José Carlos Mariátegui

José Carlos Mariátegui in 1928

José Carlos Mariátegui la Chira (born June 14, 1894 in Moquegua , † April 16, 1930 in Lima ), known as José Carlos Mariátegui , was a Peruvian journalist , author , philosopher and politician with Marxist ideas. Mariátegui was a co-founder of the Partido Socialista del Perú (PSP) in 1928 . His receptions on the subject of Marxism were of particular importance . With them he was the first to want to apply these principles of Marxism to Peru. He never achieved greater notoriety outside Latin America , but Tom O'Lincoln assessed his role in regional revolutionary history as significant.

Life

José Carlos Mariátegui seated with his brother Julio César at the age of ten (1904)

Mariátegui was born in Moquegua as the son of Maria Amalia La Chira Ballejos and Francisco Javier Mariategui Requejo. He had two siblings. The children's father left the family relatively early, so that his mother was forced to move with the children to Lima in order to be able to ensure their survival, as the family had to live in great poverty. After a school accident in 1902, he was hospitalized in Lima, where he recovered four years. As a result, he had problems with his leg and prevented further schooling. Later his leg had to be amputated, which forced him to live in a wheelchair. In 1908, at the age of 14, Mariátegui was a clerk at a newspaper, for which he had already written an article in 1914 under the pseudonym Juan Croniqueur . This affinity for the medium of the newspaper led him to work for the newspapers La Prensa , El Tiempo and La Razon until 1919 . It was during this time that his first approach to socialism , as La Razon was considered to be left-wing, was the first time he spoke to the strikers during a strike in 1919. At the same time, this reorientation to the left also meant the end of his membership in the Fin de siècle movement . On a scholarship-funded trip to Europe through France , Germany , Austria and Italy and other countries in the years 1919–1923, he spent most of the time in Italy, where he also got married. During this time he came into contact with communist leaders and thinkers such as Henri Barbusse , Antonio Gramsci and Maksim Gorkij , who had a strong influence on him. When he returned to Peru in 1923, he founded the magazine Amauta as a journalist , of which he was editor until his death. In addition, in 1928 he was also the editor of the magazine Labor , with which he wanted to achieve the organization of workers.

Political commitment

On his European trip Mariátegui came the first time with a social revolutionary ideas in conjunction, he that in Peru at the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) under the leadership of Victor Raul Haya de la Torres took until 1928 with the Peruvian Communist Party 's founded his own party because he did not want to support the course of Stalinization .

attitude

Mariátegui took the view that a revolution in Peru was only possible with the elimination of the bourgeoisie , as they had too strong contacts with all other counter-revolutionary classes . The only possibility is that of an anti-capitalist , anti-imperialist overthrow, the goal of which must be an agrarian state . With this theory he was years ahead of André Gunder Franks' dependency theory . He considered himself a socialist and a Marxist. According to the Partido Aprista Peruano , he was politically close to the 3rd International .

meaning

Jose Aricó claimed that Mariátegui's work (...) remains, fifty years after its publication, the only really significant theoretical work of Latin American Marxism (German: (...) remains, 50 years after its publication, the only really significant theoretical work of Latin American Marxism ). This appreciation of Mariátegui is also evident in the Peruvian party landscape. The Maoist guerrilla group Partido Comunista del Perú - por el Sendero Luminoso de José Carlos Mariátegui (German: Communist Party of Peru - on the shining path of José Carlos Mariáteguis ) traces its name back to him. In addition, the Partido Comunista Peruano invokes Mariátegui because he himself founded its original party, the PSP; the name was changed just a few months after his death. In addition, there was an association of Peruvian students in Cuba in 2007, which is called in honor of Mariáteguis Movimiento José Carlos Mariátegui .

Fonts

Spanish language first editions

• Siete ensayos de interpretación de la realidad peruana , Lima 1928.
• 25 años de sucesos extranjeros . Ed. Palabra, Lima 1945.
• Defensa del marxismo: Polémica revolucionaria . Biblioteca Amauta, Lima 1967.
• Crítica literaria . Jorge Alvarez, Buenos Aires 1969.
• Ideología y política . Amauta, Lima 1971.
• La escena contemporánea . Amauta, Lima 1976.
• Correspondencia . Amauta, Lima 1984.

