History of architecture

The history of architecture encompasses its technical, functional and aesthetic development across all historical epochs, from the beginning of human building activity to the present day.

The development of individual style epochs takes place according to the climatic, technical, religious and cultural needs of a cultural area . As a result of changes to one or more requirements and along with advances in technology, architectural styles also change. This process accelerated increasingly, especially since modern times and industrialization . With the exchange of information, the architectural styles reach other regions. Local peculiarities develop and the beginning and the duration of an epoch can vary in time. The transitions from one architectural style to another are mostly fluid. In contemporary architecture there is a great variety of currents and architectural conceptions that coexist spatially and temporally. In many countries, there is (still) no overarching term for this.

Buildings that were built over decades were often planned, enlarged, built over and adapted to the "fashions" of the times by several master builders . This makes it difficult to assign a single style to the buildings. Since the modern era , some architects have made a conscious decision in favor of eclecticism , which means that they have planned and executed elements of the building in various architectural styles from the start.

The building history of Europe and - depending on it - North America has been well researched, so that it shows a system of style elements . This does not apply to many other cultures, for example in Asia and Africa, as architectural style epochs have not yet been researched there.

Architecture in prehistory

style	time	distribution	features	Examples
Mesolithic architecture	9,600 BC Chr. – 5500 BC Chr.	Europe	Types of construction: windshields, reed and brush huts, rarely stone walls Urban planning: first settlements Material and technology: provisional constructions made from local materials	Mount Sandel ( Ireland )
Neolithic architecture	7,600 BC Chr. – 3300 BC Chr.	South Asia , Western Asia , Mesopotamia , Mediterranean area	Structures: megalithic systems , rectangular buildings, beehive houses , Srefen Urban development: Neolithic bank settlements , Neolithic settlement mounds Material and technology: clay, wood and stone construction Color: earth tones, bolus	Çatalhöyük ( Turkey ) Tenta ( Cyprus ) Houses and early urban development in Jericho ( West Bank ) Tappa Gaura ( Iraq ) Tell Hassuna ( Iraq )
	5500 BC BC – 2200 BC Chr.	Central Europe	Material and technology: wood, often in the form of pile dwellings on bodies of water	Neolithic village near Ehrenstein Hunebeds of Grundoldendorf
	6000 BC Chr. – 3000 BC Chr.	Western Europe		Stonehenge ( England ) Knap of Howar ( Orkney , Scotland ) Gavrinis ( France ) Table des Marchand ( Locmariaquer , France ) Newgrange ( Ireland )
		Southern Europe		Dolmen de Menga ( Antequera , Spain )

Architecture of nomadic peoples

Culture area	Time of traditional construction	distribution	features
Eskimo	until 1950	North America	Types of construction: Igloo , Qarmaq Material and technology: Snow , tents made of animal skins
Plains Indians		Great Plains , prairie	Designs: Tipi
Chanting, Mansi, Nenets		Western Siberia	Designs: Tschum
Nomads of Central Asia		Central Asia	Types of construction: yurts
Seeds		Scandinavia	Designs : Lavvu , Kote

African architecture

Early civilizations

style	time	Subdivision	dynasty	distribution	features	Examples
Ancient Egyptian architecture	approx. 2900 BC BC – 1075 BC Chr.			Egypt
	4000-2900	Predynastic time	0th dynasty		Types of construction: reed huts, grain silos, simple graves, rectangular floor plans Technique: transition to mud brick construction, small plastic
	2900 BC Chr. – 2630 BC Chr.	Thinite time			Structures: large mastabas made of adobe bricks, large plastic, recessed relief
	2900 BC Chr. – 2630 BC Chr.	Thinite time	1st – 2nd dynasty		Technique: transition to stone buildings ( sacral architecture ) Ornaments: wall and ceiling painting
	approx. 2630 BC BC – 2130 BC Chr.	Old empire	3rd-6th dynasty		Types of construction: pyramids	Pyramids of Giza Djoserkomplex Medun pyramids Pyramids of Dahshur (bent pyramid) Abu Gurab Sun Temple
	approx. 2130 BC Chr. – 2040 BC Chr.	1. Intermediate time			Types of construction: rock graves of the Gau princes
	approx. 2040 BC BC – 1650 BC Chr.	Middle realm			Large sculpture, relief	Mortuary temple of Mentuhotep I.
	approx. 1991 BC Chr. – 1785 BC Chr.	Middle realm	12th dynasty		Types of construction: fortress construction ( booing ) cube stool	Karnak temple
	approx. 1650 BC Chr. – 1551 BC Chr.	2. Intermediate period (foreign rule of the Hyksos )			Types of construction: rock graves
	approx. 1551 BC BC – 1075 BC Chr.	New kingdom			Ornamentation: the culmination of wall painting	Temple of Hatshepsut Valley of the Kings Valley of the Queens
	approx. 1551 BC Chr. – 1306 BC Chr.		18th Dynasty (Armana period)	Thebes (Egypt) , Luxor , Karnak	Designs: royal tombs
	approx. 1306 BC BC – 1075 BC Chr.		19. – 20. dynasty	Karnak , Luxor	Types of construction: Colossal temple Colossal plastic	Luxor temple Ramesseum Medinet Habu Abu Simbel Temples ( Abu Simbel )
	approx. 1075 BC Chr. – 715 BC Chr.	3. Intermediate time
	approx. 715 BC Chr. – 332 BC Chr.	Late period		Foundation of Alexandria
	approx. 715 BC Chr. – 332 BC Chr.	Hellenism				Double Temple of Kom Ombo ( Kom Ombo ) Edfu Temple ( Edfu ) Temple of Dendera ( Dendera )

Classical antiquity

style	time	Subdivision	distribution	features	image	Examples
Greek architecture	1200 BC Chr. – 600 AD			Doric order Ionic order Corinthian order
	336 BC Chr. – 86 AD	Hellenism		Structures: libraries, museums, grand altars, mystery temples Urban planning: closed spaces Technology: advanced fortress technology		Sostratos of Knidos : Lighthouse of Alexandria ( Alexandria , Egypt )

North africa

style	time	distribution	Designs	Examples
Berber architecture		southern Maghreb	Structures: Agadire , Tighremts , Ghorfas , Kasbah , caves, cave construction Urban planning: Ksour Material and technology: Rammed earth, quarry stone, adobe , laterite	Ait Ben Haddou Nalut
Byzantine architecture	4th-7th Century	Byzantine Empire	Structures: Axial buildings ( basilica ) and central buildings with a central dome
Umayyad architecture	660-750
Abbassid architecture	from 750-900			Ibn Tulun Mosque ( Cairo , Egypt )
Fatimid architecture	from 909–1171	Tunisia , Egypt	Types of construction: mosques with three entrances and without minarets (exception: Al-Hakkim mosque ), mausoleums
Almoravidian architecture	1062-1147	Morocco , Algeria	Designs: Qubba	Koubba Ba'Adiyn ( Marrakech , Morocco ) Ksar el-Hajar Palace ( Marrakech , Morocco )
Almohad architecture	1130-1269	Morocco , Algeria , Libya		Koutoubia Mosque ( Marrakech , Morocco )
Ayyubid architecture	1171-1252	Egypt
Mamluk architecture	1250-1517	Egypt		Mosque of the Sultan Kait-Bai ( Cairo , Egypt )
Ottoman architecture	1300-1920	Ottoman Empire		The Sultan Ahmed Mosque with its six minarets in Istanbul
Coptic architecture		Egypt

East Africa

style	time	Subdivision	distribution	Designs	image	Examples
Aksumite architecture	approx. 1-7. Century		Ethiopia , Eritrea , Sudan	Structures: palaces, necropolis , steles, churches Technology: underfloor heating		Palace of Dungur
Christian architecture in East Africa			Ethiopia	Types of construction: rock churches		Bet Giyorgis ( Lalibela , Ethiopia )

West Africa

style	time	Subdivision	distribution	Designs	image	Examples
Dogon architecture			Mali	Types of construction: homesteads, granaries, togu-na (meeting houses) Technique: traditional clay building		Settlement on the rock of Bandiagara
Architecture in Mali						Great Mosque of Djenné ( Djenné , Mali )

