Coral otters
Coral otters | ||||||||||||
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Texas coral otter ( Micrurus tener ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Micrurus | ||||||||||||
Wagler , 1824 |
The genus of the coral otters ( Micrurus ) contains about 79 species. The distribution area includes North, Central and South America. All species have a highly effective neurotoxin with a postsynaptic effect, and in most species a myotoxin is detectable, which attacks the muscle tissue. A bite can be fatal within 24 hours, but bite accidents rarely occur. In South America, only 0.7% of all bite accidents are due to Micrurus species. In North America, however, it is 2%. Coral otters are not very aggressive. They only bite if you stimulate them very strongly. There are now several highly effective antivenins available, so that there have been hardly any known deaths since then.
The scarlet snake ( Cemophora coccinea ) is a non-toxic snake from the southeastern United States. Since the spots of its drawing sometimes extend to the lower body and thereby form stripes, it can easily be confused ( mimicry ) with the poisonous coral viper or the non-poisonous triangular snake ( Lampropeltis triangulum ) or the red king snake ( Lampropeltis elapsoides ). Note the following donkey bridge : Red on yellow, poison fellow; red on black, safe from attack; or also: red on yellow will kill a fellow, but red on black is a friend of Jack; or also: red on yellow will kill a fellow; red on black, venom lacquer.
A suitable German donkey bridge reads: blood on yolks, killer otters. Blood on coal, for your good.
Systematics
- Micrurus albicinctus Amaral , 1925
- Micrurus alleni - eastern Nicaragua , Costa Rica and Panama
- Micrurus altirostris ( Cope , 1860) - Brazil , Uruguay, and northeastern Argentina
- Micrurus ancoralis - southeastern Panama , western Columbia, and western Ecuador
- Micrurus annellatus - southeast Ecuador, eastern Peru , Bolivia, and western Brazil
- Micrurus averyi Schmidt , 1939
- Micrurus baliocoryphus ( Cope , 1860)
- Micrurus bernadi ( Cope , 1887) - Mexico .
- Micrurus bocourti ( Jan , 1872) - western Ecuador to northern Colombia ,
- Micrurus bogerti Roze , 1967 - Oaxaca .
- Micrurus brasiliensis Roze , 1967
- Micrurus browni - Quintana Roo to Honduras .
- Micrurus camilae Renjifo & Lundberg , 2003 - Colombia .
- Micrurus catamayensis Roze , 1989 - Catamayo Valley in Ecuador .
- Micrurus circinalis ( Duméril , Bibron & Duméril , 1854)
- Micrurus clarki Schmidt , 1936 - southeast Costa Rica to western Colombia .
- Micrurus collaris ( Schlegel , 1837)
- Micrurus corallinus ( Merrem , 1820)
- Micrurus decoratus ( Jan , 1858)
- Micrurus diana Roze , 1983
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Micrurus diastema
- Micrurus diastema diastema ( Duméril , Bibron & Duméril , 1854)
- Micrurus diastema aglaeope ( Cope , 1859)
- Micrurus diastema alienus ( Werner , 1903)
- Micrurus diastema affinis ( Jan , 1858)
- Micrurus diastema apiatus ( Jan , 1858)
- Micrurus diastema macdougalli ( Roze , 1967)
- Micrurus diastema sapperi ( Werner , 1903)
- Micrurus dissoleucus
- Micrurus distans
- Micrurus dumerilii
- Micrurus elegans
- Micrurus ephippifer
- Micrurus filiformis
- Micrurus frontalis - Brazil to northeast Argentina .
- Micrurus fulvius ( Linnaeus , 1766) - coastal plains from North Carolina to Louisiana
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Micrurus hemprichii
- Micrurus hemprichii hemprichii ( Jan , 1858)
- Micrurus hemprichii ortoni ( Schmidt , 1953)
- Micrurus hemprichii rondonianus ( Roze & da Silva Jr. , 1990)
- Micrurus hippocrepis ( Peters , 1862)
- Micrurus ibiboboca ( Merrem , 1820)
- Micrurus isozonus ( Cope , 1860)
- Micrurus langsdorffi
- Micrurus laticollaris
- Micrurus latifasciatus Schmidt , 1933
- Micrurus lemniscatus - low lying areas of South America
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Micrurus limbatus
- Micrurus limbatus limbatus ( Fraser , 1964)
- Micrurus limbatus spilosomus ( Perez-Higaredo & Smith , 1990)
- Micrurus margaritiferus Roze , 1967
- Micrurus medemi Roze , 1967
- Micrurus meridensis Roze , 1989
- Micrurus mertensi Schmidt , 1936
- Micrurus mipartitus
- Micrurus mosquitensis Schmidt , 1933
- Micrurus multifasciatus
- Micrurus multiscutatus Rendahl & Vestergren , 1940
- Micrurus narduccii ( Jan , 1863)
- Micrurus nattereri Schmidt , 1952
- Micrurus nebularis Roze , 1989
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Micrurus nigrocinctus - Yucatán and Chiapas to Colombia as well as western Caribbean islands
- Micrurus nigrocinctus babaspul ( Roze , 1967)
- Micrurus nigrocinctus coibensis ( Schmidt , 1936)
- Micrurus nigrocinctus divaricatus ( Hallowell , 1855)
- Micrurus nigrocinctus mosquitensis ( Schmidt , 1933)
- Micrurus nigrocinctus nigrocinctus ( Girard , 1854)
- Micrurus nigrocinctus ovandoensis ( Schmidt & Smith , 1943)
- Micrurus nigrocinctus wagneri ( Mertens , 1941)
- Micrurus nigrocinctus yatesi ( Dunn , 1942)
- Micrurus nigrocinctus Zunilensis ( Schmidt , 1932)
- Micrurus obscurus ( Jan , 1872)
- Micrurus oligoanellatus Ayerbe & López , 2005
- Micrurus ornatissimus ( Jan , 1858)
- Micrurus pacaraimae Morato de Carvalho , 2002
- Micrurus pachecogili Campbell , 2000
- Micrurus paraensis Da Cunha & Nascimento , 1973
- Micrurus peruvianus Schmidt , 1936
- Micrurus petersi Roze , 1967
- Micrurus potyguara Pires , da Silva Jr. , Feitosa , Prudente , Pereira-Filho & Zaher , 2014
- Micrurus proximans Smith & Chrapliwy , 1958
- Micrurus psyches
- Micrurus putumayensis Lancini , 1962
- Micrurus pyrrhocryptus ( Cope , 1862)
- Micrurus remotus Roze , 1987
- Micrurus renjifoi ( Lamar , 2003)
- Micrurus ruatanus ( Günther , 1895)
- Micrurus sangilensis Nicéforo María , 1942
- Micrurus scutiventris ( Cope , 1869)
- Micrurus serranus Harvey , Aparicio & Gonzalez , 2003
- Micrurus silviae Di Bernardo , Borges-Martins & Da Silva Jr. , 2007
- Micrurus spixii
- Micrurus spurrelli ( Boulenger , 1914)
- Micrurus steindachneri
- Micrurus stewarti Barbour & Amaral , 1928
- Micrurus stuarti Roze , 1967
- Micrurus surinamensis
- Micrurus tener - Texas and Louisiana south of Morelos and Guanajuato .
- Micrurus tikuna Feitosa , Da Silva Jr. , Pires , Zaher & Prudente , 2015
- Micrurus tschudii Jan , 1858
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Mark O'Shea: Venomous Snakes. All species in the world in their habitats. Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-440-10619-5 .