Long-handled pepper milkling

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Long-handled pepper milkling
The long-stemmed pepper milkling (Lactifluus piperatus)

The long-stemmed pepper milkling ( Lactifluus piperatus )

Systematics
Class : Agaricomycetes
Subclass : insecure position (incertae sedis)
Order : Russulales (Russulales)
Family : Deaf relatives (Russulaceae)
Genre : Lactifluus
Type : Long-handled pepper milkling
Scientific name
Lactifluus piperatus
( L. ) Pers.

The long-stemmed pepper milkling ( Lactifluus piperatus ) is a type of mushroom from the family of the deaf relatives (Russulaceae). Other names for this Milchling are Schlanker Pfeffermilchling and Echter Pfeffermilchling . It is a large, whitish milkling with a smooth hat, very dense lamellae and a very sharp, white milk. In Austria and Switzerland in particular, it is a common fungus that can be found in various mixed deciduous forests. The Milchling is mostly inedible in Central Europe, while it is valued as an edible mushroom, especially in Southeastern Europe.

features

Macroscopic features

The hat is 4–13 (–16) cm wide, at first flatly arched, then slightly depressed and later sometimes deepened in a funnel shape. The surface of the cap is smooth and dull when young, but in older fruiting bodies it is more or less concentric wrinkled towards the edge and often irregularly lumpy or crooked in the middle. For a long time the edge is bent inwards and sometimes bent into a lobed shape. The young hat is ivory white, later light cream yellow and with age it is not uncommon for it to be yellow-brown or yellow-ocher spotted.

The very close standing lamellae are first grown broadly on the stem and then run down easily. They are very narrow (often only 1.5 mm wide) and have some evenly distributed forks. They are whitish to cream-colored and later pale flesh-colored or have a cream-orange tinge. They become brown spots in injured areas. The blade edges are smooth and the spore powder is white.

The cylindrical to flattened stalk is 3–8 (–10) cm long and 1.2–3 (–4) cm wide. It is tapered towards the base. The surface is white, yellowish white, or pale cream in color. It is dry, dull and smooth or more or less veiny and furrowed. With age, the stem turns ocher or brownish from the base.

The hard, firm flesh is white and turns light creamy yellow when exposed to air. It smells faintly fruity and when it dries it smells like honey or apple. After a short time it tastes very hot. The white milk only flows abundantly at the beginning. It dries in a whitish (rarely greenish) and usually does not change color when KOH is added . With Formol , the meat turns purple after a few hours.

Microscopic features

The broadly elliptical spores are on average 8.0–8.5 µm long and 5.9–6.3 µm wide. The Q value (quotient of spore length and width) is 1.3–1.6. The spore ornament is usually 0.2 (0.5) µm high and consists of thin, burr-like ribs and predominantly irregularly rounded to burr-like elongated warts, some of which are lined up and connected by low lines and thus form an incomplete network. The hillock is inamyloid .

The cylindrical to clubbed basidia measure 35–55 × 5–10 µm. Sometimes they only have two, but mostly four spurs. The lamellar edges are heterogeneous, besides the basidia they have numerous, cylindrical to clubbed and 25–65 µm long and 6–10 µm wide cheilomacrocystids . The pleuromacrocystidia are also numerous and clubbed and measure 50–70 (–90) × (–8) 10–15 µm.

The hat skin ( Pileipellis ) is a hyphoepithelium of more or less rounded cells that are 6–25 µm long and 5–20 µm wide. From this arise protruding hyphae and cystidoidal, cylindrical to club-shaped and 2-6 µm wide hyphae ends. Some authors (e.g. Heilmann-Clausen) interpret these widened hyphae ends as real Pileocystiden .

Species delimitation

The long-stemmed pepper milkling can be confused with some white-capped milklings. The green pepper milkling ( Lactifluus glaucescens ) is very similar . It differs only microscopically in that it is 80–120 µm thicker cap skin. A macroscopic indication of the green pepper milkling is a milk that turns orange-yellow with KOH and slowly turns gray-green when it dries out; however, these characteristics are not constant and can overlap in both species. The woolly Milchling ( Lactifluus vellereus ) and the Scharfmilchende woolen sponge ( Lactifluus bertillonii ) are stronger, not so long-handled and have a fluffy, frosted hat and stem. Their cap skin contains long, upright and thick-walled, lamprocystid- like hairs. The pink- edged milkling ( Lactarius controversus ) prefers to grow under poplars and has a slimy, slimy hat with pink-tinted lamellas. The common white-blubber ( Russula delica ) and related species have no milky sap.

