Agrarian state

Agricultural land is a redirect to this article. See also: agricultural landscape .

Tanzania - Sisal plantation on Mount Uluguru (April 2009)

Agricultural state ( English agricultural state ) is a state whose economic structure is dominated by agriculture , forestry and fisheries with a high proportion of agricultural production in the gross domestic product (GDP). The counterpart is the industrialized state .

General

The agricultural state is an object of knowledge in economic geography . The distinction between industrialized and agricultural countries is based on the prevailing economic sector ( industrial production or agricultural production ) and their share of GDP or the share of those in employment in those sectors in relation to total employment. Typical agricultural states are all developing and most of the emerging countries . In the case of agricultural states, it must be taken into account that the production of agricultural products can be subject to strong weather-related fluctuations ( crop failures due to drought , pests or floods ).

species

The economic geography differentiates between very populous, simultaneously subcontinental and macrotropic agricultural states (such as India , Indonesia , Nigeria ), moderately populous macrotopic agricultural states (such as Algeria , Sudan , Tanzania ), poorly populated macrotropic agricultural states ( Mali , Saudi Arabia ) and populous mesotopic agricultural states (such as Burma , Thailand ).

history

Sri Lanka - Tea Pickers (June 2009)

Up until industrialization there were only agricultural states around the world. Plato's ideal was an agricultural state with independent families, his agricultural state based everything on land , not on trade , seafaring or money . The agrarian state, which deeply affects personal freedom and family life, should be maintained at a relatively stationary level of saturation and order. The young agricultural state emerged on Crete , at a certain distance from the sea, in order to inhibit the development of maritime trade .

The feudal agrarian state prevailed until the Middle Ages , because rulers as large landowners had arable land and leased it to citizens as a feudal system . They had to cultivate the leased land and pay part of the land yield to the sovereign as lease. In China , feudalism began at the latest during the Warring States Period (403-221 BC) and did not end until 1864 with the Taiping Uprising .

For the physiocrat François Quesnay there were three sectors in 1757, namely the peasants of the "productive class", the artisans and merchants of the "sterile class" and the large landowners of the "privileged class". In his view, agricultural added value arises from the soil and is the only productive achievement. In 1767 he favored the agrarian state ( French royaume agricole ), the main features of which he read from the “natural order” ( French ordre naturel ). Because "the soil is the only source of prosperity" ( French la terre est l'unique source de richesse ). Quesnay stated in 1757 that prosperity does not lie in movement ( trade ) but in rest (the soil). The principle of all labor is the yield of the land , because all labor is based on the price of the products of the land. “The yield is the result of the nature of the soil and people. Without human work, the soil has no value ”.

From 1765 onwards, there was a change in England from an agricultural state to an industrial state, which was heralded by falling grain exports, which were also due to the growth of industry and trade . In May 1822, David Ricardo responded evasively to the controversial question of “agrarian state or industrial state”, because both were necessary. England would undoubtedly become a great manufacturing state, but it would also remain a great agrarian state. This issue arose when the House of Commons was negotiating the plight of agriculture, and it complained that England was becoming too much of a manufacturing state; Ricardo might think that a manufacturing state couldn't be as happy as an agrarian state. Adam Smith pointed out that an industrial state is far more capable of increasing its land production than a purely agricultural state because the concentration of the working population in the cities means that large amounts of agricultural raw materials are bound to these industrial centers, which promotes domestic agriculture. A manufacturer is allowed to conduct foreign trade as long as it does not damage domestic industry.

In 1839 Louis Blanc believed that the agrarian state had been overcome and that the future belonged to the industrial state - a view that often recurs in his work and that clearly reveals the influence of his time. "Superstition, war, feudality, despotism, that was not the story of the French nation as long as it was engaged in agriculture until Colbert had favored and developed industry". In 1841 Friedrich List defended the interests of industry against the free trade theory advocated by Adam Smith , because Smith had not clearly recognized the influence of manufactories on the increase in land rent , land value and agricultural capital. For List, the industrial state offered a more perfect form of economy than the purely agricultural state.

For the first time in 1895 there were in Germany in industry and handicraft with 38.5% of all employed persons more employed than in agriculture (35.0%) - from the point of view of economics the change to an industrial state took place. In a lecture in June 1897, the economist Karl Oldenberg foresaw the end of the German nation, if industrial development continues as it has in the last few decades. Definitions of the term industrial state were still dominated by agriculture; In 1898, Paul Voigt understood an industrial state to be a state "whose agricultural production is so disproportionate to the needs of the industrial population that the import of food and raw materials is no longer merely a supplement to domestic primary production ...". Paul Arndt joined him in 1899 , for whom the industrial state was regarded as a state "whose industrial production exceeds the needs of its population, while its agricultural production falls short of the needs of its population". Reich Chancellor Count Bernhard von Bülow stated in a speech to the Reichstag on December 2, 1901: "Germany is neither an industrial state nor a purely agricultural state, but both at the same time ...".

In 1920, the industrial sector in Japan exceeded the agricultural sector for the first time in terms of GDP, and the country rose to become an industrial state. The Morgenthau Plan of August 1944 aimed, close to the Second World War, to transform Germany into a backward agricultural state in order to prevent the danger of a new war of aggression . The plan was rejected as early as September 1944. Until 1962, Iran was a feudal agrarian state, apart from the oil industry, which at that time was still completely foreign-owned.

