Homeland security architecture

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Appenzell train station
Main driveway to the railway settlement in Frankfurt-Nied (Schelling and Zweifel, 1918 to 1933)
Wiehl town hall ( Peter Klotzbach , 1939)

The Heimatschutz architecture or the Heimatschutzstil or Heimatstil (the latter term should not be confused with Heimatstil in the sense of late historicism ) is an architectural style of architectural modernism that was first described in 1904 and flourished until 1945. Various buildings were built after the war until around 1960. The main areas of work were settlement building, house building, garden design, industrial building, church building and monument preservation.

Objective and characteristics

The Heimatschutzstil or Heimatstil was “an architecture on the way to modernity that was rooted in local and regional building traditions and overcoming historicism and Art Nouveau”. In turning away from the previously dominant historicism that copied the “foreign”, he saw himself as a reform style . Outwardly identifying parts or elements are the use of building materials customary in the area (e.g. brick in northern Germany, wood in the Alpine region) and, in contrast to historicism, a renunciation of decorative attributes that imitate older architectural styles in great detail. Elements of traditional architecture such as round arches or columns could be used in a reduced form.

All new buildings should fit harmoniously into the surrounding cultural landscape . Two central architectural and urban planning tasks that were carried out in the sense of homeland security were the reconstruction of the destroyed East Prussia after the First World War, supported by the Reichsverband Ostpreußenhilfe , and the establishment of a dense network of Reich post offices in Bavaria. Although the buildings want to be embedded in a traditional environment, they are often captivating with their size and purity of style.

Historical development and distribution

In 1904 the German Association of Homeland Security was founded in Dresden . His main focus was on architecture , especially building maintenance, with the aim of reviving the old design language and promoting traditional building methods and craftsmanship . In the time of National Socialism , homeland security architecture was preferred, especially in the area of residential construction . In settlement construction, one of the main fields of homeland security, uniform standard buildings were usually erected, which at best had regional elements in the decoration. Representative public buildings, however, were executed in the style of monumental neoclassicism .

After 1945, the importance of this architectural style decreased, on the one hand because it was expensive, on the other hand because of advances in construction technology and, as a result, new architectural forms. The homeland security style experienced a late politicization in the post-war competition for planning contracts and the occupation of public offices. To some urban planners it did not seem to be clearly distinguishable from building methods favored by National Socialists like Hanns Dustmann . Parts of the Heimatschutz architecture are more closely related to the brick expressionism of Fritz Höger , who hardly received any commissions between 1933 and 1945. Until around 1960, various ensembles in the homeland security style were built, such as the Freudenstädter Marktplatz from 1950 and the Prinzipalmarkt in Münster , which was rebuilt between 1947 and 1958 in a typical regional way, but not true to the original.

In Switzerland there are several phases of the home style. After the first phase, which lasted until the First World War, it returned in the 1920s as the “Second Home Style” and in the 1940s as the “ Landistil ” in modified new editions. The “regionalism” of the present is also based on the Heimat style.

Representative of the homeland security style

The Burghof in Flensburg , an inner courtyard complex with a clear castle character and historicizing effect by Paul Ziegler from 1909/1910

Buildings

See also: List of buildings of the Heimatschutz style in Austria

Further examples

See also

literature

  • Hans-Günther Andresen: Building in brick. Schleswig-Holstein Heimatschutz architecture between tradition and reform. For the exhibition of the Schleswig-Holstein State Library from July 2 to August 27, 1989. Boyens, Heide 1989, ISBN 3-8042-0475-9 .
  • Bayerischer Landesverein für Heimatschutz eV: Guidelines for building in the sense of homeland security. Munich 1929.
  • Elisabeth Crettaz-Stürzel: Heimatstil. Reform architecture in Switzerland 1896–1914. Huber, Frauenfeld 2005, ISBN 3-7193-1385-9 .
  • Elisabeth Crettaz-Stürzel: Heimatstil. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  • Sabine Fechter: Heimatschutzbauten in Mainfranken . Developments and changes in building maintenance 1900–1975. Bad Windsheim 2006, ISBN 3-86568-089-5 .
  • Marco Kieser: Homeland Security Architecture in the Reconstruction of the Rhineland. In: Contributions to home care in the Rhineland. Volume 4. Cologne 1998.
  • Winfried Nerdinger (Ed.): Building in National Socialism. Bavaria 1933–1945. Munich 1993, ISBN 3-7814-0360-2 .
  • Ernst Rudorff : Homeland Security. 3rd edition Berlin 1904.
  • Isabel Termini: Building a home. Aspects to Heimat - Heimatschutz - Heimatstil - Heimatschutzarchitektur. University of Vienna, diploma thesis, 2001.

Web links

Commons : Homeland Security Architecture  - collection of images, videos, and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Elisabeth Crettaz-Stürzel: Heimatstil. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  2. ↑ See also Gottfried Kiesow: Expressionism and Heimatschutzstil. In: Monuments, magazine for monument culture in Germany. No. 3, June 2011, ISSN  0941-7125 , p. 56 ff.
  3. ↑ Hartmut Frank: Typus or Norm. In: Florian Aicher, Uwe Drepper (Ed.): Robert Vorhoelzer - An architect's life. The classic modernity of the Post. Callwey, Munich, pp. 14-23.
  4. ↑ Winfried Nerdinger: Architectural styles in National Socialism: between 'International Classicism' and regionalism. In: Winfried Nerdinger (Ed.): Architecture, Power, Memory. Prestel, Munich, pp. 119–131, here p. 18.