Architectural history of individual countries in Africa

Architecture in Liberia

American architecture

Pre-Columbian architecture

style	time	Subdivision	distribution	features	Examples
Wari architecture	600-1000		Peru	Structures: temples, palaces, hydraulic structures	Willkawayin (near Willkawain , Peru )
Mayan architecture			Mexico , Belize , Guatemala Honduras	Structures: pyramids , palaces, triumphal arches, observatories	Palenque Tikalk
	Preclassic (300 BC-50 AD)	Izapa style			Izapa
	Pre-Classical (50–250)	Protoclassic
	250-500	Talud tablero style		Characteristics: beveled wall piece (talud) - decorated cornice (tablero)
	Late Classic (550–600)	Rio Bec style	Campeche , in the center of the Yucatán Peninsula	Features: false towers and false stairs
	Late Classic (600–900)	Chenes style	Campeche , in the center of the Yucatán Peninsula	Ornamentation: overloaded facade design, abstract snake mouth entrances
	Late Classic (600–900)	Puuc style	southwestern Yucatán	Features: Rectangular shapes
Mayan Toltec architecture			Mexico	Types of construction: pyramids	Chichen Itza pyramids ( Mexico )
Toltec architecture			Mexico	Types of construction: pyramids	Pyramid of Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli ( Tula , Mexico )
Aztec architecture	approx. 1325-1519		Mexico		Pyramid of St. Cecilia Acatitlan Tenochtitlan
Inca architecture			South America		Machu Picchu (near Cuzco , Peru ) Sacsayhuamán Fortress (near Cuzco , Peru )
Pueblo architecture			Mexico , USA	Types of construction: Kiva Urban development: Pueblos Material and technology: Sandstone , clay construction	Cliff Palace ( Mesa Verde National Park , USA ) Cliff Dwellings ( Mesa Verde National Park , USA )

Post-Columbian and Colonial Architecture

The structure in this section follows the system proposed by Virginia Savage McAlester (2013).

style	time	Subdivision	Special forms	distribution	features	Examples
Traditional architecture ( Folk Houses , Vernacular Houses )
	until approx. 1900	Indian	Round, with wooden frame: tipi , wigwam
			Rectangular, with a wooden frame
			With wooden frame and earth walls
	before approx. 1850-1890 (locally until 1920)	“Pre-Railroad”: Before the country was opened up by the railways, there were regionally different building traditions depending on the materials available.	Timber frame construction	United States	Features : unadorned wooden frame buildings ( post-and-girt ) with wooden paneling; until the 18th century central chimney, then central hallway and 2 chimneys at each end of the house; New England tradition: several rooms deep ( massed plan ), Tidewater South tradition: only 1 room deep ( linear plan )
			Block construction	United States	Features : Unclad walls made of roughly hewn tree trunks with a comb connection	CA Nothnagle Log House (Gibbstown, New Jersey, 1643)
			Masonry construction	United States	Great Plains : dwellings , sod houses ; Hispanic Southwest : Adobe , stone houses
Colonial architecture in North America ( colonial style )					Recourse to construction methods of the respective country of origin
	1600–1700 (locally until approx. 1740)	Post-medieval English		Thirteen colonies	Types of construction : Single-family houses Types : Northern Tradition (wood, two-story, central chimney); Southern Tradition (brick, one-story, chimneys on both gable sides)
	1600-1850	Spanish colonial style		New Spain	Features (residential houses): Mostly single-storey buildings; Roofs with a slight slope or flat roofs with parapets ; multiple front doors; few small windows; plastered, thick walls made of adobe or rubble stone	Casa de la Guerra ( Santa Barbara , California, 1819) \|\|
	1625 - approx. 1840	Dutch colonial style		Nieuw Nederland	Features (residential houses): Single-storey houses with side gables; Gable or mansard roofs with little or no overhang on the gable; urban: brick walls, steep roofs with parapets and chimneys on both gable ends; rural: mostly stone walls, either no roof overhang or flattened lower roof area; the front doors were originally mostly Klöntüren	Wyckoff House ( Brooklyn , New York, c. 1652)

From the American War of Independence to 1900

Only purely North American architectural styles are listed here, which are not common on other parts of the world. For a complete overview of historical architectural styles in the United States, see History of Architecture in the United States .

style	time	Subdivision	distribution	features	Examples
romance	1825-1885
	1825-1860	Greek Revival Following the British-American War , many architects turned their backs on the English building tradition; since in the young republic a kinship with the Attic democracy was felt, the Greek model was turned to.	United States	Features (residential houses): pitched or hip roofs with a slight slope; lavishly presented front door (cassette door) with narrow transom windows and side windows; Portico or wide veranda, supported on square or round columns, sometimes multi-storey; accentuated roof cornice with wide, multi-part rod bands	Commons : Greek Revival architecture - collection of images
	1850-1870	Octagon	USA (especially New York , Massachusetts and the Midwest )	Types of construction : Residential houses Features : outer walls arranged as a regular octagon ; mostly 2-storey with hipped roofs with a slight slope and wide roof overhangs, which are often supported by brackets; often with an octagonal lantern ; often with a (all-round) portico	Orson Fowler Commons : Octagon houses - collection of images
Traditional architecture ( Folk Houses , Vernacular Houses )
After the railways were built, timber frame construction prevailed in the west.	approx. 1850 - approx. 1930	National Folk House	United States	Types of construction : Single-family houses Characteristics : Light balloon framing , different shapes (front gable: often as "Shotgun House"; L-shape with front gable; side gable: either Hall & Parlor, I-House or Massed plan; pyramid roof) Variant : Folk Victorian (approx. 1870 –1910), with characteristic special elements: Veranda ( porch ) with elaborate turning ( spindlework ) or carving; Eaves are decorative brackets ( brackets supported)	Commons : Folk Victorian houses - collection of images
Victorian architecture	1852-1870			Experimental new building, loosely based on medieval and other models
The reign of British Queen Victoria (1837-1901) coincided in the USA with accelerated industrialization and advances in construction technology (including balloon framing ), which made novel shapes possible; at the same time the first architecture courses were created (1865)	1860 – approx. 1890	Stick style	United States	Designs : station building, churches, dwellings indicator (houses): random orientation on medieval timbered house : gable roofs (often cross gables) with great slope, often with a decorative roof trusses ( trusses ) in the gables; protruding eaves, often with exposed rafters; Portico is supported by diagonal or arched struts; Exterior walls clad in wood with slightly protruding horizontal and vertical accent bands	Commons : Stick style architecture in the United States - Collection of images
	1880-1900	Richardsonian Romanesque coined by Henry Hobson Richardson	United States	Types of construction : Public buildings, churches, more rarely residential buildings. Features (residential buildings): loose orientation towards the Romanesque : brick walls, often made of roughly hewn stones ( ashlar ); usually crowned by a round tower with a conical roof; Round arches over windows, porch beams or front door; asymmetrical facades	Commons : Richardsonian Romanesque - Collection of Images
	1880 – approx. 1910 (after 1935 revival as part of the New Traditional Architecture)	Shingle	United States	Types of construction : churches, residential buildings Characteristics (residential buildings): irregular roofs with a large pitch, often with cross gables, eaves at different heights; Roofs originally covered with wooden shingles; asymmetrical facades; large verandas; Outer walls clad with wooden shingles, also across corners; hardly any decorative detail	Commons : Shingle Style architecture - collection of images

20th century and present

The structure in this section follows the system proposed by Virginia Savage McAlester (2013).

