Hugo Bamberger

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Hugo Bamberger, around 1910

Hugo Bamberger (born August 12, 1887 in Lichtenfels , Upper Franconia , Bavaria ; † December 31, 1949 in New York City ) was a German-American chemist , entrepreneur and company founder.

family

Hugo Bamberger's parents: Sarah "Serry" Bamberger (1862–1925), née Ullmann, and her husband Philipp Bamberger (1858–1919), around 1916

He was the third son of the merchant and entrepreneur Philipp Bamberger (1858-1919) from Mitwitz in Upper Franconia and his wife Sarah "Serry" Ullmann (1862-1925) from Feuchtwangen . His two older brothers were the businessman and businessman Otto Bamberger (1885-1933) and the businessman and businessman Anton Bamberger (1886-1950), his younger brother was the businessman and businessman Ludwig Bamberger (1893-1964).

Hugo Bamberger grew up in his hometown Lichtenfels after his family had moved there shortly before his birth due to the relocation of their family business D. Bamberger . His grandfather David Bamberger (1811–1890), the founder of this company, moved to Lichtenfels on July 1, 1887. His family was of Jewish descent, but had a secular orientation.

Hugo Bamberger married Margarete "Gretel" (born February 21, 1902 in Nuremberg, † February 7, 1991 in New York City), née Schwarzhaupt, in 1923. She was the daughter of the businessman Joseph Schwarzhaupt (born November 30, 1869 in Regensburg , † October 30, 1940 in Nottinghamshire , England ) and his wife Emma (1878-1955). Joseph Schwarzhaupt was co-owner of a Franconian-Bavarian chain of branches that operated renowned clothing stores in Nuremberg, Regensburg and Straubing under the name of their founder as the fashion department store Emanuel Schwarzhaupt . The marriage resulted in two daughters, Susanne "Suse" (* 1925, later married Loebl) and Gabriele "Gabi" (* 1930, later married Lewinson), both born in Hanover.

School, training and study

The humanistic high school Casimirianum in Coburg

Hugo Bamberger attended the community school in his home town of Lichtenfels and then the humanistic grammar school in Coburg . After passing his matriculation examination in 1906, he learned the profession of pharmacist and passed the pharmaceutical pre- examination in 1909 . For the summer semester 1910 enrolled him at the Julius Maximilian University in Würzburg , where he studied pharmacy and chemistry . In the summer semester of 1912 he passed the pharmaceutical state examination and at the end of the winter semester of 1912/13 the chemical association examination . In the summer semester of 1913 he enrolled at the University of Zurich , where he began his inaugural dissertation in the winter semester of 1913/14 . In August 1914, both he and his doctoral supervisor , private lecturer Gustav Jantsch , were called up for military service.

At the end of the summer semester of 1919 he was able to resume work on his dissertation, now with Paul Karrer , who in 1937 received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Walter Norman Haworth . After the end of the war, however, problems arose in obtaining the necessary chemical substances, which is why Hugo Bamberger had to switch to zirconium tetra chloride . With the promotion on About addition , substitution and Halochromieerscheinungen in organic chemistry , he graduated as a Doctor Rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. Nat.) From. His dissertation was printed in the same year in the in-house printer of the Hanover-based company Jacobowitz & Co., GmbH , of which his older brother Anton was co-owner .

War effort

The brothers Ludwig (1893–1964), Otto (1885–1933), Hugo (1887–1949) and Anton (1886–1950) Bamberger, around 1910

Like his three brothers, Hugo Bamberger took part in the First World War. Since German Jewish origin, a military career was nearly denied entirely, Hugo Bamberger served as a commissioned officer of the Imperial Army , mostly in the front area, in a pharmaceutical (?) Military laboratory in Bulgaria, for which he in 1916 with the King Ludwig Cross and 1918 with a Bulgarian Order of Merit for Military of unknown characteristics was awarded.

Act

Kaulbachstraße in Hannover-Kleefeld , bordering the Eilenriede to the west

During the war he moved to Hanover-Kleefeld at Kaulbachstrasse 3 in the Philosophenviertel on the Eilenriede and acquired the small chemical factory Leonhardt & Martini (colloquially: "Blaufabrik") at Podbielskistraße 92 and Köthenwaldstraße, in June 1926 to the Chemische Fabrik Lehrte (CFL), which still exists there today. He developed this into an international company that cooperated with Bolte & Co., KG, in which his brother Anton was involved.

