp. 111–112.
41. ^ Edgar Salin: To Stefan George. Memory and testimony . Küpper (formerly Bondi), Munich and Düsseldorf 1954, p. 32f. Quoted from: Wolfgang Braungart : Stefan George and the youth movement . Springer-Verlag, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-476-04575-1 , pp. 86–87.
42. ^ Thomas Karlauf : Stefan George. The discovery of the charism. Pantheon Verlag, Munich 2008, ISBN 978-3-570-55076-2 , p. 397.
43. ^ Alfred Ehrentreich : Stefan George in the free school community Wickersdorf . 1972, p. 77.
44. ^ Bernhard Böschenstein , Wolfgang Graf Vitzthum , Bertram Schefold , Jürgen Egyptien (eds.): Scientists in the George circle. The world of the poet and the profession of science . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2005, ISBN 978-3-11-018304-7 , p. 321.
45. ↑ ^{a b} Alexander Priebe: From school running to school sport. The reform of physical training in the German rural education centers and the Free School Community of Wickersdorf from 1898 to 1933. Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2007, ISBN 978-3-7815-1561-1 , pp. 131-133.
46. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Thomas Spanier: Wickersdorf: When the school shapes the village. In: Ostthüringer Zeitung , May 14, 2014, on: otz.de
47. ^ Peter Dudek: Fetish youth: Walter Benjamin and Siegfried Bernfeld - youth protest on the eve of the First World War . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2002, ISBN 978-3-7815-1226-9 , p. 27.
48. ↑ Dieter Matzukat, Peter Hahn (ed.): The free school community Wickersdorf. Memories, thoughts, activities from different years , Volume 1, p. 49.
49. ↑ Peter Dudek: "Experimental field for a new youth". The Free School Community of Wickersdorf 1906–1945 . Verlag Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7815-1681-6 , p. 82.
50. ↑ Walther Killy : Literature Lexicon . Volume 7: Kräm - Marp. Verlag Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-11-022049-0 , pp. 575-576.
51. ↑ Martin Luserke. In: Munzinger Archive , on: munzinger.de
52. ^ Heinrich Kupffer: Gustav Wyneken . Ernst Klett, Stuttgart 1970, p. 62, OCLC 637086068
53. ↑ Elisabeth Badry: Educational genius in an education for non-adaptation and for commitment. Studies on the founders of the early German Landerziehungsheim movement - Hermann Lietz and Gustav Wyneken . Phil. Dissertation, University of Bonn, 1976, p. 229.
54. ↑ Alexander Priebe: From Schulturnen to School Sports: The Reform of Physical Training in the German Landerziehungsheimen and the Free School Community of Wickersdorf from 1898 to 1933. Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2007, ISBN 978-3-7815-1561-1 , pp. 117ff.
55. ↑ Hans-Windekilde Jannasch: Martin Luserke. In: Spätlese - Encounters with Contemporaries. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1973, on: luserke.net
56. ↑ Alfred Ehrentreich: School reform experienced 50 years - experiences of a Berlin pedagogue (= studies on educational reform, 11). Edited by Wolfgang Keim , Frankfurt am Main / Bern / New York City 1985, ISBN 978-3-8204-7790-0 , p. 226.
57. ↑ Alexander Priebe: From school running to school sport. The reform of physical training in the German rural education centers and the Free School Community of Wickersdorf from 1898 to 1933. Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2007, ISBN 978-3-7815-1561-1 , pp. 119–120.
58. ↑ George Barbizon: Report from the first Freideutschen Jugendtag . In: The Beginning , No. 1 (1913), H. 7, p. 194.
59. ^ Gideon Botsch , Josef Haverkamp: Youth Movement, Anti-Semitism and Right-Wing Politics: From the “Freideutschen Jugendtag” to the present . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-11-030642-2 , p. 78.
60. ^ Leopold Klepacki: School theater . Waxmann Verlag, Münster 2004, ISBN 978-3-8309-6416-2 , p. 58ff.
61. ^ Martin Luserke: Youth and Stage . Ferdinand Hirt Verlag, Breslau 1924, p. 86.
