Kreuzbergl
The Kreuzbergl is the " local mountain " of Klagenfurt am Wörthersee . Although the Kreuzbergl at 517 m above sea level. A. is only a comparatively small elevation that reaches close to the northwest corner of the city center, colloquially the entire mountain group between the Kreuzbergl and the Hallegger ponds with the Kalvarienberg (588 m) and the Falkenberg (671 m) is called "Kreuzbergl" designated.
Up until 1742 the mountain was also called Wölfnitzberg or Steinbruchberg . The Kreuzbergl is a popular local recreation area due to its proximity to the city area and several small ponds, to which the observatory, the botanical garden and the mining museum also contribute.
geology
From a geological point of view, the Kreuzbergl belongs to the old crystalline , its rock, the so-called "Kreuzberglschiefer" is a very hard green rock which has been quarried in several large quarries since the 16th century (hence the old name "Steinbruchberg"). They largely supplied the material for the city fortifications of Klagenfurt, for numerous houses and, last but not least, the huge stone block from which the Lindwurm was carved also comes from there.
Traces of historical mining can still be found on the Kreuzbergl in the area of the historical quarry at the eastern foot of the Kreuzbergl, the Falkenberg, the Grazerkogel or the Fliehburghöhe, where silver-bearing galena and iron were mined. The "Atzgrubenweg" (old name for ore), which leads from Kellerstraße to Zillhöhe, also refers to this.
Flora and fauna
The diversity of the landscape in the Kreuzbergl is reflected in a multitude of habitats and plant communities. Depending on the exposure, a wide variety of forest types can be found here, such as red pine forests, beech-fir-spruce forests, beech forests, oak-hornbeam forests, log forests, floodplain and stream accompanying forests, quarry forests, furthermore spring and stream meadows, swamps, bogs, reeds, ponds with aquatic plants and silting societies, heather-like formations, crevice societies, poor grassland and, in the cultural area, fat meadows , pastures, ruderal areas , wall societies, etc.
Especially in the southeastern area of the Kreuzbergl around St. Martin there are large stocks of sweet chestnut trees , which can be traced back to trees that were planted on the occasion of the opening of the observatory in 1965. In many parts of the forest, especially in the forestry areas of the Falkenberg, spruce and red pines dominate. There are also some neophytes , in particular the pokeweed .
Particularly noteworthy is the vineyard southwest of Freyenthurn Castle , which delivers excellent wines due to the favorable microclimate in the immediate vicinity of Lake Wörthersee.
The total number of species of all the plants occurring on the Kreuzbergl are not yet exactly available and have yet to be ascertained; there are an estimated 500 fern and flowering plants, including 12 completely protected orchid species; A wide variety of mushrooms can also be expected; During a day excursion in the Falkenberg area alone, 168 species were found in 2004; The abundance of different mosses (approx. 300, including two new species for Carinthia) and lichens has already been pointed out, but more detailed mapping work is also planned here.
The fact that the animal world on the Kreuzbergl is also extremely diverse and species-rich is shown by a survey in the Botanical Garden from 1995: no fewer than 586 different insect and spider species were found here, including several initial records for Carinthia and one that is entirely new for science Small cicada.
Kreuzbergl Church and State Memorial
In 1692, Christian Anton von Leyersperg erected a large cross on the site of today's Kreuzberglkirche . In 1737 the church followed with the Calvary , which was inaugurated in 1778. After the war it was transformed into the state memorial for the fallen and inaugurated in 1959. Karl Bauer created the mosaics in the individual stations of the cross. From the portal of the church you can see the Radetzkystraße directly to the parish church.
Filial Church of St. Thaddäus
Entrance to the Kreuzbergl Church
Kreuzberglkirche with state memorial and stations of the cross
State memorial with Radetzkystraße
A “Catholic Benefice on Calvarienberg” is run as the owner of the property rights. The heart of the complex is the memorial chapel, sometimes called the “crypt” or “crypt”, a reinforced concrete structure built into the slope. In the interior of the crypt there is a representation of the risen One. On the left and right of it are two books on a shelf in which the names of 22,000 fallen Carinthians are entered. The marble panels are mounted on the sides of the tomb.
Blackboard donors
Blackboard BUILDER
The resurrection
Klagenfurt - Kreuzbergl - State Memorial - Crypt
On the outside east the following inscriptions: Outside left. "1914-1918, 1939-1945". Outside right: "Honor the dead, admonition the living".
It is a not undisputed memorial. The historian Gerhard Sladek and his co-authors see here an example of the protection of cultural property and understand it to mean the care and preservation of listed objects. In contrast, the historian Helge Stromberger finds borrowings from Nazi ideology here.
