Bone organoids
| Bone organoids | ||||||||||||
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Common fish ( Lepisosteus osseus ) |
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| Holostey | ||||||||||||
| Müller , 1846 |
The bone organoids (Holostei [from Greek "holosteos" = completely bony]), also known as bone smelting flakes , are a group of primeval bony fish, which today only exist with eight species in North and Central America as well as in Cuba , in the Mesozoic ( Mesozoic Era) but were distributed worldwide in a great variety of forms. To today's styles include up to three meters long gars (Lepisosteidae), the externally see the Hecht similar and live as a shock robbers in rivers and lakes North and Central America, and the Bowfin ( Amia calva ), also called mud fish, from the eastern North America.
features
Bone organoids are generally large to medium-sized fish that have an elongated body that is round in cross-section. With Kyphosichthys , only a really high-backed genus is known ( Dapedium is now regarded by many scientists as a core group representative of the Teleostei ). The body is scaled with ganoid scales, a primeval type of scale consisting of a bony base covered with a mother-of-pearl-like, shiny layer of ganoin , in which the cosmin layer has already been lost. The inner skeleton is completely ossified. Vertebral bodies are formed. The caudal fin is almost symmetrical on the outside, but the caudal fin skeleton is clearly heterocerk on the inside . In the shoulder girdle that's collarbone lost. The intestine has a remnant of a spiral fold (still four turns in Lepisosteus ). The dorsally located swim bladder can be used in recent species to breathe atmospheric air, as it was in the extinct forms, remains unknown. The number of fin rays is usually low and corresponds to the number of fin carriers in the unpaired fins .
The bone organoids are best diagnosed through their jaw mechanism . With the Palaeonisciformes the mouth was long with the corners of the mouth lying far back. It is shorter in the bone organoids, the maxillary is shortened and has lost its posterior extension. Contact with the gill cover and the ectopterygoid was lost, as was contact with the bones below the orbit . At the upper edge of the maxillary, the supramaxillary is often an additional bone. The gill lid has been reduced to a crescent-shaped front edge of the gill lid and the newly added interoperculum closes the gap in the throat region that is created when the jaw moves forward. The orbit is still surrounded by circumorbital bones behind and below, but the complete bone covering of the head sides has been lost. This region is more or less "naked" or covered with different bone plates in the Holostei. The hyomandibulars , the quadratic bone and the epiptpterygoid are reinforced to support the jaw apparatus, and another bone, the symplecticum, can connect the quadratic and hyomandibular bone .
history
The term Holostei was first used by Johannes Müller , a German marine biologist and comparative anatomist , to unite Polypterus and Lepisosteus . Amia , who was previously considered a member of the Clupeidae (herring), was added by the German-Swiss natural scientist Carl Vogt after he had examined his heart. Polypterus was excluded from the group again in 1861 by Thomas Henry Huxley . Subsequently, the group existed for more than 100 years and was used to summarize Mesozoic and primitive recent bony fish of a certain stage of development. The boundaries between the original cartilage organoids (Chondrostei) and the more highly developed real bony fish (Teleostei) were fluid. The fish in the transition zone between Chondrostei and Holostei were called subholostei. It has long been suspected that the Holostei are an artificial polyphyletic group.
In the course of the 1970s and 1980s, after comparing the outer bones of the skull , the view that the Amiiformes , the order to which the bald pike belonged, and the Teleostei must have had a common ancestor became more and more accepted. The common taxon of Amiiformes and the Teleostei was called Halecostomi . The Holostei thus became an invalid taxon.
More recently, however, both molecular biological investigations and more precise and newly interpreted comparisons of the morphology have shown that the Amiiformes are more closely related to the Lepisosteiformes than to the Teleostei.
In 2010 the Holostei were therefore revalidated.
External system
| Actinopterygii |
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Internal system
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Holostei cladogram
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Within the bone organoids two groups can be distinguished, the Ginglymodi with the bonefish and some extinct groups, and the Halecomorphi, whose representatives are all extinct except for the mudfish.
