Korolivka (Borschtschiw)
| Korolivka | |||
| Королівка | |||
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| Basic data | |||
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| Oblast : | Ternopil Oblast | ||
| Rajon : | Borschtschiv Raion | ||
| Height : | 300 m | ||
| Area : | 4.854 km² | ||
| Residents : | 1,151 (2002) | ||
| Population density : | 237 inhabitants per km² | ||
| Postcodes : | 48736 | ||
| Area code : | +380 3541 | ||
| Geographic location : | 48 ° 45 ' N , 25 ° 59' E | ||
| KOATUU : | 6120883701 | ||
| Administrative structure : | 1 village | ||
| Address: | 48736 с. Королівка | ||
| Statistical information | |||
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Koroliwka ( Ukrainian Королівка ; Russian Королёвка Koroljowka , Polish Korolówka ) is a village in Borshchiv Raion , Oblast Ternopil in western Ukraine and is located 12 kilometers south of Borshchiv on the river Nitschlawa ( Нічлава ). Korolivka is known for the gypsum karst cave Optymistychna Petschera .
Since 2016 the place belongs administratively to the municipality Borschtschiw .
history
The Jewish settlement from its beginnings to 1919
Koroliwka was founded as Korolówka , a Jewish settlement in the Podolia Voivodeship within the aristocratic republic of Poland-Lithuania , probably towards the end of the 17th century and was privately owned by members of a noble family. The age of the wooden synagogue attests to this, which existed until the 19th century.
In 1726 Jakob Joseph Frank , the Jewish enthusiast and pseudo-messiah or leader of his mystical-cabbalistic-Jewish-Christian special community (Frankists), was born here and lived in the village until he was 12 years old. After the dissolution of Poland in 1772, the place became a city of the Austrian crown land of Galicia and from 1867 was part of the district administration of Borszczów . The town began to develop as early as the 18th century and grew especially in the 19th century with the connection to the railway network, despite the fact that it was always overshadowed by the nearby municipalities of Borszczów and Brzeżany . Right next to the town was the castle of the landowner Дунін-Борковськи (Dunin-Borkowski). In 1904 a fire destroyed 30 Jewish houses; however, Jews from Brzeżany came to the aid of their neighbors and brought them food. After Korolivka was affected during the Russian occupation in World War I 1914-1917, the population decreased. Another fire struck the city after the destruction by the Russian occupiers, which again burned down about 30 Jewish houses in which 38 families lived.
The first Jewish settlers earned their living by renting and trading (in the 18th century also with Wallachia ) and in the 19th century on small industrial estates, with peddling in the surrounding villages and with handicrafts. By the local rabbi was Rav Avraham-Abush Eisner mentioned, in Korolówka born, the holy leader in Huşi , Romania and Gródek Jagielloński was here or in Koroliwka. He was highly educated and participated in the HaMagid and the HaTzfirah . In his articles during Jewish education, he advocated the establishment of schools for the children of Israel such that they are looked after by the Alliance Israélite Universelle . In 1877 he finished his rabbinate in Korolówka as a pensioner and opened a bookstore in the village. He founded the magazine Hatzofeh (the audience); Only two editions were ever published, both in 1878. In 1879 he moved his book shop to Chernivtsi , the capital of Bukovina . For many years the office of Korolówka Rabbi Haim bar Jakob-Schimon Rozenberg , who was appointed in 1884 and continued to serve as rabbi in the town, also ran through the period between the two world wars. As a result of his opposition to Zionism , there were no organized Zionist groups in Korolówka until the outbreak of the First World War. With the efforts of the highly educated villagers, u. a. Lazar Fierstein , founded a school in the village based on the principles of Baron Hirsch during the last days of the 19th century . A shopping center was also built. Trade fairs were held regularly in the city.
1920–1943: Anti-Semitism and destruction of the Jewish settlement by Ukrainians and Germans
With the end of the First World War and the withdrawal of the Bolsheviks in 1920, after the new Polish government was established, Zionists in the area began their activities. Korolówka was now part of the Tarnopol Voivodeship in Poland from 1918–39 . First, the Zionists organized on behalf of the refugees from Ukraine who came to the place; with the transition of the time branches of the Histadrut HaZioni (Zionist Union) and various youth movements such as the Hashomer Hazair (the young guard), the Hanoar Hazioni (The Zionist Youth), Beitar , and the Gordonia also appeared in the place. In 1925 an Esra branch was created. During the growing season, the group Hovevai Tarbut (culture enthusiasts) was active and there were libraries, drama classes that existed in parallel with the youth movements. In 1935 a Hebrew comprehensive school was founded in the village.