style	time	Subdivision	Special forms	distribution	features	Examples
Eclecticism ( historicism )	1880-1940				Recourse to older building traditions
The eclectic movement drew on a large number of Western building traditions, but - unlike the more imaginative Victorian architecture - aimed at comparatively strict copies	1880–1955 (after 1935 revival as part of the New Traditional Architecture)	English and Anglo-American role models	Colonial Revival	United States	Features (residential houses): accentuated front door with a decorative superstructure ( crown ) or portico , each of which rests on pilasters or columns; Front door often with transom and / or side windows; vertical sliding windows ( double-hung ) with window crosses; Windows are often not evenly spaced, but rather arranged in pairs; often symmetrical facade	Commons : Colonial Revival architecture - collection of images
	1890-1920	Mediterranean and Hispanic role models	Spanish Mission Style ( Mission , Mission Revival )	United States	Types : public buildings, churches, houses rare characteristics (houses): Roofs usually with red bricks covered; wide roof overhang with exposed rafters; The most striking feature are the characteristically shaped parapets, also on the dormers; Outer walls mostly plastered smooth	Commons : Mission Revival Style architecture - collection of images
	since 1910		Pueblo Revival	United States	Features (residential houses): flat roofs with parapet; Walls and roof parapets with irregular, rounded edges; Ceiling beams protruding from the outer wall ( span. Vigas ); Exterior walls plastered, mostly in earth tones	Commons : Pueblo Revival architecture - collection of images
	1915-1945		Spanish Revival ( Spanish Colonial Revival ) Synthesis of the Spanish Adobe style and the English style adopted from New England	United States	Types : public and commercial buildings, churches, dwellings indicator roofs with low slope, with red (houses) bricks covered; little or no roof overhang; Arches over front doors, windows and / or under porch roofs; Exterior walls plastered, no interruption of the wall surface to the gable; asymmetrical facades	Commons : Spanish Colonial Revival architecture - Collection of Images
	1925-1955		Monterey ( Monterey Colonial ) a free interpretation of the Northern Californian Spanish Colonial house, influenced by the construction methods of the American Southeast, Florida and the Caribbean	United States	License plate (residential houses): two-storey; Roof with a slight slope; Façade with a striking, wide upper floor balcony, which is held by cantilever beams and covered by the main roof	Model: Larkin House ( Monterey , California, 1835) most important representative: Roland E. Coate
Modern	since 1893				Turning away from historicizing architectural styles, functionality
	1893–1939, as New Traditional until today	Early modern	Prairie	United States	Types of construction : single-family houses Features : low hipped roofs with a wide overhang; two storeys with integrated storey wings and porches ( porches ); strong emphasis on the horizontal	Frank Lloyd Wright Robie House ( Chicago , 1909) Commons : History of Architecture - Collection of Images
	1935-1950	"Bankers Modern" While after 1945 most banks refused to encourage the construction of avant-garde style single-family homes through personal loans, they have moderately favored modern styles like those listed here.	Minimal traditional	United States	Types of construction : Single-family houses Features : Small, mostly single-storey houses; Gable roof with little overhang; unadorned	Commons : Minimal Traditional architecture in the United States - Collection of Images
	1935-1975		ranch	United States	Types of construction : Single-family houses Features : single- storey houses with an elongated round plan; Roof with a slight slope and wide overhang; asymmetrical facade, which usually has a prominent large window ( picture window ); Entrance area protected under the main roof; Garage does not form a wing of its own, but closes off with the facade Variation : “Styled Ranch”, with the typical style elements of other construction methods (especially Spanish, Colonial Revival, Neoclassical, French and Tudor), 1935–1985	Commons : Ranch-style houses in the United States - Collection of images
	1935-1975		Split level	United States	Types of construction : single-family houses Features : three or more floors connected by half-height stairs (6–8 steps); Garage is integrated into the house Types : 1. Tri-level split (one half of the house is single-storey, the other two-storey), 2. Bi-level split (entrance area is one-storey, the rest of the house is two-storey with partially underground basement)	Commons : Split-level houses - Collection of images
	1945-1965	Mainstream modernity	Contemporary	United States	Types of construction : single-family houses Features : low pitched roofs with wide overhang; exposed roof beams; Windows preferably on the gable side; Use of natural materials (wood, stone, brick); asymmetrical floor plan	Commons : Contemporary houses in the United States - Collection of Images
	1950-1980		A-frame	United States	Types of construction : single-family houses (often weekend houses) Features : only roof houses (saddle roof); occasionally substructures or extensions, roof variations	Commons : A-frame buildings - Collection of images
	1950-1980		New formalism	United States	Types of construction : Public and commercial buildings, rarely single-family houses Characteristics : Symmetrical facade, often with colonnade or ornamentally pierced walls	Graf House (Dallas, 1957) Beck House (Dallas, 1964) Commons : New Formalism (architecture) - collection of images
	1965-1990		Shed	United States	Types of construction : residential buildings, single-family houses Features : pent roofs pointing in different directions; little or no roof overhang; Wooden facades, occasionally with brick cladding; asymmetrical floor plan
	since 2000		Segmental Vaults	United States	Characteristic : The visually dominant element is a sloping arched roof , which forms a clear contrast to the rectangular shape of the house and also to the other parts of the roof (mostly a flat roof)
	since 2000		Decoupage	United States	Characteristic : Right-angled design with facade surfaces that are clad differently and step forward or backward to different degrees
	since 2000		Unifying material	United States	Features : Uniform cladding in a visually striking material (e.g. special glass, concrete slabs, wood, corrugated iron, metal or polycarbonate , but never plaster or conventional wood or PVC siding )
	since 2000		Slightly Askew	United States	Features : Individual elements are slightly tilted and deviate from the rest of the rectangular shape in a striking way to catch the eye
New traditionalism ( Styled Houses )	since 1935				Recourse to popular older architectural styles
	since about 1930	American Vernacular ("Farmhouse")		United States	Types of construction : Single-family houses Features : Simply shaped, uncomplicated roofs; the most important external eye-catcher is usually a covered porch ( Porch ), which can be used for residence; Use of standard materials; Dispensing with stylistic details; in order to achieve greater size, additional parts of the house are often added
	approx. 1940–1985	Mansard		United States	Features (residential houses): hipped roof, mostly with dormers in the lower part of the roof; two-story with an upper floor covered by the roof; segmented arches over front door, windows and / or dormers; Outer wall mostly clad with bricks
	since 1985	Millennium Mansion		United States	Types of construction : single-family houses Characteristics : complex roofs with large slopes and lower transverse gables or cusps; Dormers; 1½ to 2 storey entrance area with window elements (often: arched windows), which also announce this height to the outside; tall facade clad in several different materials; windows of different types and sizes; asymmetrical floor plan	Commons : Millennium mansions - collection of images
Prefabricated houses	since around 1930
	since around 1930	Mobile homes		United States
	since the 1970s	Prefabricated houses ( manifactured Homes , Prefab Homes )	single width ( Single Wide )	United States
	since the 1970s		Double Width ( Double Wide )	United States

Architectural history of individual countries in America

Asian architecture

Early civilizations

style	time	Subdivision	distribution	features	Examples
Sumerian architecture	4000-1100 BC Chr.		Mesopotamia	Urban planning: mostly oval-shaped, enclosed by city walls and watercourses, centric sacral and palace buildings, winding streets and narrow passages
	3100-2000 BC Chr.	Uruk time		Designs: long Celle Temple , Temple Terrace , United temple technology: pen Mosaic
	2800-2100 BC Chr.	Old Sumerian Empire		Structures: courtyard temples , oval temples , city walls , first palaces	Royal Tombs of Ur ( Ur ) Vulture stele
	2100–2015 BC Chr.	New Sumerian Empire		Designs : ziggurat , wide cell temple , courtyard houses	Urnammu stele
	1450-1100 BC Chr.	Isin-Larsa			Palaces of Larsa and Mari
Elamite architecture	2400-500 BC Chr.		Elamite-speaking area , southwestern Iran
Assyrian architecture	2000-600 BC Chr.		Mesopotamia	Urban development: surrounded by city walls and watercourses, older cities follow natural conditions, new construction of Dur-Scharrukin as an ideal city and residence of the world rulers, eccentric temples and palaces, streets as a principle of order	South-West Palace of King Sennacherib ( Nineveh ) Sargonsburg
		Ancient Assyrian Empire		Designs: multiple temples, palaces
	1350-1035 BC Chr.	Central Assyrian Empire		Types: double temple , temple towers , ziggurats Technique: mural
	900-612 BC Chr.	Neo-Assyrian Empire		Structures: new palaces, temples, world rulers palace Technique: highly developed relief art
Babylonian architecture	1900-539 BC Chr.		Mesopotamia	Urban planning: Babylon was the largest city of antiquity with over 300 km², overall geometric structure, enclosed by city walls and watercourses, central location of the sanctuaries, processional street as the first boulevard in the ancient world	Ishtar Gate (today in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin) Marduk temple Ninmaḫ temple
		Old Babylonian Empire		Types of construction: 1. City wall of Babylon
	625-539 BC Chr.	New Babylonian Empire		Structures: palaces, temples, ziggurats Technique: brick reliefs	South castle

Classical antiquity

→ see also further table under: European architecture

style	time	Subdivision	features	Examples
Greek architecture	1200 BC Chr. – 600 AD		Doric order Ionic order Corinthian order
	336 BC Chr. – 86 AD	Hellenism	Structures: libraries, museums, grand altars, mystery temples Urban planning: closed spaces Technology: advanced fortress technology	Apollo Temple ( Didyma , Turkey ) City complex of Pergamon ( Turkey )
Roman architecture	1000 BC Chr. – 395 AD		Material and technology: various masonry techniques , arch constructions
	A.D. 0–395	Empire	Structures: large thermal baths, tenement houses, imperial palaces. Ornamentation: stone mosaic, colossal sculpture	Baalbek Temple ( Baalbek , Lebanon ) Aspendos amphitheater ( Aspendos , Turkey )