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Bone organoids (holostei)
- rankless taxon gingly modes
- Order Dapediiformes †
- Order bonefish (Lepisosteiformes)
- Order Semionotiformes †
- incertae sedis
- ranked taxon Halecomorphi
- Order Parasemionotiformes †
- Order Ionoscopiformes †
- Order Amiiformes
- Family Amiidae
- Family Caturidae †
- Family Liodesmidae †
- Family Sinamiidae †
- rankless taxon gingly modes
literature
- Lance Grande: An empirical synthetic pattern study of gars (Lepisosteiformes) and closely related species, based mostly on skeletal anatomy: the resurrection of Holostei. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas 2010, OCLC 670217141 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Xu GuangHui, Wu FeiXiang: A deep-bodied ginglymodian fish from the Middle Triassic of eastern Yunnan Province, China, and the phylogeny of lower neopterygians. In: Chinese Science Bulletin. January 2012 Vol. 57 No. 1, pp. 111-118, doi : 10.1007 / s11434-011-4719-1
- ^ A b c Brian G. Gardiner, John G. Maisey, D. Tim J. Littlewood: Interrelationships of Basal Neopterygians. Pp. 117-146 in: Melanie LJ Stiassny, Lynne R. Parenti, G. David Johnson (Eds.): Interrelationships of Fishes. Academic Press, 1996, ISBN 0-12-670950-5 .
- ↑ a b Imogen A. Hurley et al: A new time-scale for ray-finned fish evolution. In: Proc. R. Soc. B. (2007) 274, pp. 489-498, doi : 10.1098 / rspb.2006.3749
- ↑ a b Oskar Kuhn: The prehistoric fish-like and fish. A. Ziemsen Verlag, Wittenberg 1967. (2005, ISBN 3-89432-776-6 )
- ^ A b Alfred S. Romer : Vertebrate Paleontology. 3. Edition. University of Chicago Press, 1966, ISBN 0-226-72488-3 , pp. 96-97.
- ↑ Kurt Fiedler: Textbook of Special Zoology. Volume II, Part 2: Fish . Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1991, ISBN 3-334-00339-6 , p. 259.
- ↑ a b Lance Grande: An Empirical Synthetic Pattern Study of Gars (Lepisosteiformes) and Closely Related Species, Based Mostly on Skeletal Anatomy. The Resurrection of Holostei . In: The American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists Special Publication . 6 (Supplementum for the 2010 Copeia year), 2010, p. 1-871 .
- ↑ Guillermo Ortí, Chenhong Li: Phylogeny and Classification. PDF ( Memento of the original from June 23, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ K. Kikugawa, K. Katoh, K. Shigehiro et al: Basal jawed vertebrate phylogeny inferred from multiple nuclear DNA-coded genes. In: BMC Biol. 2004, 2, pp. 1-11.
- ^ EO Wiley, G. David Johnson: A teleost classification based on monophyletic groups. In: Joseph S. Nelson, Hans-Peter Schultze, Mark VH Wilson: Origin and Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Teleosts. Publishing house Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-89937-107-9 , p. 126.
- ^ Adriana López-Arbarello: Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Ginglymodian Fishes (Actinopterygii: Neopterygii). PLoS ONE , doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0039370
- ↑ Detlev Thies & Jens Waschkewitz: Redescription of Dapedium pholidotum (Agassiz, 1832) (Actinopterygii, Neopterygii) from the Lower Jurassic Posidonia Shale, with comments on the phylogenetic position of Dapedium Leach, 1822. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, Volume 14, Issue 4 , 2016, DOI: 10.1080 / 14772019.2015.1043361
- ↑ Xu GuangHui & Wu FeiXiang: A deep-bodied ginglymodian fish from the Middle Triassic of eastern Yunnan Province, China, and the phylogeny of lower neopterygians. Chinese Science Bulletin, January 2012 Vol. 57 No. 1: 111 - 118 doi : 10.1007 / s11434-011-4719-1
