Landscape image

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The abundance of landscape elements comes together to form a landscape.

In landscape planning , geography , urban planning and nature conservation , landscape or landscape character is understood to mean the entire appearance of a landscape that can be perceived by humans . Just like the townscape in the largely built-up area, it is shaped by both nature and culture .

The term appearance usually only includes the visually perceivable aspects of nature and landscape; only in the more recent technical discussion are non-visual impressions such as smells and noises included. The individual elements of the landscape can be largely of natural origin - such as the topography as a whole, the terrain formations or the waters - but also influenced by human activity, such as hedges or plantings, or completely anthropogenic , such as windmills or barns .

Landscape perception

The perception of nature and landscape is always related to a perceiving subject . Insofar as a person's individual ideas, memories, emotions, etc. play a role in the perception of the landscape, the landscape is perceived and assessed individually by everyone and the respective perceived landscape is unique - regardless of the objectively existing elements of the landscape. If, however, landscape images are spoken of, they enter into the socially objective medium of language, which is used by the individuals who z. B. perceive a landscape and talk about its image, is shared. The language is related to images and ideas that are established in the culture and can be understood - e.g. B. typical ideas or clichés that arise involuntarily when certain landscapes are named. When communicating about the landscape, culturally shaped interpretive patterns set in, so that intersubjective, comprehensible statements about the quality of a landscape image are possible. For this purpose, the degree of fulfillment of an ideal landscape must be determined. Approaches that attempt to objectify the assessment of the landscape by assessing the occurrence of objectively describable landscape elements, on the other hand , do not do justice to the peculiarities that the protected landscape has compared to other protected objects such as climate and soil. In particular, it cannot be determined in this way to what extent the uniqueness of a landscape (cf. § 1 BNatSchG) and the diversity (not mere multitude) of landscape components typical for this is still preserved.

The landscape as a protected asset

Technical infrastructure as a landscape-defining element of the Semmering Railway World Heritage Site in Austria (Kalte Rinne)
Cooling tower in Dresden (attempt of " camouflage " to integrate the cooling tower with color design into the landscape)
Urban design to "integrate" a complete power plant into the landscape

The protection, or rather the preservation of the landscape, was the starting point for the German nature conservation movement. The changes in his homeland that Ernst Rudorff perceived led to the coining of the term Heimatschutz and in 1904 to the establishment of the German Federal Home Protection Association as the first German nature conservation association to consider the preservation of the landscape as a core task. Until the middle of the 20th century, the protection of the landscape remained the core of nature conservation efforts, only gradually were other protection goals such as the preservation and networking of habitats or the protection of individual environmental media added. Today, the protection of the landscape is seen as an equal goal alongside other protection goals. Due to its low operational feasibility, it often receives little attention, but is increasingly being examined again in technical discussions, for example in the construction of wind turbines , whereby the aesthetic assessment of wind turbines is controversial. Under the slogan landscape blight real or perceived adverse changes in the landscape are described.

In Germany , the landscape is described in Section 1 (5  ) BauGB as well as in Section 1  BNatSchG and the respective state laws as one of the goods whose protection is of particular public interest (so-called protected property ). The BNatSchG does not use the term landscape, but describes it with the diversity, uniqueness and beauty of nature and landscape .

Are instruments under nature conservation law for the protection of the landscape

As already described above, what is critical is the poor objectivity of the individual perception of the landscape. In order to avoid these problems, numerous criteria catalogs have been and are being developed to standardize the assessment.

and display information about the image
Impairment or enrichment of the landscape? Goldner Steinrück (Vogelsberg) with wind turbines.