Near Eastern architecture

→ see also: Islamic architecture

style	time	Subdivision	distribution	features	Examples
Hittite architecture	2000 BC Chr.		Hittite Empire , Anatolia , Syria , Palestine	Structures: palaces, temples, city walls, hydraulic structures Urban development: Höyük , Bergstadt Material and technology: clay, quarry stone, unfired bricks	Mountain town of Hattuša Palace of Kuşaklı Gölpınar dam near Alaca Höyük
Parthian architecture	250 BC Chr. – 220 AD		Parthian Empire (today in: Iran , Iran )	Structures: Ivan , large arcaded courtyards (models for later caravanserais ), cubic structures, temples	Temple E in Hattra ( Iraq )
Sassanid architecture	3rd century - 7th Century AD		Sassanid Empire (today in: Iraq , Iran , Afghanistan )	Structures: Ivan , minaret Material and technology: pointed arch , further development of the round arch : horseshoe arch , cloverleaf arch , fan arch Ornamentation: paintings, colored stucco, colored glazes, mosaics on floors, walls, ceilings, domes (inside and outside)	Sarvestan Palace ( Iran )
Nabataean architecture			Nabatean Empire (today in: Jordan )	Structures: rock architecture	Petra
Byzantine architecture	4th-11th Century		Byzantine Empire , Armenia , Georgia , Syria	Structures: Axial buildings ( basilica ) and central buildings with a central dome
	4th-6th Century	Early era			Hagia Sophia ( Constantinople ) Calf Luzeh ( Deir Turmanin , Syria ) Qal'at Sim'an ( Dead Cities Area , Syria ) Kodja-Kalessi ( Isauria ) John's Basilica ( Ephesus , Turkey )
	8-11 Century	Middle Epoch / Macedonian Dynasty		Structures: new type of cross- domed churches and octagonal domed churches in Constantinople. Ornaments: monumental wall paintings, mosaics
Umayyad architecture	660-750			Types of construction: mosque , desert castle	Umayyad Mosque ( Damascus , Syria ) Dome of the Rock ( Jerusalem , Israel ) Mshatta ( Amman , Jordan )
Abbassid architecture	from 750-900 (until 1258 in Iraq)				Samarra minaret ( Samarra , Iraq )
Famitid architecture	from 909–1171		Syria	Types of construction: mosques with 3 entrances and without minarets (exception: Al-Hakkim mosque ), mausoleums
Ayyubid architecture	1171-1252		Syria , Yemen , Mesopotamia		Aleppo Citadel ( Aleppo , Syria )
Seljuk architecture	Iran: 1040-1194 Anatolia: 1081-1307		Iran , Anatolia , Syria	Types of construction: mosques , hospitals, madrasas , mausoleums, caravanserais	Isfahan Friday Mosque ( Iran ) İnce Minareli Medrese ( Turkey )
Architecture of the Ilkhan	1256-1335		Iran	Types of construction: mosques , mausoleums	Waramin Friday Mosque ( Iran ) Mausoleum of Öldscheitü (Iran)
Ottoman architecture	1300-1920		Ottoman Empire		Sultan Ahmed Mosque Sinan : Şehzade Mehmed Mosque
	1730-1808	Ottoman baroque			Nuruosmaniye Mosque
Kurdish population				Types of construction: mosques , madrasas , mausoleums, observatories	Gur-Emir mausoleum Ulugbek Madrasa Zīdsch-e Gurkānī observatory
Safavid architecture	1501-1722		Iran		Meidān-e Naghsh-e Jahan Tschehel Sotun Palace Pol-e Chādschu Bridge
Architecture of the Qajars	1779-1925		Iran		Golestan Palace Saadabad palace complex Niavaran Palace Complex
Yemeni architecture			Yemen
		Old South Arabian architecture	Hadramaut (Old South Arabian Kingdom)	Structures: monumental structures, castles, temples, city walls, hydraulic structures Technique: stone u. Brick construction, marble window panes, etc. Alabaster, columns, vaults	Marib Dam Pillbox graves

Central Asian architecture

style	time	Subdivision	distribution	features	image	Examples
Samanid architecture						Samanid mausoleum ( Buxoro , Uzbekistan )
Timurid architecture	1370-1507					Mausoleum of Hodja Ahmad Yasawi , Turkistan

South Asian architecture

style	time	Subdivision	Special forms	distribution	features	Examples
Architecture of the Indus culture	2800-1800 BC Chr.			along the Indus , India , Pakistan , Afghanistan	Structures: hydraulic structures Urban planning: strictly geometric structures, citadel and residential town	Mohenjodaro ( Pakistan )
Persian architecture	550 BC BC – 330 BC Chr.			Persian Empire , Achaemenid Empire (also Mederreich )	Structures: palaces, treasure houses, warehouses, accommodation for the army. Urban planning: rulers' architecture , water and road construction	Audience hall of Darius II (near Shiraz , Iran ) Palace of Artaxerxes ( Susa , Iran ) Palaces of Susa , Ekbatana and Persepolis
Indian architecture				India
		Indo-Islamic architecture				Taj Mahal ( Agra , India )
		Sikh architecture		India		Harmandir Sahib (also: The Golden Temple) in Amritsar , India
		Nepalese architecture		Nepal		The Royal Palace with the Golden Gate ( Bhaktapur , Nepal ) Nyatapola Temple ( Bhaktapur , Nepal ) Bhairavnath Temple ( Bhaktapur , Nepal )
		Nepalese architecture	Newar style	Kathmandu Valley
		Modern architecture in India				Le Corbusier : Palace of Justice ( Chandigarh )

Southeast Asian architecture

style	time	Subdivision	distribution	features	Examples
Architecture of the Pyu	approx. 1st century AD		Myanmar	Structures: stupas , pagodas , small temples, houses of the dead, monasteries Urban planning : round or rectangular with city walls Material and technology: Brick construction Ornaments: wall paintings, large sculptures and colossal figures	Bawbawgyi Pagoda ( Sri Ksetra , Myanmar )
Burmese architecture / Burmese architecture			Burma	Types of construction: axially symmetrical structures; Cetiya Material and Technology: Bamboo ; Tent roof , cornice ornamentation: restrained, flat risalits , decorations on door and window walls, richly profiled corner turrets. Color: white, gilded stupa	Ananda Temple ( Bagan , Myanmar )
Thai architecture			Thailand		Wat Arun ( Bangkok , Thailand )
Cambodian architecture			Cambodia		Angkor Wat
Indonesian architecture			Indonesia		Borobudur (north of Yogyakarta , Java )
		Architecture of the Batak	Sumatra	Technology: wooden frame buildings with conspicuously curved saddle roofs
Cham architecture			Vietnam		Po Klong Garai Temple (Phan Rang), Po Yang Ino Nagar Temple ( Nha Trang )

East Asian architecture

style	time	Subdivision	distribution	features	Examples
Chinese architecture			China		Palace of Heavenly Clarity ( Forbidden City )
Japanese architecture			Japan
	before 1868	Sukiya style		Types of construction: simple residential buildings from the pre-industrial era	Katsura-rikyū (桂離宮) ( Kyōto ), Manjuin Koshoin (曼珠院小書院) ( Kyōto ), Nishihonganji Kuroshoin (西本願寺黒書院) ( Kyōto )
		Shinden style
		Shoin style		Types of construction: residential buildings of the warrior class
		Gasshō-zukuri合掌造り		Technology: thatched roofs with a pitch of up to 60 °	Historical villages of Shirakawa-gō and Gokayama

North Asian architecture

style	time	Subdivision	Special forms	distribution	features	Examples
Baroque	1600-1780			Russia	Portuguese : irregularly shaped pearls , lush display of splendor, ornament and plasticity increased, art form of absolutism and the counter-reformation
			Naryshkin baroque			Boris and Gleb Church ( Sjusino ) Church of the Protection and Intercession of Mary in Fili ( Fili )
			Petrine baroque			Peter and Paul Cathedral ( Saint Petersburg ) Menshikov Tower ( Moscow )
	1720-1780	Rococo			Rococo from French rocaille "shell", further development in the late Baroque period	Winter Palace ( Saint Petersburg )