In addition to the production of fine chemicals such as preservatives and medicines, which were exported to Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain, for example, Hugo Bamberger also devoted himself to an intensely pursued hobby at the Chemische Fabrik Lehrte - horticulture. There he laid out a spacious garden with dozens of fruit trees, bushes with berries, beds for vegetables and flowers, and lawns on which a summer house was built. Apples, pears, peaches, cherries, raspberries and strawberries were harvested.

His daughter Susanne attended the Waldorf School in Hanover from 1935 , which at that time resided in a villa on Jägerstrasse. In the same year Hugo Bamberger began to prepare for his emigration from the German Reich . His business partner, his former fellow student Fritz Arthur Rothschild (1891–1956), a lawyer, began to set up an office in Barcelona, ​​Spain, together with his wife Hertha. It was planned that Hugo Bamberger and his family would follow there in 1936. However, this project failed because the Spanish Civil War broke out, which the fascists won. Rothschild and Bamberger therefore decided to focus on Italy, where a fascist government ruled, but initially no anti-Semitic tendencies were to be expected. The Rothschilds opened an office in Milan , where they were followed by Hugo Bamberger in 1937 after he had been forced out of the Lehrte chemical factory by " Aryanization " . When Mussolini and Hitler then became more closely linked with the Berlin-Rome axis , Italy was no longer a suitable place for the emigration of German Jews. In 1936 the Bamberger couple also saw Brussels as a possible place of emigration and submitted an immigration application to the Belgian authorities. Exactly this option has now become acute. Fritz and Hertha Rothschild moved there at the end of 1937, Hugo Bamberger followed shortly afterwards. The three of them founded the small pharmaceutical company La Synthèse . At that time, the family was still allowed to take personal effects, Hugo Bamberger also his laboratory equipment, but no cash. The family therefore used this to purchase the best platinum laboratory equipment there was at the time, furniture, clothing and works of art. His family followed him in the spring of 1938.

In March 1938 the Gestapo went to the Bambergers' house in Hanover to inquire about Hugo Bamberger's wife. This had been a member of an organization that had campaigned for peace and freedom, a circumstance that now moved the members into the focus of the Secret State Police .

After the attack by the German Wehrmacht on Belgium in May 1940, Hugo Bamberger was deported to the southern French Camp de Concentration de Saint-Cyprien , an internment camp on the beach of the Mediterranean, around May / June .

Marqués de Comillas of the Compañía Transatlántica Española

When he received his requested visa for the United States in April 1941 , he was allowed to leave the internment camp and one month later emigrated to the United States via Spain and Portugal with the Marqués de Comillas of the Compañía Transatlántica Española . His wife and two daughters, on the other hand, had gone illegally in Belgium and had to live underground there under difficult and dangerous conditions until the end of the war.

Hugo Bamberger, who speaks seven languages ​​and who had arrived penniless in the USA, managed again to build a pharmaceutical factory, the Chemo Puro Mfg. Corp. on Long Iceland in New York State to build. In 1946 his wife and two daughters were able to follow to the USA.

Hugo Bamberger died at the age of 62, his wife Margaret at the age of 88. Both were buried in Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale , Westchester County , New York.

Publications

  • About addition, substitution and halochrome phenomena in organic chemistry . In-house printing house Jacobowitz & Co., GmbH, Hanover 1921. OCLC 43620160

literature

  • Herbert Loebl : The Holocaust - 1800 Years in the Making. Exemplified since approx. 1030 by the Experience of the Jewish Community of Bamberg in Franconia. A course of 9 lectures . Department of Religious Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Winter Term 1989. Self-published, Newcastle upon Tyne 1989. OCLC 630421121 Does not include: Chapter IV The Bamberg Families of Burgkunstadt and Mitwitz , unfinished, unpublished, 80 pages incl. Title page.
  • Claude P. Bamberger : History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770-1992 . Self-published, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993. OCLC 174282770
  • Suzanne Loebl : At the Mercy of Strangers - Growing Upon the Edge of the Holocaust . Pacifica Press, Pacifica, CA, USA, 1997, ISBN 0-935553-23-1 . German editions: The Endless War - Youth on the Edge of the Holocaust . Scheunen-Verlag, Kückenshagen 2006, ISBN 978-3-9383-9827-2 ; Escape to Belgium - youth on the brink of the Holocaust . Epubli, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-0002-9 .
  • Claude P. Bamberger: Breaking the Mold - A Memoir . C. Bamberger Molding Compounds Corp., Carlstadt, New Jersey, USA, 1996, ISBN 0-9653827-0-2 .
  • Klaus Bamberger: From the history of the Bamberger family. Childhood memories of Lichtenfels (= Kleine CHW-Schriften, Colloquium Historicum Wirsbergense, Issue 2; Lichtenfelser Hefte zur Heimatgeschichte, special issue 3), ed. v. City archive Lichtenfels, Verlag HO Schulze, Lichtenfels 2005, ISBN 3-87735-177-8 .