  • The Grünende Pfeffer-Milchling is very similar and can only be distinguished microscopically.

  • The common white blubber does not have any milky sap.

  • The two woolly milklings are usually larger and have lamellae that are further apart.

  • The pink-edged Milchling has clearly pink-tinted slats.

ecology

The long-stemmed pepper milkling is a mycorrhizal fungus that mainly forms a symbiosis with red beech and oak . Occasionally, however, spruce , less often fir or other deciduous trees can serve as hosts. The Milchling can be found in various deciduous forests and bushes. It has a preference for more nutrient-rich, neutral to calcareous soils. It is therefore often found in woodruff beech and barley-beech forests and in montane fir-beech forests. But it also occurs in other forest communities such as hornbeam oaks - and in warmth-loving or acidic mixed oak forests, but also in various coniferous forest communities. The fruiting bodies usually appear between June and September. The Milchling is preferred in the hills and mountains.

distribution

Distribution of the long-stemmed pepper milkling in Europe. Countries in which the Milchling was detected are colored green. Countries with no sources or countries outside Europe are shown in gray.

The long-stemmed pepper milkling is widespread. Apart from Europe, it has been found in Africa (Morocco), Madagascar, Southeast Asia (Thailand, Singapore), North Asia (West and East Siberia, Japan, Korea), North America (USA, Canada) and Madeira . In Europe the Milchling occurs in the submeridional to temperate zone. In Southeastern Europe the mushroom is common and at the same time a coveted edible mushroom, otherwise it is loose, but widespread, with areas of compression and clearing alternating again and again. The Milchling is rarer in Northern Europe, here it occurs in the Hebrides , in southwest Norway, in southern and central Sweden and in southern Finland. In Germany it has been detected in all federal states, but is quite rare in the northern lowlands (especially in the northwest), while it is more common in Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria. In Austria and Switzerland, the long-handled pepper milkling is one of the most common milklings.

Systematics

The long-stemmed pepper milkling was first described by Carl von Linné in his work Species Plantarum in 1753 as Agaricus piperatus . In 1797, CH Persoon placed it in the genus Lactarius , giving it its current name. The Latin species attribute ( epithet ) " piperatus " means peppered and figuratively bitingly hot. The Milchling is the type of the genus Lactarius .

Inquiry systematics

Lactarius piperatus is the type species of the Albati section in Bon and Singer . This contains large, whitish milk lumps that taste more or less pungent and only have a faint odor. The milk is white, at least initially. M. Basso and Heilmann-Clausen take Lactarius piperatus out of the Albati section due to microscopic features and make it a type of the subgenus and section Lactarius .

meaning

The Milchling can hardly be consumed because of its extraordinary heat. However, some mushroom pickers eat it dried as a seasoning mushroom or well grilled or fried.

Web links

Commons : Langstieliger Pfeffer-Milchling ( Lactarius piperatus )  - album with pictures, videos and audio files
  • Lactarius piperatus. In: Russulales News / mtsn.tn.it. Retrieved June 20, 2011 (English, photos and original Latin diagnosis).
  • Lactarius piperatus. In: Funghi in Italia / funghiitaliani.it. Retrieved February 18, 2012 (Italian, photos of the long-stemmed pepper-milk ling).
  • M. Kuo: Lactarius piperatus. In: (MushroomExpert.Com). Retrieved June 24, 2011 .