From 1970 the modern industrialized countries developed more and more into service societies .

statistics

If one measures the share of agricultural production in GDP for the qualification as an agricultural state, the following selection of some typical agricultural states results. Among them are many small states , often statistical anomalies when compared to large countries have.

country	Agriculture in% of GDP *)	Industry in% of GDP *)	Services in% of GDP *)
Burundi	39.5	16.4	44.2
Guinea-Bissau	50.0	13.1	36.9
Comoros	47.7	11.8	40.5
Mali	41.8	18.1	40.5
Niger	41.6	19.5	38.7
Sierra Leone	60.7	6.5	32.8
Somalia	60.2	7.4	32.5
Sudan	39.6	2.6	57.8
Chad	52.3	14.7	33.1
Central African Republic	43.2	16.0	40.8

• (*) Note: There are rounding differences.

In the first ten places of global agricultural states there are only states from Africa . African countries also dominate the other places, with Tajikistan first following in 20th place with 28.6% as the first non-African country. Sierra Leone (60.7%) has the highest share of agricultural production in GDP , followed by Somalia (60.2%), Chad (52.3%) and Guinea-Bissau (50.0%). In all three countries the service sector is stronger than industry. In Europe, Albania leads the agricultural states with 21.7% , followed by the Faroe Islands (18.0%) and the Republic of Moldova (17.7%).

Today the remaining, predominantly agrarian states are considered economically backward. In addition to infrastructure , industry and the service sector are mostly in an underdeveloped state. The health system is also often poorly developed and life expectancy is correspondingly low. Due to their low value added, agricultural states are consistently among the countries with low per capita income .

Web links

Wiktionary: Agrarian state  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Ute Arentzen, Eggert Winter (ed.): Gabler Wirtschafts-Lexikon. Volume 3. 1997, col. 1855.
2. ↑ Erich Obst, Martin Schmithüsen (Ed.): General State Geography. 1972, p. 347 ( books.google.de ).
3. ^ Henning Ottmann: History of political thought: The Greeks. Volume 1/2, 2001, p. 89 ( books.google.de ).
4. ^ Wilhelm Windelband : History of Ancient Philosophy. Volume 1 / Part 1, 1912, p. 193.
5. ^ Gustav Maier : Social movements and theories up to the modern labor movement. 1910, p. 32.
6. ↑ Georg Jahn (Ed.) The economic systems of the states of Eastern Europe and the People's Republic of China. Volume 2, 1962, pp. 452 f. ( books.google.de ).
7. ↑ Ralph Anderegg: Basic features of agricultural policy. 1999, p. 23 ( books.google.de ).
8. ↑ his home country France was such an agricultural state
9. ^ François Quesnay, Maximes générales du gouvernement économique d'un royaume agricole , 1767, p. 330 ff.
10. ^ ^{A b} François Quesnay: Grains ( French "Grains" ) In: Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers. Volume 7, November 1757, p. 44.
11. ↑ Felix Salomon: William Pitt the Younger. Volume 1, 1906, p. 396 f. ( books.google.de ).
12. ^ David Ricardo: On Protection in Agriculture. 1822, p. 4.
13. ↑ Jakob Baxa : History of the productivity theory. 1926, p. 31.
14. ↑ Thomas Peeronet Thompson: Catechism of the Corn laws. 1827, p. 36 ( books.google.de ).
15. ↑ Werner Klaus: The influence of contemporary trends on French historiography about the ancien régime. 1931, p. 40.
16. ↑ Friedrich List: The national system of political economy. 1841, p. 352 ( books.google.de ).
17. ↑ Franz Schnabel: History of the Latest Time: From the French Revolution to the Present. 1928, p. 65 f. ( books.google.de ).
18. ^ Karl Oldenberg: Germany as an industrial state. Special edition, 1897, pp. 6/14.
19. ^ Paul Voigt: Germany and the world market. In: Prussian year books , Volume 91, 1898, p. 240 f.
20. ^ Paul Arndt: Economic Consequences of the Development of Germany into an Industrial State. 1899, p. 7 ( books.google.de ).
21. ↑ Reinhard Spree: History of the German economy in the 20th century. 2001, p. 50 ( books.google.de ).
22. ^ Max Eli: Business Success in Japan. 2004, p. 14 ( books.google.de ).
23. ^ Hammer-Purgstall-Gesellschaft (ed.): Bustan: Austrian magazine for culture, politics and economy of the Islamic countries. Volumes 11-12, 1970, p. 14.
24. ↑ industrialized state. In: Achim Pollert, Bernd Kirchner, Javier Morato Polzin, Marc Constantin Pollert: Duden Wirtschaft von A bis Z. 2016, o. S. ( books.google.de ).
25. ↑ Gross domestic product (GDP) by sector. In: Lexa's country data. November 28, 2018, accessed October 10, 2019 .  Quoted there from Field Listing :: GDP - composition, by sector of origin. In: The World Factbook . CIA , accessed October 10, 2019 .