References and footnotes

  1. ^ Bamberger, Hugo . In: German National Library, on: d-nb.info
  2. ↑ Ramona Popp: Historically important house will Hort , March 29, 2019, on: infranken.de [The article does not mention the profiteers and subsequent users of the property from 1939 ( Striwa co-owner Conrad Wagner with wife Grete and son Siegfried), despite the underlying Work by the Lichtenfels City Archives: factual inaccuracies and blurring, as well as a serious false statement regarding the whereabouts of Otto Bamberger's art collection.]
  3. ↑ Dr. Herbert Loebl OBE: The Holocaust - 1800 Years in the Making. Exemplified since approx. 1030 by the Experience of the Jewish Community of Bamberg in Franconia. A course of 9 lectures . Department of Religious Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Winter Term 1989. Self-published, Newcastle upon Tyne 1989. OCLC 630421121 Does not include: Chapter IV The Bamberger Families of Burgkunstadt and Mitwitz , unfinished, unpublished, p. 55.
  4. ↑ Philipp Bamberger was born on March 11, 1858 in Mitwitz and died on September 21, 1919 in Lichtenfels, where he was buried. His wife Sarah "Serry" Ullmann was born on May 17, 1862 in Feuchtwangen and divorced on February 9, 1925 due to suicide . Quoted from: Family tree of the Anton Bamberger family, undated [approx. 1933]. In: Gerald F. Bamberger: The Story of My Life - A Memoir , July 2010.
  5. ^ Anton Bamberger (born April 4, 1886 in Mitwitz, Upper Franconia; † December 28, 1950 in New York City) was the last citizen of Jewish origin to be born in Mitwitz, like his older brother Otto in house no.23 (today: Kronacher Strasse 10).
  6. ↑ Seal Exlibris the company Emanuel Ebonlocke on: jmberlin.de
  7. ↑ Modewarenhaus Emanuel Schwarzhaupt in Regensburg , on: alemannia-judaica.de
  8. ↑ From Watmarkt to Buenos Aires: 1938 into exile , on: ihk-regensburg.de
  9. ↑ Prof. Dr. Margarete Wagner-Braun : Jewish entrepreneurs - religious minority but economic elite in Regensburg in the 19th century . In: Markus A. Denzel, Matthias Asche, Matthias Stickler (eds.): Religious and denominational minorities as economic and intellectual elites . (= Büdinger research on social history 2006 and 2007) Scripta Mercaturae, St. Katharinen 2009, pp. 371–409, on: uni-bamberg.de
  10. ↑ Emanuel Schwarzhaupt, women's clothing, Regensburg, Posthorngäßchen, Watmarkt 1. Quoted from: Siegfried Wittmer: Regensburger Juden - Jüdisches Leben from 1519 to 1990 . (= Regensburg Studies and Sources on Cultural History, Volume 6) Universitätsverlag Regensburg, Regensburg 1996, ISBN 3-9304-8010-7 , pp. 192, 225, 239.
  11. ^ United Department Store AG Emanuel Schwarzhaupt. Quoted from: Klaus Hofmann: The displacement of Jews from the public service and independent professions in Regensburg 1933-1939 . Peter Lang Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, Frankfurt am Main 1993, ISBN 3-6314-5547-X , p. 193.
  12. ↑ Gabriele "Gabi" Bamberger was born in 1930 in Hanover. At the age of 8, she accompanied her family to emigrate to Belgium in 1938 and saw her father again after his deportation to an internment camp and his emigration in the USA in 1946. There she studied for her degree at the Forest Hills High School , studied at Queens College of the City University of New York , where she graduated in 1950, received his doctorate in 1955 in French literature at Yale University for Ph.D. (Philosophiae Doctor) and taught there until 1957. Then she married Victor B. Levinson (* 1929) and devoted herself to her own family. The couple had four children. Quoted from: Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770–1992 . Selbstverlag, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, p. 55; Quoted from: Suzanne Loebl: At the Mercy of Strangers . Pacifica Press, Pacifica, CA, USA, ISBN 0-935553-23-1 , p. 163.
