Llama cans

Kecamatan llamas Lamaknen District
Basic data
Country	Indonesia
province	East Nusa Tenggara
Administrative district	Belu
Seat	Weluli
Residents	11,583 (2010)
ISO 3166-2	ID-NT

Coordinates: 9 ° 6 ′  S , 125 ° 6 ′  E

Weluli

Location in East Nusa Tenggara Province

Lamaknen (outdated: Lamakanée ) is an Indonesian district ( Kecamatan ) in the administrative district of Belu (province of East Nusa Tenggara ).

geography

Lamaknen is located in the far east of the Indonesian West Timor and is bordered in the east by the municipalities of Bobonaro and Cova Lima , which are part of the East Timor state . To the north are the Indonesian districts of Raihat and Lasiolat , to the west of the Tasifeto Timur district and to the south of southern Lamaknen . The largest town and administrative center is Weluli .

The Lamaknen district is divided into the Desas Maudemi (1,181 inhabitants 2010), Dirun (2,780), Leowalu (622), Duarato (407), Fulur (1,895), Kewar (1,514), Mahuitas (462), Makir (1,646) and Lamak Senulu (1,076).

Residents

The majority of the 11,583 inhabitants (2010) belong to the Bunak ethnic group , who otherwise live in the neighboring East Timor.

history

Map of the International Court of Arbitration used to draw the line between Dutch and Portuguese Timor

The region was long disputed between the colonial powers Portugal and the Netherlands . After the Treaty of Lisbon (1859) Lamaknen was assigned to the Dutch colonial area, while the areas north, east and south fell to Portugal. The course of the border remained controversial.

In 1897 there were several battles for areas in Lamaknen between the northeastern kingdom of Lamaquitos ( Lamakhitu ) and the southern Lakmaras , which had its allies with the Bunak in the southwest. The consequence of the various territorial shifts between the local Bunak empires was that the demarcation between the two colonial powers Portugal and the Netherlands remained controversial for a long time and was the subject of lengthy negotiations. In the same year there were deaths in clashes between Dutch and Portuguese troops in Lakmaras. The claim of the Dutch to Maucatar was justified so far with the suzerainty over Lakmaras, which created a connection to Maucatar. In the meantime, however, Lakmaras had become subject to the kingdom of Lamaquitos and this was part of the Portuguese sphere of influence with the Treaty of Lisbon . According to the previous agreements, Maucatar would have to fall as an enclave to Portugal. On the other hand, the realm of Tahakay ( Tahakai, Tafakay, Takay, today in southern Lamaknen) had fallen to the realm of Lamaknen. But Tahakay belonged to the Portuguese sphere of influence, Lamaknen to the Dutch. Portugal resisted this loss in the negotiations of 1902 and therefore now demanded the entire Dutch territory in central Timor. A compromise was reached with the The Hague Convention of October 1, 1904. Portugal was to receive Maucatar in exchange for the Portuguese enclave of Noimuti in West Timor and the border areas of Tahakay, Tamira Ailala ( Tamiru Ailala , now in the Malaka administrative district) and Lamaknen. Portugal ratified the treaty until 1909, but then there was a dispute over the demarcation of the border on the eastern border of Oe-Cusse Ambeno . In 1910 the Netherlands took advantage of the confusing situation after the fall of the Portuguese monarchy to reappropriate Lakmaras with European and Javanese troops.

The Portuguese were soon troubled by the Manufahi rebellion , which made them ready to negotiate. After a lengthy exchange of letters between the cabinets of the Länder, an agreement was reached in the 1913 Convention to leave the decision on the disputes to an arbitrator. On June 25, 1914, the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague issued an arbitral award (Sentenca Arbitral) . The land survey work was completed in April 1915. On August 17, 1916, the treaty was signed in The Hague, which largely defined the border between East and West Timor that still exists today. Llamaknen and Lakmaras stayed with the Netherlands.

