Comb grasses

Comb grasses
	Meadow crest grass ( Cynosurus cristatus )
Systematics
	Monocots
	Commelinids
Order :	Sweet grass (Poales)
Family :	Sweet grasses (Poaceae)
Subfamily :	Pooideae
Genre :	Comb grasses
Scientific name
	Cynosurus
	L.

The comb grasses ( Cynosurus ) are a genus of plants within the sweet grass family (Poaceae). The ten or so species occur in Macaronesia , the Mediterranean and Southwest Asia .

description

Illustration of the meadow crest grass ( Cynosurus cristatus )

Illustration from Flora Batava, Volume 20 of Awns' Combgrass ( Cynosurus echinatus )

Vegetative characteristics

The comb grass types are annual or perennial herbaceous plants . The stalks stand upright or kneel-ascending.

The alternate arranged on the stalk leaves are divided into leaf sheath and blade. In the case of the renewal shoots , the leaf sheaths are fused almost to the upper end and tear open easily. The leaf sheaths of the stalk leaves are open, smooth and bare to the base. The ligule is a membranous border. The simple leaf blades are flat. It is rolled up in the bud position .

Generative characteristics

The very dense, elongated, egg-shaped or head-shaped, spike-spike inflorescence is usually one-sided. The spikelets are short-stalked and usually contain two to five, rarely just one flower, all of which are hermaphroditic. The spikelets are 3 to 10 millimeters long and laterally compressed. Below each spikelet there is a comb-shaped envelope that represents a sterile spikelet with empty husks . Several (sterile and fertile) spikelets are grouped together with too short-stalked spikelet groups. These groups are on the side of the main axis. The glumes are almost the same, single-nerved, pointed, keeled and membranous to tender-skinned. The lemmas are three to five-nerved, coarse-skinned. At the top they are pointed or rounded or notched, with a short spike tip or rather mostly awned . The palea are two-veined and about as long as the lemma. At the top they are briefly two-pointed, their quills are rough.

There are three stamens . The ovary is egg-shaped and bald. The two short styluses are terminal and have feathery scars .

When ripe, the florets fall out individually from the glumes and remain standing. The caryopsis is bare and hangs on the palea . The embryo is very small and only takes up about one eighth the length of the fruit. The navel is point-shaped.

The basic chromosome number is x = 7.

Awn crested grass ( Cynosurus echinatus )

Systematics and distribution

The genus Cynosurus was established in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 1, page 72. Synonyms for Cynosurus L. are: Falona Adans. , Phalona Dumort. orth. var.

The genus Cynosurus belongs to the subtribe Poinae from the tribe Poeae in the subfamily Pooideae within the family Poaceae .

The genus Cynosurus has its center of diversity in North Africa, four of the ten species are more widespread and also occur in Europe and Southwest Asia .

About ten species belong to the genus Cynosurus :

Cynosurus balansae Coss. & Durieu : It only occurs in Morocco and Algeria .
Cynosurus coloratus Steud. (Syn. Cynosurus callitrichus Barbey ): It occurs in Libya , Egypt , Cyprus , Lebanon , Syria , Jordan and Israel , an indication from Crete is doubtful.
Meadow crest grass ( Cynosurus cristatus L. ): It occurs from Europe to Iran and the Azores ; she is a neophyte in Lu Shanin in Jiangxi, North America, Australia and New Zealand .
Awn crested grass ( Cynosurus echinatus L. ): It occurs on the Atlantic islands and from the Mediterranean to the Himalayas .
Cynosurus effusus Link (Syn. Cynosurus elegans auct. Non Desf. ): It iswidespreadin the Canary Islands , Madeira , in the Mediterranean region eastwards to Iran.
Cynosurus elegans Desf. : It occurs from the Mediterranean area to Iran.
Cynosurus junceus Murb. : This endemic occurs only in northeastern Libya.
Cynosurus peltieri Maire : It occurs only in Algeria and Tunisia.
Cynosurus polybracteatus Poir. : It occurs only in Algeria and Tunisia.
Cynosurus turcomanicus Proskur. : It occurs in Central Asia.

swell

literature

Chen Shouliang, Sylvia M. Phillips: In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China , Volume 22: Poaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2006, ISBN 1-930723-50-4 . Cynosurus. P. 245 - online with the same text as the printed work.
Thomas Gaskell Tutin : Cynosurus L. In: TG Tutin, VH Heywood, NA Burges, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . Volume 5: Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (Monocotyledones) . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1980, ISBN 0-521-20108-X , pp. 171–172 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Chen Shouliang, Sylvia M. Phillips: Cynosurus . In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 22: Poaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2006, ISBN 1-930723-50-4 , pp. 245 (English, same text online as the printed work - PDF file ).