  13. ↑ Susanne “Suse” Helene Bamberger was born on May 14, 1925 in Hanover. She followed her father, who emigrated in 1937, to Belgium with the rest of the family in 1938, where she studied chemistry. After the invasion of the German Wehrmacht , her father was deported to the Saint-Cyprien internment camp in southern France (Pyrénées-Orientales) in 1940. When he received his requested visa for the United States in April 1941, he was allowed to leave the internment camp and emigrated to the USA a month later. Like her sister Gabriele and her mother, Susanne had to go underground to avoid deportation. She worked as a housemaid for Belgian families who offered her (illegal) accommodation instead of financial compensation. In 1946 she was able to follow her father to the USA with her sister and mother. The entrepreneur, who had a stake in Chemische Fabrik Lehrte (CFL) and had operated the small pharmaceutical factory La Synthèse in Belgium , had arrived in the USA penniless. There he succeeded within three years in a chemical-pharmaceutical company, the Chemo Puro Mfg. Corp. On Long Iceland in New York State to build. Susanne worked in this laboratory. She later became an author under the name Suzanne Loebl and published several pharmacological works, including one for nurses, which over decades became a standard work for this professional group ( The Nurse's Drug Handbook ), on viruses and AIDS / HIV , but also historical and in part autobiographical works about life in illegality during the Holocaust or about the Rockefeller family as well as books for children and young people. Quoted from: Dr. Herbert Loebl OBE: The Holocaust - 1800 Years in the Making. Exemplified since approx. 1030 by the Experience of the Jewish Community of Bamberg in Franconia. A course of 9 lectures . Department of Religious Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Winter Term 1989. Self-published, Newcastle upon Tyne 1989. OCLC 630421121 Does not include: Chapter IV The Bamberger Families of Burgkunstadt and Mitwitz , unfinished, unpublished, p. 60; Quoted from: Claude P. Bamberger: History of a Family - The Bambergers of Mitwitz and Lichtenfels 1770–1992 . Selbstverlag, Tenafly, New Jersey, USA, 1993, pp. 54, 55; Quoted from: worldcat.org.
  14. ↑ Professor Dr. After the occupation of Austria by the German Wehrmacht on April 21, 1938, Gustav Jantsch was given a leave of absence from the Technical University in Graz in the chemistry department for political reasons, and was later imprisoned and forced into early retirement. BArch, R 4901/13193, copy of the decree 12477 - I / 1 of the Minister of Education Menghin of April 21, 1938. Quoted from: Hans-Peter Weingand: "[...] at the fastest possible speed and in one fell swoop." - The purges 1938 / 39 using the example of the universities in Graz . In: Johannes Koll (Ed.): “Purges” at Austrian universities 1934–1945: Requirements, processes, consequences . Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 2017, ISBN 978-3-2052-0336-0 , p. 360.
  15. ↑ Jane A. Miller: Paul Karrer 1889–1971 . In: James K. Laylin: Nobel Laureates in Chemistry 1901-1992 . Chemical Heritage Foundation, 1993, ISBN 0-8412-2690-3 , pp. 242-247.
  16. ↑ CV. In: Hugo Bamberger: About addition, substitution and halochrome phenomena in organic chemistry . Inaugural dissertation, University of Zurich, 1921.
  17. ^ A b Hugo Bamberger: About addition, substitution and halochromy phenomena in organic chemistry , on: hathitrust.org
  18. ↑ Hugo Bamberger: About addition, substitution and halochromy phenomena in organic chemistry , on: worldcat.org
  19. ^ Carsten Dippel: First World War - When Jewish soldiers fought for Germany, June 18, 2014, on: deutschlandfunk.de
  20. ↑ Michael Sontheimer : Jews as Soldiers in World War I - With False Hope to the Front , July 29, 2019, on: spiegel.de
  21. ↑ Avi Primor , Annette Großbongardt: Jewish soldiers in the First World War - Great German patriots . In: Der Spiegel EINESTAGES, interview, June 29, 2014, on: spiegel.de
  22. ↑ Gerald Beyroth: Highly decorated , then deported - Jewish soldiers in the First World War , June 24, 2009, on: deutschlandfunkkultur.de
  23. ^ Suzanne Loebl: At the Mercy of Strangers . Pacifica Press, Pacifica, CA, USA, ISBN 0-935553-23-1 , p. 6.
  24. ↑ CFL - Chemische Fabrik Lehrte celebrates 130 years of existence , at: sehnde-news.de
  25. ^ Ernst Bohlius, Wolfgang Leonhardt: "The List" - 700 years of looking around the village and town history . Books on Demand, Norderstedt 2004, ISBN 978-3-8334-0276-0 , pp. 47-48.