Martin Ritter von Kink monument, the Schweizerhaus and Kinkstrasse
Martin Ritter von Kink was the founder of the Kaiser-Franz-Josef-Anlagen on Kreuzbergl. As the kk Oberbaurat in Klagenfurt, he proposed on the occasion of the Kaiser's visit on May 20, 1850, to prepare a place for a folk festival and a regional shooting and to create facilities on the Kreuzbergl. He thus became the creator of the Kreuzbergl Nature Park. First of all, the forest meadow was created above the quarry with the "Franz Josephs facilities"; The Schweizerhaus followed in 1852, and a monument to Kink was unveiled in its terrace wall on September 6, 1899. In the substructure of the Schweizerhaus terrace there is the basket arch-shaped grotto with a curved senator's bench and on a pedestal rests the kink bust made of Carrara marble , which was made by the Klagenfurt sculptor Josef Valentin Kassin based on a design by the Viennese Otto Hofer . Kink set up a Kreuzbergl committee that initially sold shares for 10 guilders and used these and other means to expand the facilities step by step. The Schweizerhaus itself now houses an inn, which is a popular excursion destination. The entire facility is not only used by Klagenfurt citizens, but is also particularly appreciated by guests from near and far. The Kinkstraße running on the south-east edge of the Kreuzbergl was formerly called simply "Am Kreuzberge" and was renamed on September 16, 1902 by resolution.
Emperor Franz Josef's grounds with the Schweizerhaus (around 1856)
Swiss house with terrace and memorial grotto
Martin Ritter von Kink monument in the substructure of the Schweizerhaus terrace
Gasthaus Karawankenblick at Kinkstrasse No. 36
So there was a place of worship for day trippers and walkers.
Gasthof "Zum Einsiedler"
The Kreuzbergl place of worship was much older than the Franz Joseph complex. A high cross was erected here as early as 1692 and a hermit had withdrawn into the forest. And in 1742 the church was built.
Entrance wall of the “Zum Einsiedler” inn in Kinkstrasse 2
Wall inscription at the "Gasthof zum Einsiedler" in Kinkstrasse 2
Wall painting at the "Gasthof zum Einsiedler" in Kinkstrasse 2
"Gasthof Zum Einsiedler" in Kinkstrasse 2
In memory of the hermits , the traditional restoration "Zum Einsiedler" was set up at number 2 Kinkstrasse. It was a popular inn and is no longer in operation.
Lookout tower with observatory
The current lookout tower dates back to 1895 and replaced a wooden lookout tower. It not only offers a wonderful view over the nearby roofs of the city, but also to the stars, as the observatory of the Carinthian Astronomical Association has been housed here since 1965 .
The public observatory with observation terrace has a refractor with a 135 mm opening under the dome. The parents' association of the secondary school contributed a second refractor.
Military shooting range
Erected as part of the "Kaiser Franz Josefs Anlagen" in the middle of the 19th century, the shooting range served military purposes. The historian Helge Stromberger assumes that this place was one of the National Socialist execution sites at the end of the Second World War . Target practice was held there until the 1970s. Then the place was given back to the population of Klagenfurt as a local recreation area. Since then, shooting exercises have been held at other locations: Khevenhüller barracks in Lendorf, Glainach military training area near Ferlach and others.
Emperor Franz Josef's facilities at the shooting range (around 1856)
Military shooting range around 1900
Am Kreuzberge 15
Botanical garden and mining museum
The Botanical Garden has existed since 1958 on 1.2 hectares in a former quarry next to the church. Chlorite slate was mined here in the Middle Ages, from which the Lindworm Fountain and many other Klagenfurt buildings were created. With free admission, the botanical garden offers a good overview of the flora of Carinthia , for example the Carinthian national flower Wulfenia .
In the rock face of this former quarry, the tunnel of the mining museum in Kreuzbergl penetrates today . This was never created for mining, but was built between 1942 and 1944 as an air raid shelter for the civilian population. During the 47 bombing raids on Klagenfurt, over 7,000 people found shelter here. When the British liberated Klagenfurt in May 1945, they set up the broadcasting system of the “Free Carinthian Landessender Klagenfurt” in this tunnel and announced the German surrender on May 8, 1945 at 7:30 pm . Today's museum in the 500-meter-long tunnel documents mining in Carinthia and the minerals that occur here , and an event hall is connected to it. On November 1, 2015, the museum was closed for an indefinite period as the city of Klagenfurt no longer bears the costs.
Botanical garden with administration building and greenhouse
Botanical Garden
Entrance building of the mining museum
Tower of the ventilation shaft above the tunnel of the mining museum
Gauleitung in the tunnel
The regime of the Third Reich had its air raid shelter in Kreuzbergl , consisting of a larger tunnel system, the air shaft ended in an extremely massive bunker tower made of reinforced concrete. At times, the district administration was housed in the rock bunker alongside a hospital and radio station.