Australian and oceanic architecture

style	time	Subdivision	Special forms	distribution	features	image	Examples
historicism
		Victorian architecture	Beaux Arts architecture	Australia			Royal Exhibition Building ( Melbourne , Australia )

European architecture

Early civilizations

style	time	Subdivision	distribution	features	Examples
Minoan architecture	3100-1100 BC Chr.		Crete	Minoan column order
	3100-2000 BC Chr.	Pre-palace period		Types of construction: groups of houses with labyrinth structures , small palaces, flamed ceramics
	2000–1700 BC Chr.	Old palace time		Buildings : Older palaces, palace cities Urban planning: Development of the labyrinthine systems Technology: Drinking u. Sewage system Fresco painting, Kamares ceramics, small sculptures
	1700-1450 BC Chr.	Neupalastzeit (heyday)		Types of construction: Younger palaces Technique: Dome construction	Palace of Knossos Palace of Phaistos ( Phaistos ) Palace of Malia
	1450-1100 BC Chr.	Post-palace period		Types of construction: Younger palaces, mansions	Palace and necropolis of Kudonija (now Chania )
Mycenaean architecture	1600-1050 / 30 BC Chr.		Greek mainland
	1600-1500 BC Chr.	Early Mycenaean		Types of construction: mansions, megarons , shaft and chamber graves
	1500-1400 BC Chr.	Middle Mycenaean		Types of construction: castles and castle towns, megarons
	1400-1050 / 30 BC Chr.	Late Mycenaean		Structures: fortress construction, dome tombs, new ornamentation	Löwentor (first monumental sculpture in Mycenae ) Treasury of Atreus

Classical antiquity

style	time	Subdivision	distribution	features	Examples
Greek architecture	1200 BC Chr. – 600 AD			Doric order Ionic order Corinthian order
	approx. 1050/30 BC BC – 1020/1000 BC Chr.	Sub-Mycenaean period
	1000 BC Chr. – 725 BC Chr.	Protogeometric and Geometric Time	Attica , Corinth , Argolis	Types of construction: first small temples , antic temples , megarons Urban development: village settlements, central town-like settlements Material and technology: air-dried bricks, timber construction
	approx. 624 BC Chr. – 509 BC Chr.	Archaic time	Attica , Corinth , Argolis	Types of construction: Ring hall temple made of wood, first communal buildings Technology: Development of the monumental stone structure Beginning of large-scale sculpture	Hera Temple ( Olympia , Greece ) Apollo Temple ( Thermos , Greece ) Apollo Temple ( Syracuse , Italy )
	approx. 500 BC Chr. – 336 BC Chr.	Classic time		Structures: Doric temples, large Ionic temples, first round temples Communal building: Buleuterion , Stoa , Gymnasion , development of regional house types, concentric theaters	Large buildings on the Acropolis ( Athens , Greece ) Kallikrates , Iktinos : Parthenon Temple of Zeus ( Olympia , Greece ) Treasury of the Athenians in Delphi
	336 BC Chr. – 86 AD	Hellenism		Structures: libraries, museums, grand altars. Urban planning: closed spaces. Technology: advanced fortress technology	Apollo Temple ( Didyma , Turkey )
Roman architecture	1000 BC Chr. – 395 AD			Material and technology: various masonry techniques , arch constructions
	1000 BC Chr. – 6. Century BC Chr.	early Roman times		Types of construction: round and oval huts	Cloaca Maxima
	5th century BC BC – 27 BC Chr.	republic		Structures: temples , stone bridges, basilica , atrium house , peristyle house, cave sanctuary, amphitheater Technique: cast concrete technique Ornamentation: wall painting, large and portrait sculpture	Aqua Claudia Servian wall Via Appia Caesar Forum
	A.D. 0–395	Empire		Structures: large thermal baths, tenement houses, imperial palaces. Ornamentation: stone mosaic, colossal sculpture	Coliseum Pantheon August forum Trajan's Forum , Trajan's Baths Maxentius Basilica Land wall of Constantinople Pont du Gard ( France )
	3rd century – 4th Century AD	Early Christianity		Structures: basilica , central building	Church of the Nativity ( Bethlehem ) Holy Sepulcher ( Jerusalem ) San Giovanni in Laterano (Rome) Old St. Peter (Rome) Santa Sabina (Rome)
	5th century - 6th century Century AD	Migration period		Structures: church building , large churches. Ornamentation: glass and gold mosaic
Etruscan architecture	900-200 BC Chr.		Central Italy: Tuscany , Umbria , Latium	Structures: podium temples , necropolis , Etruscan order Material and technology: vaulted gates, mud brick construction, hewn stones Ornaments: wall paintings terracotta plastic	City wall Porta all'Arco in Volterra Arch of Augustus ( Perugia )