In 1933, Lamaknen is described as a union of the Bunak kingdoms of Makir, Lamak Senulu (Lamaksenulu, Lamaksanoeloe), Kewar, Leowalu (Leowaloe), Loonuna (Loonoena, Lona), Nualain (Noealain, Noalain), Lakmaras and Dirun (Diroen). The ruler of Dirun held the title of Fettor , while the others were called Rajas by the Dutch . Tahakay also became part of Lamaknen after it was taken over by the Dutch in 1904.

The Lorohs of Lamaknen were traditionally provided by the Rajas of Kewar and Lakmaras, with Lakmaras representing the non-active ruler who symbolized the unity and from Kewar the actual ruler came. After the Second World War , the Dutch officially recognized the empire.

The common ruler was chosen by the various noble families. They came from Kewar, Lakmaras, Henes , Noealain, Makir, Lamak Senulu, Fulur, Leowalu, Duarato, Ekin , Loonuna and Dirun.

The Lamaknen rulers were:

1. Loro Luan Lesu.
2. Loro Bau Tae (comes from Ai-Assa , today East Timor)
3. Loro Loi Mau (his son)
4. Loro Bible Laku Malik I. (from Ai-Assa)
5. Loro Siri Loe, taken from Majob in Timor Leste.
6. Loro Bere Tae (from Ai-Assa)
7. Loro Mau Tasik, taken from Maubara.
8. Loro Laku Malik II (from Ai-Assa, † around 1870)
9. Loro Laku Malik III. (from Ai-Assa † 1950)
10. Loro Alfonsus Andreas Bere Tallo (son of Manuloe, the Raja of Dirun. † April 24, 2002. Installed on August 5, 1945, during the Japanese occupation . Real government power until 1959)
11. Loro Josef Kalimau (Ignatius Joseph Nasu Kalimau. Current Raja, son of Malibere and Bernadette Ujumoro, who comes from the family of the old Raja. * July 3, 1933. Consecration on October 16, 2003)

After the Second World War, Bunak fled Lebos in Portuguese Timor to Lamaknen. They feared reprisals after collaborating with the Japanese during the Battle of Timor . The then ruler of Lamaknen, the Loroh ( Loro ) Alfonsus Andreas Bere Tallo, allocated land to the refugees, where they founded the village of Lakus (in today's Desa Kewar ).

After East Timor was released into independence in 2002, there was a dispute over the affiliation of a 37 hectare area near Dilumi in the Lamaknen district and the East Timorese Memo (Suco Tapo / Memo ). The dispute was settled in 2013.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Antoinette Schapper: Crossing the border: Historical and linguistic divides among the Bunaq in central Timor
2. ↑ ^{a b} Penduduk Indonesia menurut desa 2010 ( Memento from March 27, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) (Indonesian; PDF; 6.0 MB), accessed on January 26, 2013
3. ↑ ^{a b} Antoinette Schapper: Finding Bunaq: The homeland and expansion of the Bunaq in central Timor ( Memento of the original from October 24, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The  archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Pp. 163–186, in: Andrew McWilliam, Elizabeth G. Traube: Land and Life in Timor-Leste: Ethnographic Essays , 2011
4. ↑ ^{a b} Hague Justice Portal: Island of Timor: Award, June 25, 1914 (English)
5. ↑ Gunn, p. 77.
6. ↑ Gunn, p. 92.
7. ↑ "Part 3: The History of the Conflict" ( Memento of the original from July 7, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.4 MB) from the "Chega!" Report by CAVR (English) 
8. ^ Encyclopedie van Ned. O-Indie (1933)
9. ↑ ^{a b c} Royal Timor: Llamaknen ( Memento from November 20, 2008 in the Internet Archive )
10. ↑ Wikinews, July 28, 2010, border disputes between Indonesia and Timor-Leste threaten to escalate
11. ↑ Vivanews, November 7, 2009, Indonesia - E Timor under Borderline Dispute ( Memento of February 25, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
12. ↑ Jakarta Post: RI, Timor Leste agree to resolve border problems, boost ties , August 27, 2015 , accessed August 28, 2015.