Home movement

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The homeland movement , also homeland security movement , began in a movement towards the end of the 19th century, the aim of which was to strengthen national identity and which ultimately led to the founding of numerous regional homeland associations , traditional costume associations , history associations and folk art associations and the movement of the migratory birds . Specific to the Heimat movement were the strong romanticization and idealization of nature, the fiction of an “unspoiled rural life” as well as the civilization criticism of the industrial revolution and the associated impoverishment and urbanization processes .

The concepts and goals of homeland security in the context of the homeland movement connect v. a. Aspects of nature protection , landscape protection , village and townscape maintenance , monument protection as well as the preservation of traditions and customs and the strengthening of regional identity. The Heimat movement with contrary reasons and goals still exists today in a different form.

history

In Germany, the term Heimat had become politically effective since the Wars of Liberation and the simultaneous intellectual movement of Romanticism (approx. 1800–1850). At least since the founding of the empire , he was more and more occupied by the political right. There were ideal, personal and organizational overlaps between the Heimat- and Nature Conservation Movement and the Völkische Movement .

Homeland movement from 1900 to the Nazi state

In the time of Wilhelmine established itself in 1900, especially in the educated classes a antimodernistisches crisis consciousness. The often polemical criticism was directed against the reshaping of one's own environment with elements of modern civilization such as roads, railways and industrial buildings. Fears of a "flattening of the spiritual life" promoted the blossoming of " folk art " based on the preservation of a native German " nationality aimed".

The ethnic movement combined German “culture” with German “nature” in the term Heimat. Representatives of a “national homeland security” considered “Germanic nature” and “Latin Christianity” to be “incalculable opposites” and demanded, among other things, a Germanization of Christianity or recourse to a reconstructed pre-Christian “popular belief” ( Neopaganism ). Homeland security was interpreted as the basis of an “unmistakable ethnic peculiarity and ability to survive”, which was often associated with an emphasis on ethnic superiority. The term home was finally taken up by the NSDAP and put into their service.

The socialist friends of nature , rooted in the labor movement, sympathized with non-socialist friends of nature and homeland such as Hermann Löns and Christian Wagner . The aesthetically justified positions of civil nature and homeland protection were adopted. Even as an association purpose of the TVdN (tourist association “Die Naturfreunde”), “Nature and homeland protection” was adopted in 1910 and explicitly promoted in the association's organ for homeland protection.

At the instigation of Ernst Rudorff , the Bund Heimatschutz was founded in Dresden in 1904 under the chairmanship (until 1912) of the social Darwinist architect Paul Schultze-Naumburg . His main tasks included environmental and nature protection as well as the preservation of monuments with the preservation of the cultural landscapes ( heritage preservation and heritage protection architecture ). With Hugo Conwentz , the Prussian state soon took over a patronage without any great influence. Between him and Wilhelm Wetekamp there was a dispute about the nature reserves : Should there be many small or a few very large ones like Yellowstone Park ? The Nature Conservation Park Association succeeded in establishing the Lüneburg Heath Nature Conservation Park. " Racial hygiene " and cultural protection were added to nature conservation . In August 1933 the Reichsbund Volkstum und Heimat (Reichsbund Volkstum und Heimat) came into being through the initiative of Rudolf Hess , led by Werner Haverbeck . The state curator Hans Schwenkel put it: "Homeland security is the eugenics of culture."

The National Socialists claimed that with them homeland, nature and cultural protection had been solved in the right sense. The homeland cult was not only valid among ordinary people or in rural areas. The Freiburg philosopher Martin Heidegger explained in a speech why he refused an appointment to Berlin: “Why do we stay in the provinces?” Heidegger writes of his hut in the Black Forest: “When a wild snow storm rages around the hut in a deep winter night and everything is covered and veiled, then the high time of philosophy. ”Only in the hut at home does the thinker come to criticize modern society, its hostile urbanity. At the government level, the Minister of Agriculture Darré , in particular, represented a blood-and-soil ideology that saw the home soil grow together with the people who settled on it. Local traditions were cultivated and researched accordingly.

See also: Nature Conservation in National Socialism , Home Front , Home Protection Style

Homeland Movement after 1945 to 1990

After 1945, the term home was primarily occupied by expellees and refugees from East and Central Germany, who cultivated a bond with their homeland in their country teams . In popular culture, this was shown by the popular Heimatfilm and Heimatroman in the 1950s, which mainly depicted idyllic rural conditions that created a counter-image to the rubble landscape. With the following generation, the homeland changed in an anti-authoritarian, rebellious direction, in which, like the anti-nuclear power movement (pronounced in Wyhl or Gorleben ), they wanted to protect their homeland against foreign threats, major projects by powerful corporations or, in the 1980s, retrofitting . In the year 1984 showed the new understanding of the Heimatfilm by Edgar Reitz : Heimat - a German chronicle . The everyday story of little people also found a place in the new home movement of the history workshops. A new catchphrase was “ anti-globalization” shared by left and right home movements.