With the Gauleiter's address on the radio on May 7, 1945 at 11 p.m., Hitler's millennium ended in Carinthia. Rainer's speech had the following wording: “The occupation of Carinthia by enemy forces has begun. The party's political activity comes to an end. I have ordered the cessation of activities in the areas reached by the enemy. As a National Socialist, I myself am not recognized by the enemy as a spokesman for Carinthia's interests and I am not heard. As the Reich Governor, I am therefore making space to give those forces who better match the view of our enemies the opportunity to form a new political platform. "
Ponds
There are three standing water bodies on the eastern edge of the Kreuzbergl: the upper, middle and lower pond. The lower one was still used in the years of World War II to make ice for the nearby Schleppe brewery.
Upper Kreuzberglteich
Middle Kreuzberglteich
Lower Kreuzberglteich with Fischerwirt
At the western foot of the Falkenberg, in the Halleggersenke, is the Falkenbergteich, east of the Jerolitsch excursion inn.
Bear zoo
In 1969 Wilhelm Prechtl founded the bear zoo on Kreuzbergl. It quickly became a magnet for young and old. In 1984 the zoo was closed. The zoo, bear and tiger alleys at the foot of the Kreuzbergl still remember him today.
Bärenzoo Prechtl (closed) in the Kellerstraße
Bear Alley
Bärengasse No. 1
Restoration to the cold cellar
Also in the Kellerstraße was the popular restaurant for the cold cellar, which was razed to the ground in the middle of the 20th century and not rebuilt. The inn at the northern foot of the Kreuzbergl was a popular destination for the Klagenfurt population. The shady location offered a cool place to enjoy and linger, especially in hot summers.
Zigguln Castle
Zigguln Castle is located on Schlossweg on the north-western outskirts of the city. It was first mentioned in a document in 1547, at that time as a Hube . The current building was erected in the middle of the 17th century under the Jesuits , whereby the existing 16th century Stöckl was included as the middle risalit of the south-east wing. The castle served the Klagenfurt Jesuit School as a rest home.
After the Jesuit order was dissolved in Austria in 1773, the castle was temporarily owned by the state, then in private hands. In the 19th century, the facade of the palace was redesigned and the two-storey, cast-iron loggia construction was attached to the southeastern front. In 1966 the Chamber of Labor and Employees bought the building, today Zigguln is again privately owned.
Falkenberg Castle
Located on the north side at the foot of the Falkenberg on a plateau in front of it, Falkenberg Castle now serves as a restaurant and is also a popular stop for hikers. The picturesque little building, originally covered with wooden shingles, was a rural fiefdom of Schloss Drasing (municipality of Krumpendorf am Wörthersee ) in the 16th century . The property was mentioned in a document as early as 1569 and 1580. Under Sigmund von Hallerstein , it was given its current basic form in 1686. Today the property is privately owned.
The two-storey building is built on a rectangular floor plan with side oriel annexes placed across corners . The two eastern bay windows were rebuilt in 1973 as part of a building expansion. The property has a high hipped roof .
Rehsteig and Wartburg
Forest clearing with the former excursion inn "Wartburg"
Former excursion inn "Wartburg"
Hamlet Sankt Primus and the "Waldwirt"
The northernmost area of the Kreuzbergl belongs to the quiet hamlet of Sankt Primus. There are a few houses, a church, a chapel on private property and the popular excursion inn “Waldwirt”.
At the beginning of the 1880s, each cadastral parish received its own land register. This included all properties that existed at the time, but were previously documented in the land registers of the various manors. A deposit number (EZ) was assigned for each entry. St. Primus made the start.
Filial church of St. Primus and Felizian in the quarry
North-east view of the branch church of St. Primus and Felizian
Three altars in the branch church of St. Primus
Residential houses
EZ 1 Church of St. Primus and Felizian: The church with ridge turret has the same church patron as Maria Wörth. In the single layer it occupies a forest clearing and stands hidden on the steep slope. It is mentioned for the first time as the “church in the quarry” in a visitation report from 1616, but it is much older. The sacred building consists of a short nave with a low choir. The simple high altar dates from 1687, the two side altars are likely to have been built at the same time.
EZ 2 Mesnerkeusche in St. Primus: their owner was subject to the rectory of Tultschnig until the discharge was given. In 1843 Josef Pack inherited the property, and in 1884 it passed into other hands. With a purchase agreement of January 1, 1902, Benno Vogel acquired the St. Primus No. 5 property for 2,613 kroner. A few weeks later, he received the license to practice the hospitality and pub trade with the authorization to accommodate strangers, the administration, from the district administration of Klagenfurt of food, the serving of beer, wine and fruit wine against the strictest observation of the commercial and police regulations, in particular the reporting regulations.