62. ↑ Peter Dudek: "Experimental field for a new youth". The Free School Community of Wickersdorf 1906–1945 . Verlag Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7815-1681-6 , pp. 130-131.
63. ↑ Peter Dudek: Fetish youth. Walter Benjamin and Siegfried Bernfeld - youth protest on the eve of the First World War . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2002.
64. ↑ Martin Kießig : Martin Luserke. Shape and work. Attempt to interpret the essence . Phil. Diss. University of Leipzig, J. Särchen Verlag. Berlin 1936; quoted from The Journey of Martin Luserke . Lecture by Kurt Sydow on the 100th birthday of Martin Luserke on May 3, 1980, at: luserke.net
65. ↑ ^{a b} Martin Kießig : Martin Luserke. Shape and work. Attempt to interpret the essence . Phil. Diss., University of Leipzig. J. Särchen, Berlin 1936, p. 23.
66. ^ Hans Brandenburg: Wickersdorf . In: Die Tat Nr. 5, 1914, pp. 1291-1293.
67. ↑ Peter Dudek: “You are and will remain the old abstract ideologue!” The reform pedagogue Gustav Wyneken (1875–1864). A biography . Julius Klinkhardt, 2017, ISBN 978-3-7815-2176-6 , p. 266.
68. ↑ Peter Dudek: "Experimental field for a new youth". The Free School Community of Wickersdorf 1906–1945 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7815-1681-6 , p. 274.
69. ↑ Hermann Kurzke : Thomas Mann. Life as a work of art . C. H. Beck, Munich 2006, ISBN 978-3-406-55166-6 , p. 374.
70. ↑ Peter Dudek: "Experimental field for a new youth". The Free School Community of Wickersdorf 1906–1945. Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7815-1681-6 , pp. 78-79; it contains the minutes with the written statements of the students Heinz Herrmann and Viktor Behrens, signed by FSG teacher Kurt Hoffmann, September 30, 1920.
71. ^ Thijs Maasen: Pedagogical Eros. Gustav Wyneken and the Free School Community of Wickersdorf (= social science studies on homosexuality, edited by Rüdiger Lautmann ). Verlag Rosa Winkel, Berlin 1995, ISBN 3-86149-032-3 .
72. ↑ Magdalena Klinger: Pedagogical Eros. Eroticism in teaching and learning relationships from a context-analytical and historical perspective . Logos Verlag, Berlin 2011, ISBN 978-3-8325-2923-9 , p. 230.
73. ^ Gustav Wyneken: Eros . Adolf Saal Verlag, Lauenburg / Elbe 1921.
74. ↑ ^{a b} Peter Dudek: "The Oedipus from Kurfürstendamm" - A Wickersdorf pupil and his matricide in 1930 . Julius Klinkhardt, 2015, ISBN 978-3-7815-2026-4 , pp. 56-57.
75. ↑ Peter Dudek: “You are and will remain the old abstract ideologue!” The reform pedagogue Gustav Wyneken (1875–1864). A biography . Julius Klinkhardt, 2017, ISBN 978-3-7815-2176-6 , pp. 328–331.
76. ↑ Dietmar Haubfleisch: Dr. Alfred Ehrentreich (1896–1998). Marburg 1999, on: uni-marburg.de
77. ↑ ^{a b c} Erik Ode: The Commissioner and I. The Erik Ode story . RS Schulz Verlag, Percha / Munich 1972, p. 76ff.
78. ↑ Peter Dudek: “You are and will remain the old abstract ideologue!” The reform pedagogue Gustav Wyneken (1875–1864). A biography . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2017, ISBN 978-3-7815-2176-6 , p. 134.
79. ↑ ^{a b c} Peter Dudek: "Experimental field for a new youth". The Free School Community of Wickersdorf 1906–1945 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7815-1681-6 , pp. 11-12.
80. ↑ Erik Ode: In Napoleon's footsteps . In: Frau im Spiegel , series How I see it , o. No., o. Jg. Quoted from: Dieter Matzukat, Peter Hahn (Ed.): Die Freie Schulgemeinde Wickersdorf. Memories, Thoughts, Activities from Different Years , Volume 1, pp. 13–15.
81. ↑ Peter Dudek: "Experimental field for a new youth". The Free School Community of Wickersdorf 1906–1945 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7815-1681-6 , p. 296.
