Kulin (Ban)

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Kulin (* before 1170 ; † around 1204 ) was the second ban in Bosnia from around 1180 to 1204 . He is considered to be the founder of the de facto independent Bosnian state and the Bosnian Church . De jure it was first under Byzantine , later under Hungarian sovereignty.

Live and act

origin

The dynastic connections between Kulin, his predecessor and successor are not secured. Ferdo Šišić took the idea that he was the son and successor of Banus Borić . It is likely that Kulin belonged to the Bosnian nobility and that he was brought to the throne under Byzantine patronage at the time of Manuel I Comnenus . The rule of the Byzantines in the Balkans was drawing to a close in this phase.

Mentions

Kulin is mentioned in sources for the first time in the autumn of 1180 after the death of Emperor Manuel I. This happened in the letter of the legate Teobald, who was supposed to present a letter from the Pope to the "noble and powerful man Kulin, the Bosnian Ban" ( plemenitom i moćnom mužu Kulinu, banu bosanskome ). This included the request that Kulin should send two of his servants to Rome. Until the summer of 1189 there was no reliable information about Kulin himself.

Reign

The reign of Ban Kulin is now considered to be the "first heyday" of a Bosnian state.

Kulin managed to free Bosnia from Byzantine sovereignty (suzerainty), but was in a vassal-like relationship to the Hungarian-Croatian King Béla III. In 1189 he issued a charter in which the Knez of Dubrovnik (Ragusa), Krvaš, and the citizens of the city were allowed to move freely in the areas dominated by Kulin. The deed also included certain compensation in the form of a donation. This marked the beginning of the strengthening of economic ties between Bosnia and Dubrovnik. Kulin is referred to in this document as the ruler of Bosnia ( dominus Bosnae ). It is also written that Kulin wants to be a friend of the Prince of Dubrovnik and his citizens "for ever " ( od sele i do vijeka ). Likewise, in the Ban Kulin charter, the ragusan traders were allowed to trade without customs duties; security and protection were granted. This was Bosnia's first trade agreement with Dubrovnik and at the same time one of the oldest documents written in the South Slavic language.

Shortly after the establishment of the Bosnian Church, Rome took decisive action against it. In 1199/1200 the ruler of Duklja (Dioclitia), Vukan , notified the Pope Innocent III. about the fact that a large number of " heretics " settled in Bosnia and that even the Ban Kulin had joined them. Pope Innocent III informed the Hungarian-Croatian King Emmerich that Kulin was granting refuge and protection to a large number of Christians whom the Archbishop of Split , Bernard, had expelled from Split and Trogir . In the same letter, the Pope asked King Emmerich to expel Kulin and his Krstjani from Bosnia if they did not renounce them. Innocent III. sent his legate John of Casamari to Bosnia at Culin’s suggestion , who met in 1203 on the field of Bilino with Ban Kulin and the superiors of the Krstjani . In this context, a document was created on April 8, 1203, which is known as the abjuration / renunciation of the bilino field ( bilinopoljska abjuracija ), in which the Krstjani with Kulin at their head publicly renounced heresy and schism and became a Roman Catholic Church known.

On April 30, 1203, King Emmerich confirmed the document. This took place in the presence of Casamari, representatives of the Bosnian Christians and an unnamed son of Culin. After this event, messages will no longer be available about Kulin.

Chroniclers from Dubrovnik stated that Archbishop Bernard went to Bosnia at the ban's invitation to bless two churches. According to N. Ranjini it was 1185, according to Mavro Orbini 1194. The Bosnian diocese was vacant at that time; preparations were made for the ordination of a bishop, probably named Danijel; this was published in Dubrovnik in the spring of 1195. In the literature the prevailing opinion is that one of the churches mentioned on the tablet of Kulin is in the area of Muhašinovići or Gornje Moštre.

The medieval Bosnian state under Ban Kulin included Usora , Soli , the parishes of Luka, Pliva and Vrbanja ; During Culin’s rule, Bosnia was strengthened politically, developed economically and expanded rapidly.

  • The certificate of Ban Kulin

  • A more recent copy of the certificate

Namesake

Due to the great importance attributed to Kulin as the first known ruler of a de facto independent Bosnian state, today v. a. in Bosnia and Herzegovina numerous streets and squares are named after him, for example the representative Obala Kulina Bana (“Ban Kulin Bank”) in Sarajevo .

In addition, the figure of the banus appears in folk songs and poems.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Frank fighters : Kulin . In: Mathias Bernath, Felix von Schroeder (Ed.), Gerda Bartl (Red.): Biographical Lexicon for the History of Southeast Europe . Volume 2. Oldenbourg, Munich 1976, ISBN 3-486-49241-1 , p. 524 f.
  2. ^ A b c Marie-Janine Calic: Southeast Europe. World history of a region. CH Beck, Munich 2016, p. 42f.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g Pejo Ćošković: Kulin. In: Hrvatski biografski leksikon. Lexicographic Institute Miroslav Krleža , 2013, accessed on January 13, 2018 (Croatian).
  4. ↑ Noel Malcolm: Bosnia. A short history. London 1996, p. 364.
  5. ↑ Kulin . In: Lexicographical Institute Miroslav Krleža (Ed.): Croatian Encyclopedia . (Croatian, enciklopedija.hr ).
  6. ↑ a b Dragutin Pavličević : Kratka politička i kulturna povijest Bosne i Hercegovine . (Croatian, hic.hr ).
  7. ^ Marie-Janine Calic: Southeast Europe. World history of a region. CH Beck, Munich 2016, p. 49
personal data
SURNAME Kulin
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Culin; Koulin
BRIEF DESCRIPTION second ban of Bosnia
DATE OF BIRTH 12th Century
DATE OF DEATH 13th Century