In the 1930s, the economic situation of the Jews in Korolówka deteriorated . The merchants got into severe competition with the Ukrainian cooperatives, and anti-Semitic incitement arose, both in the town and in the surrounding villages. In May 1937 a Jewish family was murdered in a neighboring village and residents received threatening letters in others. In April 1939, the Jewish owners of an oil factory were defeated. In the municipal elections of 1927, 22 Jews (out of a total of 48 seats) were elected to the city parliament. Many of them were Zionists. One of them was N. Gelbhard , who was elected Vice Mayor. In the 1935 Zionist Congress elections, the villagers voted as follows: General Zionists: 202 / Mizrachi: 13 / Eretz Yisrael Ha'ovedet: 137. In 1939, 79 shekels were sold, although the election did not take place in Korolówka .
In 1940 the place was occupied by the Soviets and assigned to the Ukrainian SSR . Almost nothing is known about the life of the Jews during this period (September 1939 to June 1941). Because just one year later after the attack on the Soviet Union on July 1, 1941, Korolivka was occupied by Germany and assigned to the Galicia district. The Germans immediately began to persecute the Jews: all townspeople who were fit enough to work were sent to labor camps, especially to do agricultural work there. Jewish property was stolen: among other things, Jews were asked to hand over all of their valuables. The Judenrat , which was founded under the German legislature, was obliged to collect all of these pieces. The head of the Judenrat was Max Glickstern , a wealthy and respected Jew from Korolivka. A Jewish police force was also created in the course of this.
The main act of extermination of the Jews happened during the annual Tabernacle Festival on September 26, 1942, when the German and Ukrainian police surrounded Korolivka and opened fire. The weak were murdered in their homes and those who tried to run away were shot. Those who gathered in the town's main square and had them loaded onto trucks were brought to nearby Borszczów, where Jews were also being transported to the Bełżec extermination camp . The Jews who had fled Korolivka were deported to Bełżec with the others. The number of victims of this action is around 700–900 including the Jews who were killed in Korolivka themselves. Only a few Jews from Korolivka survived this because they were just at work or had found a successful hiding place. One month later, on October 22, 1942, the Jewish community in Korolivka ceased to exist, because the few remaining were now asked to leave their hometown and to go to the nearby Borszczów ghetto within 25 hours , where they a little later same fate overtook.
A few dozen Jewish workers were on a large farm near Koroliwka concentrated . Of course, some were from Korolivka and the surrounding villages. This labor camp existed until the end of the 1943 agricultural season; it was destroyed in the second half of autumn and its Jews shot on the spot.
Construction of today's Ukrainian village
After Korolivka was retaken by the Red Army , the place came back to the Ukrainian SSR of the Soviet Union. It was renamed Koraliwka (Коралівка) and carried this name until 1989. Since the declaration of independence of Ukraine in 1991 , it has been part of the independent republic and is inhabited by Ukrainians. In the village there is a monument to Taras Shevchenko , the most important poet in Ukraine, and a monument to commemorate the abolition of serfdom in 1889. There is again a school, clubs, a library, doctors' offices and retail businesses.
sons and daughters of the town
- Jacob Frank (1726-1791), a Jewish fanatic, pseudo-messiah and founder of the sect of Sohariten or contra-Talmudists, also after him Frankists called
- Mieczysław Jastrun (1903–1983), born Moshe Agatstein, Polish writer, essayist and translator
- Roman Wasilowitsch Andriyaschik (1933–2000), Ukrainian writer, journalist, winner of the Shevchenko Prize (1998)
- Mezenat I. Wrublewski, priest
- Iwan Merdak (1933–2007), Ukrainian sculptor
- L. Stasiuk, Ukrainian ceramist
literature
- Pinkas Hakehillot Polin : Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities, Poland, Volume II , pages 489-490, Yad Vashem-Verlag, Jerusalem.
- Omer Bartov : Erased. Vanishing Traces of Jewish Galicia in Present-Day Ukraine. Princeton & Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-691-13121-4 .
Web links
- Korolówka . In: Filip Sulimierski, Władysław Walewski (eds.): Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich . tape 4 : Kęs – Kutno . Walewskiego, Warsaw 1883, p. 411 (Polish, edu.pl ).
- Encyclopedia of Jewish Communities, Poland, Volume II , pages 489-490
Individual evidence
- ↑ Відповідно до Закону України "Про добровільне об'єднання територіальних громад" ку іномад "ку ірнопільсу
- ↑ Rizzi Zannoni, Karta Podola, znaczney części Wołynia, płynienie Dniestru od Uścia, aż do Chocima y Ładowa, Bogu od swego zrzodła, aż do Ładyczyna, pogranicze Mołdawy, Bracuskiekiego Kziegoows Bełows .; 1772 ( Memento of the original from April 2, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Виконавчий комітет Тернопільської обласної Ради народних депутатів рішенням від 22 серпня 1989 року вніс в адміністративно-територіальний устрій окремих районів такі зміни