82. ^ Martin Luserke: The free school community Wickersdorf . In: Franz Hilker (Ed.): German School Trials . Berlin 1924, pp. 77-90 (citation: p. 84).
83. ↑ ^{a b} Peter Dudek: “The Oedipus from Kurfürstendamm”. A Wickersdorf student and his matricide in 1930 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2015, ISBN 978-3-7815-2026-4 , p. 60.
84. ^ The curriculum vitae of Heinrich [d. i. Peter] Suhrkamp from February 4, 1952. In: German Literature Archive Marbach.
85. ↑ Barbara Stambolis : Youth Moves: Essays on autobiographical texts by Werner Heisenberg, Robert Jungk and many others . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2013, ISBN 978-3-8470-0004-4 , pp. 684-685.
86. ↑ Dieter Matzukat, Peter Hahn (ed.): The free school community Wickersdorf. Memories, Thoughts, Activities from Different Years , Volume 1, p. 12.
87. ↑ Philip Eppelsheim: The Truthfulness and Hartmut von Hentig. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , October 23, 2011, on: faz.net
88. ^ Reform pedagogy and sexual abuse. In: Matthias Hofmann: Past and present of free alternative schools. An introduction . Klemm & Oelschläger, Münster / Ulm 2013, ISBN 978-3-86281-057-4 , on: freie-alternativschulen.de
89. ↑ Notes (prison diary, memories and suicide note) from Ernst Putz in pre-trial detention in Berlin-Moabit, summer 1933. Typewritten transcription of his sister Charlotte Putz (1903–1960) without page numbers. In: Federal Archives, BArch NY 4156, StA 3.
90. ↑ Friedrich Schoenfelder: I was always me . Eulenspiegel Verlag Das Neue Berlin, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-359-00841-3 , p. 25.
91. ^ Otto Peltzer, NSDAP membership number 3280146, date of admission March 1, 1933; SS membership number 75534, expelled after his conviction, added to the warning files on November 17, 1936. Berlin Document Center , Personal Peltzer, Otto.
92. ↑ ^{a b} Alexander Priebe: From school running to school sport. The reform of physical training in the German rural education centers and the Free School Community of Wickersdorf from 1898 to 1933 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2007, ISBN 978-3-7815-1561-1 , pp. 165-166.
93. ↑ ^{a b c} Peter Dudek: "Experimental field for a new youth". The Free School Community of Wickersdorf 1906–1945 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7815-1681-6 , pp. 373-375.
94. ↑ Peter Dudek: Farewell to educational eros. In: Der Tagesspiegel , March 18, 2010, on: tagesspiegel.de
95. ^ René Nehring: Unpleasant Traditions . In: Rotary, November 15, 2013, at: rotary.de
96. ↑ Gustav Radbruch. Complete edition , Volume 18, Letters II 1919–1949. CF Müller, Munich 1995, ISBN 3-8114-4794-7 , p. 532.
97. ^ Gesellschaft für Exilforschung / Society for Exile Studies (Hrsg.): Newsletter / Newsletter: 1984 to 1993 with complete register . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3-11-095910-9 , p. 214.
98. ↑ Lucas Lchtenberg: Mij ​​krijgen ze niet levend. De zelfmoorden van mei 1940 . Uitgeverij Balans, Amsterdam 2017, ISBN 978-9-4600-3955-3 .
99. ↑ Hans-Heinz Sanden: The flaw. A youth between races and classes . Universitas Verlag, Munich 1990, ISBN 3-8004-1225-X , p. 81.
100. ↑ Peter Dudek: Experimental field for a new youth - The Free School Community Wickersdorf 1906-1945 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7815-1681-6 , p. 148.
101. ↑ ^{a b} “If you want to shine, you have to burn.” In: Der Spiegel , No. 42/1990, October 15, 1990.
102. ↑ Peter Dudek: Experimental field for a new youth - The Free School Community Wickersdorf 1906-1945 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7815-1681-6 , pp. 380-388.
