St. James Cathedral (Šibenik)
| Cathedral of St. Jacob in Sibenik | |
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UNESCO world heritage 
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| National territory: |
 Croatia
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| Type: | Culture |
| Criteria : | (i) (ii) (iv) |
| Surface: | 0.1 ha |
| Buffer zone: | 15 ha |
| Reference No .: | 963 |
| UNESCO region : | Europe and North America |
| History of enrollment | |
| Enrollment: | 2000 (session 24) |
The Cathedral of St. Jacob (Croatian: Katedrala svetog Jakova ) is the most important building in Šibenik in the Croatian Šibenik-Knin County in Dalmatia . The cathedral, the transitional style from the late Gothic to Renaissance represents part of the list of World Heritage of UNESCO . It was started in the Venetian-Gothic style and completed in the Tuscan Renaissance style.
Building history
There are three phases in the construction of the cathedral.
- First construction phase (1431–1440) under various master builders according to a plan by Bonino da Milano .
The first project of the cathedral comes from Bonino da Milano († 1429), the "primus magister Ecclesia Sancti Jacobi" (1428-1429). The Venetian master builder based it on the basic plan of a three-aisled basilica with apses and crossing dome . The first preparatory work was carried out under Francesco di Giacomo from Venice (until 1431). The construction work began in 1431 under the builders Pier Paolo Busato and Lorenzo Pincino and the stonemasons Andrija Budčić and Grubiša Statčić, using limestone and marble from the island of Brač as building materials . The side aisles with the apses were built up to the crown height under their building authority. On the outside of the ring cornice, in a portrait frieze, these contain over 70 heads, the so-called "citizen heads". Construction work was stopped around 1440.
- Second construction phase (1441–1473) under the master builder and sculptor Giorgio da Sebenico ( Croat : Juraj Matejev Dalmatinac ).
In the first stage (1441–1455) he built the western main portal (with the Christ sculpture and the statues of the twelve apostles ) and the north portal (the so-called lion gate) and the first chapel. At the north portal Adam and Eve can be seen standing on pillars above the two lions (similar to the Radovan portal of Trogir Cathedral ), together with the statues of St. James and St. Peter .
The baptistery (baptistery) was created by Dalmatinac between 1443 and 1444 in the right aisle next to the southern apse in the form of a four-leaf clover ( quatrefoil ). The harmonious proportions of the chapel are emphasized by the four apses and the centrally positioned baptismal font. In the upper part, the Gothic tracery is provided with filigree, lace-like elements. The entire vault is decorated with sculptures. The vault ribs are surrounded by angels and end in the keystone , which represents God the Father and the dove as a symbol of the Holy Spirit . These are the first Renaissance sculptures in Croatia. The shallow niches are decorated with arched, ribbed scallops . Above the pillars are two (of the previous four) statues: King David and the prophet Simeon . The baptismal font made of reddish breccia stone from the island of Rab is carried by three angels. At the northeast end of the cathedral are two Renaissance putti by Juraj Dalmatinac with the inscription for the consecration of the Cathedral of St. James (1443) and under their feet the only remaining reference to the master as a banner: “Hoc opus cuvarum fecit magister Georgius Matthei Dalmaticus “(This work was created by the master Georgius Matthei Dalmaticus). Dalmatinac also made an adjustment and modernization of the original Bonino plan, but from 1455 construction stopped.
In the second stage (1461–1473), decorative elements of the early Renaissance from the circle of Francesco Squarcione and the workshop of Donatello in Padua were created in the interior , as well as motifs of Tuscan origin under the influence of the Florentine master Michelozzo di Bartolomeo in the main apse.
- Third construction phase (1475–1536) under the master builder Niccolò di Giovanni Fiorentino and from 1520 under Bartolomeo del Mestre and Giacomo del Mestre .
From 1475 to 1505 the construction was continued in the Tuscan Renaissance style by the Tuscan master Niccolò di Giovanni Fiorentino (Croatian: Nikola Firentinac ), a student of Donatello. He had the aisles completed, completed the extensive galleries, built the vault in the central nave, a barrel vault made of self-supporting stone slabs, and created the outer sculptures of St. Michael , St. Jacob and St. Markus . He had the dome built over the transept and closed the church to the west. From 1520 Bartolomeo del Mestre and his son Giacomo del Mestre from Mestre were the builders of the cathedral, which they finally completed. They were supported by the Dalmatian stonemason Ivan Mastičević , who made the rose window on the west facade.
The church facade typical of the Venetian architecture of the time, as it was developed primarily by Mauro Codussi , with the shape of a three-leaf on the gable refers to St. Trinity . A similar design can be found on the Cathedral of Sv. Stjepan in Hvar , which dates from the same period.
The Cathedral of St. Jakobs is characterized by the unique amalgamation of Gothic building forms with Renaissance elements, which was only possible through the interaction of influences from the three regions of Northern Italy (Padua and Venice), Tuscany and Dalmatia. It thus represents a unique testimony to the transition from Gothic to Renaissance in the field of church architecture.
The cathedral was completed in 1535. The inauguration took place in 1555, a comprehensive renovation took place from 1843 to 1860. In 1895 the church was by Pope Leo XIII. for minor Basilica appointed. In front of the main portal of the church is the Dalmatinac monument by Ivan Meštrović . The bronze doors were created in 1967 by the Šibenik sculptor Grga Antunac. The dome was destroyed in 1991 during the Croatian War and has since been restored.
The cathedral was used as a backdrop for the Game of Thrones series .
organ
The organ of the cathedral was built in 1968 by the Slovenian organ builder Franc Jenko (Ljubljana) and has the following disposition:
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- Coupling : II / I, I / P, II / P, Super I, Super II, Super II / I, Super I / P, Sub II / I
- Playing aids : collective moves: PP, P, MF, F, TT; two free combinations , crescendo roller , autom. Piano pedal; electric actions
photos
Cathedral of St. James (Sv. Jakov)
West facade of the cathedral with rose window and main portal
North portal of the cathedral
Frieze with heads on the outside of the cathedral
Two putti with a consecration inscription and a banner by the master Dalmatinac
Cathedral dome
Sculpture of the Archangel Michael
Vault of the roof structure
Interior of the cathedral
Dome over the crossing
Baptistery in the aisle
Vault of the baptistery
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Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Cathedral of St James - Tourist Board of the Šibenik-Knin County (accessed May 7, 2017)
- ↑ Tourist Board of the City of Šibenik - Sacred Monuments (accessed May 7, 2017)
- ↑ St. Jacob's Cathedral Šibenik (accessed May 7, 2017)
- ↑ Sunday, April 15, 2018, p. 26.
- ^ Organ Šibenik (Croatian) (accessed July 3, 2017)
Heritage : Old Town of Dubrovnik (1979) | Historical complex of Split with Diocletian's Palace (1979) | Episcopal complex of the Euphrasian Basilica in the old town of Poreč (1997) | Old town of Trogir (1997) | St. Jacob's Cathedral in Šibenik (2000) | Stari Grad Plain (2008) | Stećci - Medieval tombstones (2016) | Venetian Defense System of the 16th to 17th Centuries (2017)
Natural heritage : Plitvice Lakes National Park (1979) | Old beech forests and primeval beech forests of the Carpathian Mountains and other regions of Europe (2017)
Coordinates: 43 ° 44 ′ 8.4 " N , 15 ° 53 ′ 20.7" E