  26. ↑ a b Sandra Köhler: The chemical factory has existed for 130 years . In: Hannoversche Allgemeine , August 27, 2018, on: haz.de
  27. ^ A b Suzanne Loebl: At the Mercy of Strangers . Pacifica Press, Pacifica, CA, USA, 1997, ISBN 0-935553-23-1 , p. 11.
  28. ^ Suzanne Loebl: Escape to Belgium - Youth on the Edge of the Holocaust . Epubli, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-0002-9 , p. 86.
  29. ↑ History of the school , on: waldorfschule-maschsee.de
  30. ^ Fritz (Fred) Arthur Rothschild (born April 3, 1891 in Landau / Pfalz; † November 11, 1956 in New York City) was the son of a businessman. He completed his law studies at the Julius Maximilians University in Würzburg and at the Friedrich Wilhelms University in Berlin. In 1915 he received his doctorate. iur., 1920 he passed his state examination in law, in 1921 he was admitted to the bar in Ludwigshafen am Rhein and Frankenthal (Palatinate). He was decorated as an officer on the front lines during the First World War. He sympathized with the left-wing liberal German Democratic Party (DDP). Residing in Mannheim, he ran a large law firm with his colleague Dr. Gustav Schulz (born October 21, 1881 in Frankenthal (Palatinate), † December 3, 1958 in New York City). In 1936 he involuntarily declared that he would not be admitted to the legal profession. In 1935 he emigrated to Spain, in 1936 to Italy, and in 1938 to Belgium. He was interned there in 1940 and deported to France, where he had to go through various internment camps, including Morocco. In 1940 his wife committed suicide in the Belgian capital, Brussels. In mid-1941 he was able to emigrate to the United States. Quoted from: Reinhard Weber: The fate of Jewish lawyers in Bavaria after 1933: Published by the Bavarian State Ministry of Justice, the Bamberg, Munich and Nuremberg Bar Associations and the Zweibrücken Bar Association . Verlag Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-4868-4086-5 , p. 304.
  31. ^ Bavarian Main State Archives, signature: OP 27821
  32. ↑ Federal Archives, Personal File Rothschild, Fritz, b. April 3, 1891, signature: R 3001/72975.
  33. ↑ uzanne Loebl: At the Mercy of Strangers - Growing Upon the Edge of the Holocaust . Pacifica Press, Pacifica, CA, USA, 1997, ISBN 0-935553-23-1 , pp. 12-13.
  34. ^ Suzanne Loebl: Escape to Belgium - Youth on the Edge of the Holocaust . Epubli, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-0002-9 , pp. 27, 53, 84.
  35. ^ Suzanne Loebl: At the Mercy of Strangers . Pacifica Press, Pacifica, CA, USA, ISBN 0-935553-23-1 , p. 14.
  36. ^ Suzanne Loebl: Escape to Belgium - Youth on the Edge of the Holocaust . Epubli, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-0002-9 , p. 88.
  37. ↑ Le camp de concentration de Saint-Cyprien (1939–1941) , on: histoires-du-roussillon.eklablog.com
  38. ↑ Le camp de Saint-Cyprien plage , on: jewishtraces.org
  39. ↑ Argeles and St.Cyprien , on: floerken.de
  40. ^ Suzanne Loebl: At the Mercy of Strangers . Pacifica Press, Pacifica, CA, USA, ISBN 0-935553-23-1 , pp. 49, 58.
  41. ↑ Chemo Puro Mfg. Corp. In: c & en archives, doi : 10.1021 / cen-v035n014b.p028 .
  42. ^ Suzanne Loebl: Escape to Belgium - Youth on the Edge of the Holocaust . Epubli, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-7375-0002-9 , pp. 258, 277.
  43. ↑ Dr. Herbert Loebl OBE: The Holocaust - 1800 Years in the Making. Exemplified since approx. 1030 by the Experience of the Jewish Community of Bamberg in Franconia. A course of 9 lectures . Department of Religious Studies, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Winter Term 1989. Self-published, Newcastle upon Tyne 1989. OCLC 630421121 Does not include: Chapter IV The Bamberger Families of Burgkunstadt and Mitwitz , unfinished, unpublished, p. 60
  44. ^ Bamberger, Hugo , bur. 3/25/1950, Location: Cemetery Grounds, THOM, 525, 1-C, on: interment.net
  45. ^ Bamberger, Margaret , bur. 3/11/1991, Location: Cemetery Grounds, THOM, 525, 1-C, on: interment.net
personal data
SURNAME Bamberger, Hugo
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German-American chemist, entrepreneur and company founder
DATE OF BIRTH August 12, 1887
PLACE OF BIRTH Lichtenfels , Upper Franconia , Bavaria
DATE OF DEATH December 31, 1949
Place of death New York City