German language translations

• Revolution and Peruvian Reality. Selected Political Writings . Isp-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1986, ISBN 3-88332-104-4
• Seven attempts to understand the Peruvian reality . Argument, Berlin 1986. ISBN 3-88619-360-8 (orig .: Siete ensayos de interpretaciòn de la realidad peruana , Amauta, Lima 1952).

literature

in order of appearance

• Mariátegui y el Mundo Andino . Special issue 16 of Allpanchis magazine . Revista del Instituto de Pastoral Andina , ISSN  0252-8835 , vol. 12 (1980).
• Manfred Kossok : A life for the working class of Peru. José Carlos Mariátegui . In: Contributions to the history of the labor movement , ISSN  0005-8068 , Vol. 25 (1983), Issue 3, pp. 422-428.
• Volker Hovestadt: Jose Carlos Mariátegui and his magazine “Amauta” (Lima, 1926–1930) . Lang, Frankfurt am Main 1987, ISBN 3-8204-0928-9 .
• Günther Maihold: José Carlos Mariátegui: national project and indigenous problem. On the development of the indigenist movement in Peru . Athenaeum, Frankfurt am Main 1988, ISBN 3-610-09711-6 .
• Jorge Oshiro Higa: Reason and Myth. The philosophical thinking of José Carlos Mariátegui . Isp-Verlag, Cologne 1996, ISBN 3-929008-10-6 .
• José Morales Saravia (Ed.): José Carlos Mariátegui. Commemoration for the 100th birthday at the Ibero-American Institute of Prussian Cultural Heritage on November 10, 1994 in Berlin . Vervuert, Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 978-3-89354-561-2 .

exhibition

• Avant-garde network. Amauta and Latin America, 1926–1930 , Madrid, Centro de Arte Reina Sofia , February - May 2019 (followed by Lima, Mexico, Austin)

Web links

Commons : José Carlos Mariátegui  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• Literature by and about José Carlos Mariátegui in the catalog of the German National Library
• Works, biographies and pictures by and about Mariátegui at marxists.org (English)

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f} Biography of Mariáteguis in the history of Latin America in the 19th and 20th centuries by Martina Kaller-Dietrich and David Mayer
2. ↑ ^{a b c} Mariátegui in: Microsoft Encarta
3. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Tom O'Lincoln's biography of José Carlos Mariátegui (English)
4. ↑ ^{a b c} Life data of Mariáteguis at marxists.org by José Carlos Mariátegui III (English)
5. ↑ Rolf Seeler: Peru and Bolivia - Indian cultures, Inca ruins and baroque colonial splendor of the Andean states . In: DuMont art travel guide . 1st edition. DuMont Buchverlag, Cologne 2001, ISBN 3-7701-4786-3 , p. 118 f .
6. ↑ ^{a b c d} Autobiographical Notes Mariáteguis (English)
7. ↑ Christoph Strosetzki: A short history of Latin American literature in the 20th century . Beck, Munich, 1994, p. 160
8. ^ Moisés Arroyo Posadas: La correspondencia de José Carlos Mariátegui a Jauja . In: Allpanchis. Revista del Instituto de Pastoral Andina , Vol. 12 (1980), Special Issue 16: Mariátegui y el Mundo Andino , pp. 61-74.
9. ↑ Article on Mariátegui in Quetzal
10. ^ ^{A b} Eleonore von Oertzen, Ulrich Goedeking: Peru: (Current regional studies) . In: Beck's series . 3. Edition. tape 822 . CH Beck, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-406-50457-4 , p. 76 ( limited preview in Google Book Search [accessed January 12, 2017]).
11. ↑ Blog of Austrian Students in Cuba , accessed on October 22, 2018.
12. ↑ Review in The Economist : The wisdom of José Carlos Mariátegui , April 17, 2019 (English).