Stećak
| Cemeteries with Stećci - medieval tombstones | |
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UNESCO world heritage 
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| Stećci on the Radimlja burial ground near Stolac |
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| National territory: |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Montenegro Serbia  
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| Type: | Culture |
| Criteria : | iii, vi |
| Surface: | 49.15 ha |
| Buffer zone: | 321.24 ha |
| Reference No .: | 1504 |
| UNESCO region : | Europe and North America |
| History of enrollment | |
| Enrollment: | 2016 ( session 40 ) |
A Stećak [ stetsak ] ( Bosnian Stećak) (from the old Serbo-Croatian form stojećak , from the ancient Slavic verb stojati = stand upright), plural stećci [ stetsɕtsi ], is a medieval tombstone of a certain shape, which is mainly found in Bosnia and Herzegovina and partly in neighboring Dalmatia and rarely in more distant regions of Serbia and Montenegro . More than 58,000 are recorded today, many of which are dated to the 14th and 15th centuries .
In Herzegovina , near Stolac (Radimlja burial ground), near Lake Blidinje and in the Gacko area, there are particularly many such tombstones.
On July 15, 2016, 28 Stećci sites from four countries were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List .
Shapes, motifs and inscriptions
Two forms were used for the stećci : plates, as they can also be found in other regions of Europe, and upright blocks, as they are mainly found in Bosnia.
Almost 6,000 are decorated with bas-reliefs depicting human figures. Often scenes from everyday life , hunting or jousting as well as symbols such as crosses or crescents are depicted on them. Sometimes they are also with inscriptions such as B. “Please don't bother me, I was like you and you will be like me” in the Bosančica ( Bosnian script ).
origin
Since the distribution area of the stećci essentially coincides with the distribution area of the Bosnian Church , and this church was equated with the Church of the Bogomils , the stećci have long been regarded as Bogomil tombstones. Today, however, it is generally assumed that the stones are not remnants of the medieval religious community of the Bogomils, but rather ordinary tombstones of members of the Bosnian Church. Some stećci possibly show remnants of local pagan myths and rituals in their motifs, with heraldic symbols the status of a regional Slavic nobleman or the deeds of the people for whom they were set.
The possibility that the Stećci are a cultural legacy of the Romanesque ethnic group of the Mauro Walachians was / is being considered.
literature
- Alojz Benac : Radimlja (Srednjevjekovni nadgrobni spomenici Bosne i Hercegovine, Sveska I) . Izdanje zemaljskog museja, Sarajevo 1950.
- Alojz Benac : Široki Brijeg (Srednjevjekovni nadgrobni spomenici Bosne i Hercegovine, Sveska III) . Izdanje zemaljskog museja, Sarajevo 1952.
- Marian Wenzel: Bosnian and Herzegovinian thombstones: who made them and why . In: Southeast Research . No. 21. Munich 1962, pp. 102-143.
- O. Bihalji-Merin and A. Benac: Stones of the Bogomils . Vienna / Munich 1964.
- Marian Wenzel: Ornamental motifs on thombstones from medieval Bosnia and surrounding regions . Veselin Masleša Publishing House, Sarajevo 1965.
- Ragib Lubovac Čelebija: Stećci bosanski stil , Izdavač “Šahinpašić”, Sarajevo 2016, ISBN 978-9958-41-667-5 .
Web links
- Entry on the UNESCO World Heritage Center website ( English and French ).
- Pictures of the motifs
- Marian Wenzel: Ornamental motifs on thombstones from medieval Bosnia and surrounding regions .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Noel Malcolm: History of Bosnia . S. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1996, ISBN 3-10-029202-2 , p. 48.
- ^ Five sites inscribed on the World Heritage List. On: whc.unesco.org, July 15, 2016.
- ^ Croatian Fonts for Users of LATEX, Dr. Darko Žubrinić, 2010 (PDF; 295 kB). Retrieved January 4, 2011.
- ^ Johann von Asbóth: Bosnia and Herzegovina . Hölder, Vienna 1888, pp. 94–118.
- ^ Marian Wenzel: Bosnian and Herzegovinian Tombstobes - Who Made Them and Why? In: Sudost research, 21 . 1962, p. 102-143 .
- ^ Alojz Benac: Stećci. Mala istoria umetnosti Yugoslavije . 1967.
- ↑ Octavian Ciobanu: The emergence of Vlach necropolises with petroglyphs in Western Balkans . In: The journal of ethnology and culturology, 21 . 2018, p. 5-10 .
World Heritage: Bridge and Old Town of Mostar (2005) | Mehmed Paša Sokolovic Bridge in Višegrad (2007) | Stećci - Medieval tombstones (2016)
Heritage : Old Town of Dubrovnik (1979) | Historical complex of Split with Diocletian's Palace (1979) | Episcopal complex of the Euphrasian Basilica in the old town of Poreč (1997) | Old town of Trogir (1997) | St. Jacob's Cathedral in Šibenik (2000) | Stari Grad Plain (2008) | Stećci - Medieval tombstones (2016) | Venetian Defense System of the 16th to 17th Centuries (2017)
Natural heritage : Plitvice Lakes National Park (1979) | Old beech forests and primeval beech forests of the Carpathian Mountains and other regions of Europe (2017)
Cultural heritage: natural and cultural-historical region of Kotors (1979) | Stećci - Medieval tombstones (2016) | Venetian Defense System of the 16th to 17th Centuries (2017)
Natural heritage: Durmitor National Park (1980)
Cultural heritage : Stari Ras town and Sopoćani monastery (1979) | Studenica Monastery (1986) | Medieval monuments in Kosovo (2004) | Galerius Palace in Felix Romuliana near Gamzigrad (2007) | Stećci - Medieval tombstones (2006)