middle Ages

style	time	Subdivision	Special forms	distribution	features	Examples
Byzantine architecture	4th-15th Century			Byzantine Empire , Bulgaria , Serbia	Structures: Axial buildings ( basilica ) and central buildings with a central dome
	395-610	Early era				Sant'Apollinare in Classe ( Ravenna ) Sant'Apollinare Nuovo ( Ravenna ) San Vitale ( Ravenna ) Santa Costanza ( Rome ) Hagia Sophia ( Constantinople )
	610-1204	Middle epoch			Structures: new type of cross- domed churches and octagonal domed churches, rock- hewn churches, monasteries. Ornamentation: monumental wall paintings, mosaics	St. Mark's Basilica ( Venice ) Kiev Cathedral of St. Sophia ( Ukraine ) Hagia Sophia of Ohrid ( Macedonia ) Monasteries on Athos and in Mystras ( Greece )
	1261-1453	Late epoch / Comnenian and Palaeological epoch				Pammakaristos Church ( Istanbul , Turkey )
Pre-Romanesque	5th – 10th Century
	approx. 450-1066	Anglo-Saxon architecture		England , Wales	Types of construction: elongated church building, mostly single-aisle Material and technology: mainly wood construction, also broken and brick buildings Round and triangular arches over windows and doors, slot-like windows, the walls of which are sloping towards the outside	Tower portal and long-and-short-work bosses (stone framework on the edges of the tower) of All Saints Church ( Earl's Barton , England ) Apse of All Saints Church ( Wing , England )
	480-750	Merovingian architecture		Franconian Empire , Germany	Structures: baptisteries , small churches , cell churches (including in Spain ), individual large buildings, urban development: monastery villages, closed monastery complexes
		Lombard architecture		Lombardy and Northern Italy	Influences from Byzantine architecture	Sant'Ambrogio ( Milan , Italy ) San Michele Maggiore ( Pavia , Italy ) Santa Maria in Valle - also called Tempietto Longobardo - ( Cividale del Friuli )
	6-8 Century	Visigoth architecture		Spain		List of Visigoth architectural monuments in Spain Santa María de Quintanilla de las Viñas King's Hall of Naranco
	8-10 Century	Asturian architecture		non-Moorish part of Spain , ( Kingdom of Asturias , Visigoth Empire )		List of pre-Romanesque buildings in Asturias
	8-10 Century	Carolingian architecture			Structures: hall churches , three apse halls , imperial palaces , pillar basilicas , westwork Technique: bronze casting	List of Carolingian buildings Lorsch gate hall Reichenau Monastery Vierungskirche Neustadt am Main Palatine Chapel Aachen
	9-11 Century	Mozarabic architecture		Moorish and Christian Spain	Types of construction: Mozarabic churches	San Miguel de Escalada
	919-1040	Ottonian architecture		Germany	Types of construction: Refuge castles , hill towers , a few large buildings Technology: Flat ceiling, smoothly closed walls Building school: Ottonian-Saxon building school	List of Ottonian buildings Collegiate Church of St. Cyriakus ( Gernrode Abbey ) Essen Minster ( Essen ) Michaeliskirche Hildesheim East building of the Mainz Cathedral
		Old Croatian pre-Romanesque		Parts of Croatia
Moorish architecture	711-1492	Al-Andalus (Spain, Portugal)
		Umayyad architecture				Mezquita de Córdoba ( Córdoba , Spain )
	1031-1091	Taifa architecture		Andalusia	Structures: palaces Urban development: high city walls made of rammed earth Material and technology: rammed earth, quarry stone, ashlar; Horseshoe arches	Abu Ja'far Ahmad ibn Sulayman: Aljafería ( Saragossa , Spain ) Alcazaba ( Málaga , Spain )
	1091-1248	Almoravid architecture		Andalusia	Urban development: high city walls made of rammed earth	City walls in Seville
		Almohad architecture
		Nasrid architecture				Alhambra ( Granada , Spain )
Mudejar	10-16 Century			Spain , Sardinia , New Spain (16th century)	Technique: horseshoe arches , stalactite vaults , artesonado ceilings, chelosia windows Ornaments: Mauresque , stucco ornaments , faience and majolica decor	Synagogue of Toledo the tower of the Cathedral of Teruel Apse of the Cristo de la Luz mosque Church and tower of Santiago del Arrabal ( Toledo )
Romanesque	1000-1268				Technique: round arch
	1000-1100	Early romance		Germany , Normandy , Burgundy	Types of construction: Refuge castles , hill towers , donjon , flat- deck basilica , vaulted churches ( relay halls ) in south-west Europe Urban planning: Archipelago cities with independent groups of buildings, e.g. B. Falzes , cathedrals , monasteries Technology: bundle pillars , overhanging arches , dwarf gallery , ashlar masonry replaces quarry stone masonry Germany: westwork , change of pillars France: relay choir , crossing tower , double tower facade , front church , portal tower
	1100-1180	High romance		Germany , France , Italy	Structures: ring walled castles , section castles Germany: imperial cathedral , flat-deck basilica with alternating pillars and westwork France: Cluniac churches , gallery basilicas , gallery halls England: abbey cathedrals Technique: arching, yoke formation , rib vaults , buttress , triforium , first pointed arches building school: Hirsauer building school	Speyer Cathedral Leaning Tower of Pisa ( Italy ) Brunswick Cathedral Liebfrauenkirche ( Halberstadt )
	1180-1240	Late Romanesque			Structures: three-conch choir France: last large churches of the Cluniacens , churches of the Auvergne Technique: brick building in the north and east Romanesque monumental sculpture Building school: heyday of the building schools on the Meuse and Rhine	Limburg Cathedral
		Sicilian Romanesque		Sicily		Cefalu Cathedral Palazzo dei Normanni ( Palermo ) Cappella Palatina ( Palermo )
	11-12 Century	Norman style		England	Structures: Abbey churches Technique: Ribbed vault from 1093 in Durham, pipe capital , cube capital	Durham Cathedral ( Durham , England ) Peterborough Cathedral ( Peterborough , England ) Holy Sepulcher Church ( Cambridge , England ) Southwell Minster ( Southwell , England )
Gothic	1140-1550				Technique: ribbed vault , buttresses , pointed arch , tracery
	1140-1250	Early Gothic		France , Germany	Technique: stained glass early Gothic monumental sculpture	New choir of the monastery church of Saint-Denis ( Paris ) - is considered the initial Gothic building Noyon Cathedral Laon Cathedral - Development towards the early High Gothic
	1175-1307	Early Gothic	Early English Period	England		Salisbury Cathedral St. Andrew's Cathedral ( Wells )
	1200-1350	High Gothic		France , Germany , England	Structures: Sacred architecture: Hall church , mendicant churches , chapel halls Communal architecture: town halls , hospitals Castles: Dynasty castles , monastic castles , fort type Technique: Glass painting High Gothic monumental sculpture	Chartres Cathedral ( France ) Notre Dame de Paris ( France ) Reims Cathedral ( France ) Amiens Cathedral ( France ) Bourges Cathedral ( France ) Marienburg ( Malbork , Poland )
	1270-1380		Rayonnant	France		Sainte-Chapelle ( Paris )
	1275-1377		Decorated style	England	Ornamental	Lichfield-Cathedral ( Lichfield )
	13-16 Century		Brick gothic	Baltic Sea region from Northern Germany to Estonia , the Netherlands	Technique: masonry ornaments, glazed bricks	Marienkirche ( Lübeck ) St. Nikolai Church ( Stralsund )
	1350-1550	Late Gothic		France , Germany , England	Structures: Hall church , palace and palace construction of the sovereigns, separation of defense and housing construction Technology: more complex rib vaults , net vaults and fan vaults , tracery ornamentation, figured vaults , exaggerated tower construction	Choir and south tower of St. Vitus Cathedral ( Prague ) New Cathedral of Salamanca
			Special German Gothic	Germany		Heilig-Kreuz-Münster ( Schwäbisch Gmünd ) St. Martin ( Amberg )
	1380-1520		Flamboyant (French, "flaming")	France	Technology: special form of tracery	Tracery of the West Rose Sainte-Chapelle ( Paris )
	1327-1500		Perpendicular Style (English, "perpendicular style")	England	Form and ornament rich style development	King's College Chapel ( Cambridge ) Lady Chapel of Westminster Abbey ( London ) Bath Abbey Ely Cathedral
	1485-1550		Tudor style (late phase of the Perpendicular Style )	England , Germany	Technique: Tudor arch	Bramall Hall ( England ) Hampton Court Palace ( London , England )
	1480-1510		Isabel style	Spain
Ottoman architecture	14.-20. Century			Ottoman Empire		Sinan : Şehzade Mehmed Mosque

Modern times in the 15th to 18th centuries

style	time	Subdivision	Special forms	distribution	features	image	Examples
Ottoman architecture	14.-20. Century			Ottoman Empire			Sinan : Şehzade Mehmed Mosque
	1730-1808	Ottoman baroque
Renaissance	1420-1660				The formal language of antiquity, classic rigor, through simple, geometric shapes and classic structural elements such as columns , pilasters , capitals and triangular gables
	1420-1560	Early renaissance		Italy , France , Germany			Filippo Brunelleschi : Dome of the Florentine Cathedral Santa Maria del Fiore , ( Florence , Italy ) Filippo Brunelleschi : Ospedale degli Innocenti Michelozzo di Bartolommeo : Palazzo Medici Riccardi ( Florence , Italy ) Filarete : Tower of Filarete ( Milan , Italy ) Leon Battista Alberti : Sant'Andrea ( Mantua , Italy ) Leon Battista Alberti : Palazzo Rucellai ( Florence , Italy )
	1485-1550	Early renaissance	Platero	Spain			Staircase in the cloister of Santa Cruz ( Toledo , Spain )
	1500-1590	High renaissance		Italy , France , Germany			Donato Bramante : St. Peter's Basilica ( Vatican City ) Michelangelo Buonarroti : Dome St. Peter's Basilica ( Vatican City )
	1550-1600	High renaissance	Desornamentado	Spain			Juan Bautista de Toledo , Juan de Herrera : Escorial ( San Lorenzo de El Escorial , Spain )
	1525-1620	Mannerism / Late Renaissance		Italy , France , Germany	careful dissolution of the ordering systems of the Renaissance		Andrea Palladio : Villa Rotonda ( Vicenza , Italy ) Giorgio Vasari , Bernardo Buontalenti , Alfonso Parigi : Uffizi Gallery ( Florence , Italy ) Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola : Palazzo Farnese (Caprarola) in Caprarola ( Italy ) Filippo Brunelleschi : Palazzo Pitti ( Florence , Italy ) Heidelberger Castle Hellbrunn Palace ( Salzburg , Austria )
	1550-1610		Elizabethan	England
	1610-1640		Jacobean	England
				Weser Renaissance			Bevern Castle Eickesches house
	Baroque	1610-1770				Portuguese : irregularly shaped pearls , lush display of splendor, ornament and plasticity increased, art form of absolutism and the counter-reformation
	1570-1630	Early baroque		Italy			Gian Lorenzo Bernini : Palazzo Barberini ( Rome , Italy )
	1643-1715	Early baroque	Louis XIV	France
	1630-1700	High baroque					Invalides Cathedral ( Paris , France ) Ca 'Pesaro ( Venice , Italy )
	1610-1643		Louis XIII	France
	1690-1720		Queen Anne Style	England
	1700-1780	Rococo / late baroque			Rococo from French rocaille "shell", further development in the late Baroque period		Jakob Prandtauer : Melk Abbey ( Melk , Austria ) Amalienburg ( Munich ) Belvedere Palace ( Vienna , Austria )
	1690-1750		Churriguerism	Spain
	1715-1723		Régence	France
	1723-1774		Louis XV	France