103. ↑ Wayne Breslin: How to Balance NaCl + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + HCl (Sodium Chloride plus Sulfuric Acid) (1:38 min.), On: youtube.com (in English)
104. ↑ Danutė Selčinskaja: Algirdas Savickis . In: Vilna Gaon State Jewish Museum, October 1, 2017, at: jmuseum.lt
105. ↑ A. Gumbaragis: Pasakyk man dar vieną žodelį (Speak Just One More Word. Julija Savickienė's story). In: Švyturys , No. 8 (1963), p. 21.
106. ↑ Peter Dudek: "Experimental field for a new youth". The Free School Community of Wickersdorf 1906–1945 . Verlag Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7815-1681-6 , pp. 390ff.
107. ↑ Volker Kluge: Otto the Strange . Parthas-Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-932529-74-X , chapter 3.
108. ↑ Peter Dudek: Experimental field for a new youth - The Free School Community Wickersdorf 1906-1945 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7815-1681-6 , p. 415.
109. ^ Free school community Wickersdorf. History of the inventory builder . In: AdJb inventory A 224, archive of the German youth movement, Ludwigstein Castle, Witzenhausen, Hessen, on: hessen.de
110. ^ ^{A b c} Peter Dudek: Experimental field for a new youth - The Free School Community of Wickersdorf 1906–1945 . Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2009, ISBN 978-3-7815-1681-6 , p. 451.
111. ^ Withdrawal of the Americans and entry of Soviet occupation troops into Thuringia, 1. – 2. July 1945. Contemporary history in Hessen. In: Landesgeschichtliches Informationssystem Hessen (LAGIS).
112. ^ School community Wickersdorf a model school . In: Thüringer Volk , September 21, 1946. Quoted from: Dieter Matzukat, Peter Hahn (Ed.): Die Freie Schulgemeinde Wickersdorf. Memories, Thoughts, Activities from Different Years , Volume 1, p. 16.
113. ↑ Dieter Matzukat, Peter Hahn (ed.): The free school community Wickersdorf. Memories, Thoughts, Activities from Different Years , Volume 1, pp. 77–79.
114. ↑ ^{a b} Karin Opitz: Surprising at the end of the street: Visit to Wickersdorf in the Saalfeld-Rudolstadt district. In: Ostthüringer Zeitung , March 13, 2016, on: otz.de
115. ↑ Hartwig Schmidt: "If you want to shine, you have to burn yourself" (preliminary obituary for the Free School Community of Wickersdorf ). In: Deutschlandfunk, August 27, 1992.
116. ↑ Our community is on historical ground. In: Lebensgemeinschaft Wickersdorf, on: lg-wickersdorf.de
117. ↑ Excerpt from Max Bondy's morning language New Humanism (morning language booklet, 1933). In: Gesine zu Munster (ed.), Oswald Graf zu Munster: Photo diary Volume 2: In the Reich Labor Service 1937, Unter-Bernhard's Dept. 7/224 . FTB-Verlag, Hamburg 2015, ISBN 978-3-946144-01-4 , p. 7.
118. ^ Reply letter from Adolf Grimme, the Magdeburg High School Board for Higher Girls' Schools, to Martin Luserke, July 13, 1926 . In: Dieter Sauberzweig (Ed.): Adolf Grimme - letters . Wallstein, Göttingen 1967, ISBN 3-89244-133-2 , pp. 27-28.
119. ↑ Wickersdorf . In: Fritz Karsen: German experimental schools of the present and their problems . Dürr'sche Buchhandlung, Leipzig 1923, pp. 74–84.
120. ^ Fritz Karsen: The modern German elementary school. 1928, pp. 287-298, citations pp. 292, 293.
121. ↑ Jürgen Oelkers: Eros and Lichtgestalten: The Gurus of the Landerziehungsheime. (PDF file; 242 KB). at: uzh.ch , accessed on March 31, 2016.
122. ^ Paul Oestreich 1924, p. 374ff. Quoted from: Heiner Barz: Handbuch Bildungsreform und Reformpädagogik . Springer-Verlag, Berlin 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-07490-6 , p. 144.
123. ↑ Stasi in the school yard. In: ARD, on: ard.de

Coordinates: 50 ° 35 ′ 20.5 ″  N , 11 ° 15 ′ 7.2 ″  E