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Synonyms of Lactarius piperatus. In: speciesfungorum.org. Index Fungorum, accessed September 7, 2011 .
  2. ↑ a b c d Jacob Heilmann-Clausen and others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 248 (English).
  3. ↑ Hans E. Laux: The new cosmos PilzAtlas . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-440-07229-0 , pp. 196 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e Josef Breitenbach, Fred Kränzlin (Ed.): Pilze der Schweiz. Contribution to knowledge of the fungal flora in Switzerland. Volume 6: Russulaceae. Milklings, deafblings. Mykologia, Luzern 2005, ISBN 3-85604-060-9 , p. 86.
  5. ^ E. De Crop, J. Nuytinck, K. Van de Putte, M. Lecomte, U. Eberhardt: Lactifluus piperatus (Russulales, Basidiomycota) and allied species in Western Europe and a preliminary overview of the group worldwide . In: Mycological Progress . tape 13 , no. 3 , August 2014, ISSN  1617-416X , p. 493-511 , doi : 10.1007 / s11557-013-0931-5 ( springer.com [accessed July 29, 2020]).
  6. ↑ a b Lactarius piperatus in the PILZOEK database . In: pilzoek.de . Accessed on September 7, 2011: "Lactarius piperatus"
  7. ↑ Mushroom Distribution Atlas - Germany. In: Pilzkartierung 2000 Online / brd.pilzkartierung.de. Retrieved February 19, 2012 .
  8. ↑ Widespread distribution of Lactarius piperatus . In: data.gbif.org . Retrieved September 7, 2011.
  9. ↑ Jacob Heilmann-Clausen among others: The genus Lactarius . Fungi of Northern Europe. Ed .: The Danish Mycological Society. Vol. 2, 1998, ISBN 87-983581-4-6 , pp. 271-73 (English).
  10. ↑ Sulejman Redzic, Senka Barudanovic, Sasa Pilipovic: Wild Mushrooms and Lichens used as Human Food for Survival in War Conditions; Podrinje - Zepa Region (Bosnia and Herzegovina, W. Balkan) . In: Human Ecology Review . Vol. 17, No. 2 , 2010, p. 175–187 , doi : 10.1016 / j.funeco.2009.06.002 (English, online [PDF; 260 kB ]).
  11. ↑ Denchev, Cvetomir M. & Boris Assyov: CHECKLIST OF THE MACROMYCETES OF CENTRAL BALKAN MOUNTAIN (BULGARIA) . In: Mycotaxon . tape 111 , 2010, p. 279–282 ( Online [PDF; 592 kB ]).
  12. ↑ Z. Tkalcec & A. Mesic: Preliminary checklist of Agaricales from Croatia V: . Families Crepidotaceae, Russulaceae and Strophariaceae. In: Mycotaxon . tape 88 , 2003, ISSN  0093-4666 , p. 289 ( online [accessed January 9, 2012]). Online ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  13. ↑ DM Dimou, GI & E. Zervakis Polemis: Mycodiversity studies in selected ecosystems of Greece: I . Macrofungi from the southernmost Fagus forest in the Balkans (Oxya Mountain, central Greece). In: Mycotaxon . Vol: 82, 2002, pp. 177-205 (English, online ). Online ( Memento of the original from September 24, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  14. ^ Petkovski S .: National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia . Skopje 2009 ( PDF, 1.6MB ( Memento from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) [accessed July 9, 2013]). National Catalog (Check List) of Species of the Republic of Macedonia ( Memento of the original from February 15, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.protectedareas.mk
  15. ↑ Paula Baptista et al .: Diversity and fruiting pattern of macrofungi associated with chestnut (Castanea sativa) in the Tra's-os-Montes region (Northeast Portugal) . In: Fungal Ecology . Vol 3, 2010, pp. 9-19 , doi : 10.1016 / j.funeco.2009.06.002 ( online [PDF]).
  16. ^ TV Andrianova et al .: Lactarius of the Ukraine. Fungi of Ukraine. (No longer available online.) In: www.cybertruffle.org.uk/ukrafung/eng. 2006, archived from the original on October 18, 2012 ; accessed on February 20, 2012 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.cybertruffle.org.uk
  17. ^ German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 , p. 360.
  18. ^ Database of mushrooms in Austria. In: austria.mykodata.net. Austrian Mycological Society, accessed February 19, 2012 .
  19. ↑ Carolus Linnaeus: Species Plantarum: Tomus II . Ed .: Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii. 1173.
  20. ^ Christian Hendrik Persoon: Tentamen dispositionis methodicae Fungorum . Ed .: Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii. 1797, p. 64 .
  21. ↑ a b Marcel Bon (ed.): Parey's book of mushrooms . Franckh-Kosmos Verlag, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-440-09970-9 , pp. 94 .
  22. ^ Maria Teresa Basso: Lactarius Persoon . Fungi Europa egg. Vol. 7, 1999, ISBN 88-87740-00-3 , pp. 723 (Italian).