literature

  • Isabel Augenstein: The Aesthetics of the Landscape. An evaluation procedure for planning environmental precaution (= Berlin contributions to ecology. Vol. 3). Weißensee-Verlag, Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-934479-90-1 (At the same time: Rostock, Univ., Diss., 2002: To take into account the potential of landscape aesthetics in planning environmental protection: Development of a GIS-based method using the example of the Dessau administrative region. ).
  • Bavarian State Office for Environmental Protection (Lfu) (Hrsg.): Planning aids for landscape planning. Landscape in the landscape plan (= information sheets on landscape management and nature conservation. Vol. 3, 3, ZDB -ID 998851-8 ). Bavarian State Office for Environmental Protection, Munich 1998.
  • Bernd Demuth: The landscape image as a protected asset in landscape planning. Method review based on selected examples of landscape planning. Mensch- & Buch-Verlag, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-89820-083-3 (Simultaneously: Berlin, Techn. Univ., Diss., 1999: Consideration of the protected landscape image in landscape planning. ).
  • Ulrich Eisel : Landscape diversity with and without meaning. About the benefits of a method in landscape planning and nature conservation. In: Ulrich Eisel, Stefan Körner (Hrsg.): Landscape in a culture of sustainability. Volume 1: The scientification of cultural quality (= work reports of the Department of Architecture, Urban Planning, Landscape Planning. Vol. 163). University of Kassel, Kassel 2006, ISBN 3-89117-161-7 , pp. 92–119.
  • Beate Jessel : Diversity, uniqueness and beauty of nature and landscape. The evaluation of the landscape in the balancing act between rational analysis and holistic consideration. In: Ulrich Eisel, Stefan Körner (Hrsg.): Landscape in a culture of sustainability. Volume 1: The scientification of cultural quality (= work reports of the Department of Architecture, Urban Planning, Landscape Planning. Vol. 163). University of Kassel, Kassel 2006, ISBN 3-89117-161-7 , pp. 128–144.
  • Hans Kiemstedt: For the evaluation of natural landscape elements for the planning of recreational areas. Hanover 1967 (Hanover, Techn. Hochsch., Diss., 1967).
  • Christian L. Krause, Klaus Adam, Brigitte Schäfer: Landscape image analysis . Methodological basis for determining the quality of the landscape (= series of publications for landscape management and nature conservation. Vol. 25). Federal Research Institute for Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology, Bonn-Bad Godesberg 1983, ISBN 3-7843-2025-2 .
  • Werner Nohl: Conceptual and methodological references to landscape aesthetic evaluation criteria for the determination of intervention and the determination of the compensation. In: Federal Research Institute for Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology (Ed.): Landscape - Intervention - Compensation. Handling of the nature conservation law intervention regulation for the landscape area. Landwirtschaftsverlag, Münster-Hiltrup 1991, ISBN 3-7843-2511-4 , pp. 59-73.
  • Werner Nohl: Impairment of the landscape through mast-like interventions. Materials for nature conservation assessment and compensation determination. Workshop for landscape and open space planning, Kirchheim 1993, online (PDF; 288 kB) .
  • Werner Nohl: Landscape experience and individual aesthetic appropriation. In: Ulrich Eisel, Stefan Körner (Hrsg.): Landscape in a culture of sustainability. Volume 1: The scientification of cultural quality (= work reports of the Department of Architecture, Urban Planning, Landscape Planning. Vol. 163). University of Kassel, Kassel 2006, ISBN 3-89117-161-7 , pp. 120–127.
  • Werner Nohl, Klaus-D. Neumann: Landscape assessment in the Berchtesgaden Alpine Park. Environmental psychological studies on landscape aesthetics (= MAB-Mitteilungen 23, ISSN  0723-4112 ). German National Committee for the UNESCO program “Man and the Biosphere”, Bonn 1986.
  • Sören Schöbel: Wind energy and landscape aesthetics: For the landscape-appropriate arrangement of wind farms Jovis-Verlag, Berlin 2012, ISBN 978-3868591507
  • Jürgen Wenzel: About the regulated handling of images. Landscape images are not there by nature, but arise in our heads. Optimizing formal elements without considering the image content is therefore not permitted. In: Garden + Landscape. Vol. 91, No. 3, 1991, ISSN  0016-4720 , pp. 19-24.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Wenzel, J. (1991): »About the regulated handling of images. Landscape images are not there by nature, but arise in our heads. Optimizing formal elements without considering the image content is therefore not permitted «. Garden + Landscape 91 (3): 19–24; Dinnebier, A. (1995): »Seeing the landscape. "Landscape" - a symbol of familiar images of nature that should be preserved. But the pictures have frozen into clichés. Is the "beautiful landscape" still suitable as a model? Six theses «. Garden + Landscape 44 (9): 18–22; Kirchhoff, T. & Trepl, L. (2009): Landscape, Wilderness, Ecosystem: on the culturally determined ambiguity of aesthetic, moral and theoretical conceptions of nature. Introductory overview. In: Kirchhoff, T. & Trepl, L. (eds.), Ambiguous nature. Landscape, wilderness and ecosystem as cultural-historical phenomena. Bielefeld, Transcript: 13-66.
  2. ↑ See e.g. B. Bernd Demuth: The landscape image as a protected asset in landscape planning. Method review based on selected examples of landscape planning . Mensch & Buch Verlag, Berlin 2000.
  3. ↑ The prototype of such a procedure is that of Hans Kiemstedt: For the evaluation of natural landscape elements for the planning of recreational areas . 1967.
  4. ↑ See Eisel, Ulrich (2006): Landscape diversity with and without meaning. About the use of a method in landscape planning and nature conservation, in: Eisel, Ulrich / Körner, Stefan (ed.): Landscape in a culture of sustainability. Volume I: The Scientificization of Cultural Quality. Kassel: University of Kassel, 92–119.
  5. ↑ See on this discussion z. B. Ratzbor, Günter (2011): Wind turbines and landscape. On the impact of wind turbines on the landscape. Thesis paper of the DNR Download ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Schöbel, Sören (2012): Wind energy and landscape aesthetics: For the arrangement of wind farms in accordance with the landscape Jovis-Verlag, Berlin 2012; Kirchhoff, Thomas (2014): Energy transition and landscape aesthetics. Objectification of aesthetic evaluations of energy systems by referring to three intersubjective landscape ideals, in: Naturschutz und Landschaftsplanung 46 (1), 10-16 Download . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.dnr.de

Web links

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