Modern times in the 18th and 19th centuries

style	time	Subdivision	Special forms	distribution	features	Examples
Traditional residential architecture	18th century
				France ; as French colonial style 1700–1860 also in New France ; as French Eclectic 1915-1945 in the USA	Features : hipped roofs with a large slope, flattened towards the eaves	Commons : 18th-century houses in France - Collection of images
classicism	1750-1840				Imitation of the architectural forms of antiquity (primarily Greek temple construction)	Karl Friedrich Schinkel : New Guard ( Berlin ) Leo von Klenze : Glyptothek ( Munich ) City of Putbus under Prince Wilhelm Malte I ( island of Rügen )
	1620-1820	Palladianism		England
	1710-1830	Georgian architecture		England , Thirteen Colonies and USA
	1760-1790		Adam style (called " Federal Style " in the USA )	England , USA
	1790-1830		Regency	England ; in the USA 1835 – approx. 1915 as "Exotic Revival" (Egyptian and Moorish / Oriental)	Material and technology: cast iron ornamentation: stylistic eclecticism with u. a. Egyptian, Chinese and oriental style elements transition: to historicism / Victorian architecture	John Nash : Royal Pavilion ( Brighton , England ) Cumberland Terrace ( London , England ) Commons : Egyptian Revival architecture - collection of images Commons : Moorish Revival architecture - collection of images
	1750-1770	Early Classicism (called "Early Classical Revival" in the USA)		United States
	1760-1790		Louis XVI	France
			Gustavian style	Sweden		Gustav III Pavilion ( Solna )
	1750-1770	Revolutionary architecture			Striving for pure, geometric shapes; no completed buildings	Representative : Étienne-Louis Boullée Friedrich Gilly
			Biedermeier	Germany , Austria		Palais Florastöckl ( Baden , Austria )
	1795-1799		Directoire	France
	1804-1830		Empire style	France
historicism	1840-1900				Recourse to and imitation of older styles
	1802-1885	Italianate		Great Britain (since 1802), USA (1840–1885)		Commons : Italianate architecture - collection of images
	1840-1900	Neo-Gothic / Gothic revival		USA (1840-1880)		Palace of Westminster Erfurt town hall Hluboká nad Vltavou Castle ( Hluboká nad Vltavou , Czech Republic ) Votive Church ( Vienna , Austria ) Commons : Gothic Revival architecture - collection of images
	1850-1885	Neo-renaissance		USA (1890–1935, as "Italian Renaissance", "Renaissance Revival"; as New Traditional to the present day)	Recourse to forms of the Renaissance
	1850-1885	Neo-renaissance	Châteauesque	Europe, Russia , USA (1880–1910), Canada	Recourse to forms of the (Renaissance) castles of the Loire	Commons : Châteauesque architecture - collection of images
	1852-1870		Second Empire	France , as an early form of Victorian architecture also in the USA	Urban planning by Baron Haussmann in Paris	Charles Garnier : Opéra Garnier ( Paris ) Side wing of the Louvre ( Paris )
	1880-1910	Victorian architecture	Queen Anne Style	Great Britain , Ireland , USA (there as New-Traditional-Architecture also 1935 – today)
	1890-1930		Beaux Arts architecture	France , Prussia , USA		Bode Museum ( Berlin )
	1870-1920s	Neo-romance		in North America also in the special form of the Richardsonian Romanesque (1880–1900)	Recourse to forms of the Romanesque	Neuschwanstein Castle ( Hohenschwangau ) Garrison Church St. Martin ( Dresden )
	1880-1920s	Neo-baroque			Interior architecture also called Neurococo
	from 1880–1950	Neoclassicism		USA (1895–1955 and as New Traditional to the present day)	persists beyond the end of actual historicism ("neohistorism")	Peter Behrens Commons : Neoclassical architecture - collection of images
	Mid 19th century	Neo-Tudor (referred to as "Tudor Revival" in the USA; as New Traditional since 1935 to the present day)		United States		Cecilienhof Palace ( Potsdam ) Parts of University College Cork ( Cork , Ireland )
		Eclecticism			Greek eklektós "selected", different styles combined in one building; second heyday in postmodernism	Palacio de Cibeles ( Madrid , Spain )
		Home style , Exotic Revival
	1880-1915		Kite style	Norway		Holm Hansen Munthe : Holmenkollen Turisthotell Holm Hansen Munthe : Royal Sailor Station ( Potsdam ) Henrik Bull : Government building from 1904 in Oslo
			Swiss style (referred to as "Swiss Chalet Style" in the USA)	Switzerland , Germany , Sweden , Norway , USA (1835 – approx. 1915)		Kviknes hotel ( Balestrand , Norway ) Commons : Swiss chalet style architecture - collection of images
			Świdermajer	Poland	Wooden villas

Architectural history of individual countries in Europe

Bulgaria:
- Architecture of the Second Bulgarian Empire
Germany: German architecture
- Architecture under National Socialism
- Architecture in the German Democratic Republic
Finland: Finnish architecture
Greece:
- Athens architecture
- Cycladic architecture
Sweden: Swedish architecture
- List of historical buildings in Sweden

International

Modern

style	time	Subdivision	distribution	features	Examples
Arts and Crafts Movement (mostly referred to as "Craftsman" in the USA)	from the middle of the 19th century to the turn of the century		England , USA (1905–1925, as New Traditional also 1935 – today)	Counter-movement to historicism and industrial development, creation of many English country houses	Raymond Unwin , Barry Parker : Letchworth Garden City ( Hertfordshire , England ) William Morris , Philip Speakman Webb : Red House ( London , England ) other representatives: Norman Shaw , Charles Rennie Mackintosh , Sir Edwin Lutyens Commons : Arts and Crafts architecture - collection of images
Art Nouveau (Art Nouveau Secession Style Modern Style)	approx. 1880-1914			Ornaments: decorative, curved lines, two-dimensional, floral ornaments	Henri Sauvage : Villa Majorelle ( Nancy , France ) Hector Guimard : Entrance to the Chardon-Lagache metro station ( Paris , France ) Victor Horta : Horta Museum ( Brussels , Belgium ) Hagbarth Martin Schytte-Berg : Svaneapotek ( Ålesund , Norway ) Otto Wagner : Postsparkasse ( Vienna Secession ) Joseph Maria Olbrich : Mathildenhöhe wedding tower
		Modernism	Catalonia	Technique: Catalan bow	Roof construction of the technology museum in Terrassa Antoni Gaudí : Park Güell Antoni Gaudí : Sagrada Família ( Barcelona , Spain )
Organic architecture (also known as “Organic Modernism” in the USA), not to be confused with ecological building	from the turn of the 20th century		Europe, USA (as Frank Lloyd Wrights Usonia 1939–1959, generally since 1950)	Holistic construction, striving for harmony between buildings, landscape and building materials, organic form developed out of function for biological, psychological and social expediency, can contain stylistic elements of Art Nouveau, Expressionism and Modernism	Frank Lloyd Wright Frei Otto : Munich Olympic Stadium Alvar Aalto Carlo Scarpa Commons : Organic architecture - collection of images
traditionalism	approx. 1904-1945			Building school: Delft school , Stuttgart school Use of customary building materials (brick, wood) and forms	Paul Bonatz : Stuttgart Central Station Peter Klotzbach: City Hall Wiehl further representatives: Julius Schulte-Frohlinde , Paul Schmitthenner Hendrik Petrus Berlage : Amsterdam Stock Exchange
		Homeland security architecture
	from approx. 1905	Reform architecture (premodern)	Germany		Heinrich Tessenow : Hellerau Festival Hall ( Dresden ) Architectural office Schilling & Graebner : Christ Church (Dresden-Strehlen) Moltkeviertel ( Essen )
Prague Cubism^{pp. 98–101}	1910-1914		Czech Republic	The aim was artistic expression in architecture	Josef Chochol : Tenement House on Neklavona Street ( Prague ) Josef Chochol: Villa on Vyšehrad (Prague) Josef Gocár : House of the Black Madonna (Prague)
expressionism	1918-1920		Germany	strong plasticity, round and jagged shapes; Glass chain	Erich Mendelsohn : Einstein Tower ( Potsdam ) Hans Poelzig : Great Theater ( Berlin ) Ludwig Wirth : City House Dresden
		Brick expressionism	Germany , Netherlands	Material: brick	Michel de Klerk : Het Schip ( Amsterdam School ) Fritz Höger : Chilehaus ( Hamburg ) Fritz Höger : Anzeiger high-rise ( Hanover ) Gustav August Munzer : Marine Memorial Laboe
Nordic classicism	1920s		Nordic countries		Gunnar Asplund : Monument halls of Skogskyrkogård ( Stockholm , Sweden ) Johan Sigfrid Sirén : Parliament Building ( Helsinki , Finland )
Art deco	approx. 1920-1940s		USA (1920-1940), Europe	Ornamentation: flat, stylized floral elements; in the USA too: zigzag patterns and emphasis on the vertical Building material: expensive materials for ornaments and interior decoration	William Van Alen : Chrysler Building ( New York ) Architecture office Zweck & Voigt : Grassimuseum ( Leipzig ) Renaissance Theater ( Berlin ) Juan Arellano : Manila Metropolitan Theater ( Manila , Philippines ) Auguste Bluysen : Le Grand Rex ( Paris , France ) Commons : Art Deco architecture - collection of images
Streamlined Modern ( Art Modern )	1920-1940		USA, Europe	Types of construction : Public and commercial buildings, more rarely residential buildings Features : roof mostly flat; smooth, plastered walls; streamlined walls, emphasis on the horizontal	Commons : Streamline Moderne architecture - collection of images
De Stijl	1917-1930		Netherlands	was actually an artists' association and their magazine in Leiden , geometric-abstract, ascetic and functional architecture	Gerrit Rietveld : Schröder House ( Utrecht , Netherlands ) Robert van 't Hoff : Villa Henry further representatives: Jacobus Johannes Pieter Oud
constructivism	1920-1930		Soviet Union	simple, geometric form, function is in the foreground	Konstantin Melnikow : Intourist Garage ( Moscow ) Konstantin Melnikow : Melnikow House ( Moscow ) Hotel Iset ( Ekaterinburg ) further representatives: Moissei Ginsburg , Noi Abramowitsch Trozki , Boris Michailowitsch Iofan
Socialist classicism also called Stalingotik / Stalin Empire	1934–1950s, still in North Korea today		exclusively socialist countries: Soviet Union , GDR , Poland , North Korea , China	monumental representative buildings	Russian Army Theater Palace of Culture ( Warsaw , Poland )
Classic modern / international style	1920 until today		Europe, since 1925 USA and later worldwide	Minimalist and functional tendencies	important representatives: Mies van der Rohe , Le Corbusier , Frank Lloyd Wright , Walter Gropius , Louis Sullivan Commons : International style - collection of images