Current home movements

Right-wing extremism

Right-wing extremists , NPD members, neo-Nazis and other members of the New Right often combine in their self-portrayal and propaganda attachment to nature and their homeland with blood and soil ideology in continuity with the National Socialist ideology. See also Fränkischer Heimatschutz , Märkischer Heimatschutz , Thüringer Heimatschutz .

The right-wing extremist politician Björn Höcke said in 2018 that home is identity-creating through legends and myths, buildings and forms of settlement, origin and descent. In the present, "our people are losing their soul and home". Therefore, further "exchange" and "re-population" must stop. In doing so, he follows older ideas of the Artamans in the Weimar Republic and current ideas of the French author Renaud Camus .

See also: Identitarian Movement

Home ministries in federal and state

In defense of right-wing extremist appropriation, the concept of home was already in journalism before the refugee crisis in 2015 (e.g. Joachim Klose: Heimatschichten. Anthropological foundation of a world relationship , 2014; Renate Zöller : Heimat. Approach to feeling , 2017; Peter Renz : Heimat. Ausflug in ein unknown country , 2015) and politics. In the federal government , Bavaria and North Rhine-Westphalia , a special home ministry was set up between 2013 and 2017 , usually in conjunction with other larger departments such as interior affairs, construction or finance. The umbrella organization “ Bund Heimat und Umwelt in Deutschland ”, chaired by CDU MP Herlind Gundelach, also stands for an extremism-free homeland security. However, critics miss clear political goals of this policy.

literature

  • Werner Hartung: Conservative criticism of civilization and regional identity. Using the example of the Lower Saxony homeland movement from 1895 to 1919 (= publications by the Historical Commission for Lower Saxony and Bremen. 10). Hannover 1991, ISBN 3-7752-5856-6 .
  • Edeltraud Klueting (Ed.): Antimodernism and Reform. On the history of the German homeland movement. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 1991, ISBN 3-534-11528-7 .
  • Friedemann Schmoll : Threatening and threatened nature. Notes on the history of nature and homeland protection in the German Empire. In: Dieter Schott (Ed.): The year 1913. New beginnings and perceptions of crises on the eve of the First World War . Transcript Verlag, Bielefeld 2014, ISBN 978-3-8376-2787-9 .
  • Kai Detlev Sievers: Power rebirth of the people - Joachim Kurd Niedlich and the national homeland security . Königshausen & Neumann, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8260-3377-3 . (on-line)
  • Renate Zöller: Home. Approaching a feeling, links, Berlin 2017 ISBN 9783838906669

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Rüdiger Haufe: Spiritual home care. The "Association of Thuringian Mountain, Castle and Forest Communities" in the past and present. In: Joachim Radkau , Frank Uekötter (Ed.): Nature protection and National Socialism (= history of nature and environmental protection. Volume 1). Frankfurt am Main 2003, p. 438.
  2. ↑ Kai Detlev Sievers: Power rebirth of the people: Joachim Kurd Niedlich and the national homeland security . Königshausen & Neumann, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8260-3377-3 (online)
  3. ↑ Kai Sievers Detlev: power rebirth of the people - Joachim Kurd Cute and nationalist Homeland Security . Königshausen & Neumann, 2007, ISBN 978-3-8260-3377-3 , p. 290. (online)
  4. ↑ Ulrich Linse: "Fundamentalist" Heimatschutz. Reinhard Falter's “natural philosophy”. In: Uwe Puschner , G. Ulrich Großmann (Ed.): Völkisch und national. On the topicality of old thought patterns in the 21st century. Knowledge Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2009, ISBN 978-3-534-20040-5 , pp. 156-159.
  5. ↑ Ulrich Linse : The "free nature" as home. Appropriation and conservation of nature in the older nature-friends movement. In: Wulf Erdmann, Jochen Zimmer (Hrsg.): Hundred years of struggle for the great outdoors. Illustrated history of nature lovers. Essen 1991, pp. 63-77.
  6. ^ Gert Gröning / Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn: Landscape and nature protection . In: Diethart Krebs (Ed.): Handbook of German Reform Movements 1880-1933 . Peter Hammer, 1998, ISBN 3-87294-787-7 , pp. 31 .
  7. ↑ Source: MDR on the right-wing extremist scene in Saxony ( memento of the original from April 25, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , accessed February 22, 2016. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mdr.de
  8. ↑ Andrea Röpke / Andreas Speit: Völkische Landnahme. Old clans, young settlers, right-wing ecos . Links, Berlin 2019, ISBN 978-3-7425-0311-4 , pp. 12 .
  9. ↑ Lotte Laloire: Ministry of Shame (New Germany). Retrieved April 28, 2020 .