↑ Comb grasses at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 23, 2020.

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ WD Clayton, KT Harman, H. Williamson, 2006: World Grass Species - Synonymy database. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cynosurus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 8, 2016.

^ Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 1137, 1173 .

↑ ^a ^b Benito Valdés, Hildemar Scholz: Poaceae (pro parte majore) (with contributions by Eckhard von Raab-Straube, Gerald Parolly). Datasheet Cynosurus. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2009. Last accessed on December 30, 2014.

↑ ^a ^b Naomi Feinbrun-Dothan (Ed.): Flora Palaestina. Part 4. Alismataceae to Orchidaceae. Text and Plates. Academy of Sciences and Letters, Jerusalem 1986, ISBN 965-208-004-7 , pp. 252-254 .

↑ ^a ^b ^c Robert Reid Mill: Cynosurus. In: Peter Hadland Davis (Ed.): Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 9 (Juncaceae to Gramineae) . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1985, ISBN 0-85224-516-5 , pp. 512-515 .

^ ^A ^b Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2: Types and Varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 , p. 1346.

^ Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .

↑ René Maire (Ed.): Flore de l'Afrique du Nord. Volume III: Monocotyledonae: Glumiflorae: (Gramineae: sf. Pooideae pp) (= Encyclopédie Biologique. Volume 48). Paul Lechevalier, Paris 1955, Cynosurus , pp. 49–63 ( PDF file; 19 MB ( Memento of the original dated December 31, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and Archive link according to instructions and then remove this note. ). @1@ 2

Web links

Commons : Combgrass ( Cynosurus ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Comb grasses at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
Comb grasses at Tropicos.org. In: Catalog of New World Grasses . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis

Map with all linked sites: OSM | WikiMap

[FoC-1] Chen Shouliang, Sylvia M. Phillips: Cynosurus . In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 22: Poaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2006, ISBN 1-930723-50-4 , pp. 245 (English, same text online as the printed work - PDF file ).

[Tropicos-2] Comb grasses at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed June 23, 2020.

[WCSP-3] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ WD Clayton, KT Harman, H. Williamson, 2006: World Grass Species - Synonymy database. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Rafaël Govaerts (Ed.): Cynosurus. In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved November 8, 2016.

[Fischer2008-4] Manfred A. Fischer, Karl Oswald, Wolfgang Adler: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol . 3rd, improved edition. Province of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2008, ISBN 978-3-85474-187-9 , p. 1137, 1173 .

[Euro+Med-5] Benito Valdés, Hildemar Scholz: Poaceae (pro parte majore) (with contributions by Eckhard von Raab-Straube, Gerald Parolly). Datasheet Cynosurus. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2009. Last accessed on December 30, 2014.

[FloraPal-6] Naomi Feinbrun-Dothan (Ed.): Flora Palaestina. Part 4. Alismataceae to Orchidaceae. Text and Plates. Academy of Sciences and Letters, Jerusalem 1986, ISBN 965-208-004-7 , pp. 252-254 .

[FT9-7] Robert Reid Mill: Cynosurus. In: Peter Hadland Davis (Ed.): Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 9 (Juncaceae to Gramineae) . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1985, ISBN 0-85224-516-5 , pp. 512-515 .

[Zander2008-8] A ^b Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold: The great pikeperch. Encyclopedia of Plant Names. Volume 2: Types and Varieties. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2008, ISBN 978-3-8001-5406-7 , p. 1346.

[Schmeil-FitschenInteraktiv2002-9] Siegmund Seybold (Ed.): Schmeil-Fitschen interactive . CD-ROM, version 1.1. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2002, ISBN 3-494-01327-6 .