EZ 3 Peischerkeusche in St. Primus: Formerly subject of the Tultschnig rectory. Josef Rupp owned it in 1854.
EZ 4 Mörtl in St. Primus: Mörtl was formerly a subject of the Ludmannsdorf rectory. Was acquired by Josefa Lenk in Kaufweg in 1879 and sold again ten years later.
EZ 5 gardener in St. Primus: Formerly subject to the Mageregg lordship. Katharina Kriegl has owned the property since 1856.
EZ 6 Bichlhof am Kalvarienberg: Belonged to the Zigguln estate and the Ehrenhausen estate. From 1875 the owner was Gabriele Countess Correth, b. Schmidburg, in 1883 the farm was swapped to Georg Orasch, who sold it to Paul Mühlbacher in the same year.
Zigguln Castle does not appear in this land register, because it is recorded in that of the Carinthian land register.
Forest chapel on private property
Detail of the forest chapel on private property
"Waldwirt" guest house
"Waldwirt" guest house
Natural monuments
- Glacier cut on the Zillhöhe (NDM-079)
- Beech on the Zillhöhe (NDM-080)
- Linden tree in St. Martin (NDM-082)
- Glacier cut on the Kreuzbergl (NDM-083)
- Oak on Schleppekogel (NDM-085)
Another natural monument on the Kreuzbergl, a solitary beech tree, was lifted. Only about 50 and 100 m walkway uphill from the middle pond are two stumps of cut trees: the first with a trunk diameter of about 130 cm, surrounded by numerous beech shoots that have already emerged about 1 m high, the cut surface was already very dark in April 2019; the second with a trunk diameter of around 100 cm, even less darkened, so it was cut later.
literature
- The educational forest trail on the Kreuzbergl in Klagenfurt. Kärntnerischer Forstverein, Klagenfurt (no year).
- WR Franz: On the natural and near-natural vegetation in the city of Klagenfurt. In: The Carinthian Landsmannschaft. 9-10 (1990), pp. 126-132.
- M. Fuchs: Addendum to the mining area at the Kreuzberg in Klagenfurt. In: Arschleder (news of the Montan Gesellschaft Kärnten). 4 (2003), pp. 8-9.
- A. Geyer: The former mining area on Kreuzberg in Klagenfurt. In: Arschleder (news of the Montan Gesellschaft Kärnten). 2 (2001), pp. 10-11.
- Gerfried Horand People: The Botanical Garden of the Province of Carinthia. A “flourishing museum” in the Klagenfurt city area. In: The Carinthian Landsmannschaft. 9/10 (1996), pp. 90-93.
- Gerfried Horand Menschen, Michael Kosch: A place where people and plants meet. The Botanical Garden of the State of Carinthia in Klagenfurt. In: Klagenfurt in other ways. Kärntner Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft, Klagenfurt 1996, pp. 66–67.
- Alfred Pichler: Mining in Eastern Carinthia. An inventory of the still visible features of the historical mining in Eastern Carinthia. In: Carinthia II. 60th special issue, Klagenfurt 2003, pp. 1–304 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ).
- HT Schneider: The streets and squares of Klagenfurt. Published by the state capital Klagenfurt, 3rd expanded and improved edition, Klagenfurt 1999.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Gerhard Sladek: To prayer! - Religious sites and sacred institutions of the Austrian Armed Forces of the Second Republic. (= Series of publications on the Austrian Armed Forces , vol. 13.) Weishaupt, Gnas 2015, ISBN 978-3-7059-0380-7 , p. 359.
- ↑ Helge Stromberger: The doctors, the sisters, the SS and death - Carinthia and the dying produced during the Nazi period. (= Dissertations and treatises / Disertacije in razprave , No. 13.) 3rd edition, Drava, Klagenfurt 2002, ISBN 3-85435-106-2 , p. 159.
- ↑ Helge Stromberger: The doctors, the sisters, the SS and death - Carinthia and the dying produced during the Nazi period. (= Dissertations and treatises / Disertacije in razprave , No. 13.) 3rd edition, Drava, Klagenfurt 2002, ISBN 3-85435-106-2 , pp. 93-99.
- ↑ Helge Stromberger: The doctors, the sisters, the SS and death - Carinthia and the dying produced during the Nazi period. (= Dissertations and treatises / Disertacije in razprave , No. 13.) 3rd edition, Drava, Klagenfurt 2002, ISBN 3-85435-106-2 , pp. 98 and 152.
Coordinates: 46 ° 38 ' N , 14 ° 17' E