		New Objectivity	Germany, France, Switzerland	Turning away from Expressionism and Art Nouveau , New Building was a trend within New Objectivity	Weißenhofsiedlung Bruno Taut
		functionalism	Germany	Stepping back on purely aesthetic design principles, Louis Sullivan : Form follows function	Walter Gropius : Fagus factory ( Alfeld ) Adolf Loos : Looshaus Arne Jacobsen
		rationalism	Italy		Giuseppe Terragni Aldo Rossi
	1919-1933	bauhaus	Germany	was in the real sense a German building school, as a style the term found an extended application for an architecture of the New Objectivity	Head: Walter Gropius , Mies van der Rohe and Hannes Meyer

Late 20th century and contemporary architecture

Architectural trends	time	features	Examples
brutalism	1950–1970, in the USA until 1980	Buildings developed from the inside out ^{(p. 270)} , display of the building material and the structural elements Building material: raw concrete, occasionally brick	Günter Bock : House Sindlingen ( Frankfurt am Main ) Le Corbusier : Sainte-Marie de la Tourette ( Éveux , France ) Le Corbusier : Unité d'habitation housing unit ( Marseille , France ) Alison and Peter Smithson : School in Hunstanton Commons : Brutalist architecture - collection of images
High-tech architecture (also: late modern architecture or structural expressionism )	since 1970	Use of new technologies and materials, emphasis on construction and building technology	Richard Rogers , Renzo Piano : Center Georges Pompidou ( Paris , France ) Richard Rogers : Lloyd's building ( London , England ) Bruce J. Graham , Fazlur Khan : John Hancock Center ( Chicago , USA ) HSBC Headquarters ( Hong Kong , China )
structuralism	Mid 20th century	Consideration of human needs, order of the relationships of a system ^{(p. 273)}	Piet Blom : Cube houses ( Rotterdam , Netherlands ) Herman Hertzberger : Centraal Beheer office building ( Apeldoorn , Netherlands ) Aldo van Eyck : ESTEC Space Center ( Noordwijk , Netherlands ) Louis I. Kahn : Salk Institute for Biological Studies ( La Jolla , USA ) Kenzō Tange
Postmodern architecture ( postmodern )	since 1970 (in the USA since 1964)	Counter-movement to modernity, eclectic	Charles Willard Moore : Piazza d'Italia ( New Orleans , USA ) Philip Johnson : Sony Building ( New York , USA ) James Stirling : University of Music and Performing Arts ( Stuttgart ) Friedrichstadtpalast ( Berlin ) Robert Venturi Commons : Postmodern architecture - collection of images
Critical regionalism		Taking up regional peculiarities	Jørn Utzon : Bagsværd Church ( Denmark ) Mario Botta Álvaro Siza Rafael Moneo Glenn Murcutt Tadao Andō
Deconstructivism	from 1980	Dissonant architectural language, emphasis on opposing forms	Frank Gehry : Museo Guggenheim Bilbao ( Bilbao , Spain ) Daniel Libeskind : Jewish Museum Berlin Rem Koolhaas : Dutch Embassy ( Berlin ) Peter Eisenman , Zaha Hadid : phæno ( Wolfsburg ) Coop Himmelb (l) au : Ufa-Kristallpalast ( Dresden ) Bernard Tschumi : Parc de la Villette ( Paris , France ) Commons : Deconstructivist architecture - collection of images
Minimalism	1980s-1990s, relevant to this day ^{(p. 328)}	simple design language, no decorative elements	Peter Zumthor : Kunsthaus Bregenz ( Bregenz , Austria ) Johan Otto von Spreckelsen : Grande Arche ( Paris , France ) Dominique Perrault : Bibliothèque nationale de France ( Paris , France )
Ecological building		resource-saving
Super modernism		Tendencies of classical modernism	OMA : Casa da Música ( Porto , Portugal )
Blob architecture		complex, flowing, often rounded amorphous and biomorphic shapes	Future Systems : Selfridges Building ( Birmingham , England ) Peter Cook and Colin Fournier : Kunsthaus Graz ( Graz , Austria )
Parametrism		Form language resulting from an organic-contextual and parametrically-algorithmically controllable understanding of architecture	UNStudio : Mercedes Benz Museum ( Stuttgart ) Zaha Hadid : Dubai Opera House ( Dubai , United Arab Emirates )

literature

Overviews
- Pier Luigi Nervi (ed.): World history of architecture. Stuttgart 1977.
  - Enrico Guidoni: Architecture of Primitive Cultures
  - Seton Lloyd, Hans Wolfgang Müller, Roland Martin: Architecture of the early high cultures
  - Doris Heyden, Paul Gendrop: Architecture of the advanced cultures of Central America
- Claus Paegelow: Internationales Architects Lexicon . 2004, ISBN 3-00-012851-4 .

European architecture

Nikolaus Pevsner: European architecture: from the beginning to the present . 9., revised. and newest. Edition with a contribution to architecture since 1960 by Winfried Nerdinger. Prestel, Munich / Berlin [u. a.] 2008. ISBN 978-3-7913-3927-6 .
Leonardo Benevolo: History of Architecture of the 19th and 20th Centuries. 2 volumes, 3rd edition. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 1987.
Vittorio Magnago Lampugnani: Architecture and Urban Planning of the 20th Century. Verlag Gerd Hatje, Stuttgart 1980, ISBN 3-7757-0144-3 .
Trends of the Twenties. 15th European Art Exhibition Berlin 1977. Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin 1977, ISBN 3-496-01000-2 .
Hildegard Kretschmer: The architecture of modernity. Reclam, Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 978-3-15-010875-8 .
David Watkin: English Architecture. A Concise History. Thames and Hudson, London 1979, ISBN 0-500-20171-4 .

Partial aspects
- Parkyn / Neil: Seventy Architectural Wonders. The boldest works in building history and how they were realized. Verlag Frederking & Thaler, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-89405-536-7 .

American architecture
- Virginia and Lee McAlester: A Field Guide to American Houses. Alfred A. Knopf, New York 1995, ISBN 0-394-51032-1 .
- John Milnes Baker: American House Styles. WW Norton, New York / London 1994, ISBN 0-393-03421-6 .

Web links

archinoah.de Student theses on various topics in the history of architecture

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: 1 . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 85 .
↑ Ingo Baiding: The Neolithic Revolution (12,000–6,000 BC) ; P. 20.
↑ Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: 1 . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 103 .
↑ Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: 1 . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 153 .
↑ Wilfried Kochl: Architectural Styles . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 10-29 . different style classification: 1000–900 BC BC Protogeometric style, 900–725 BC Chr. Geometric style, 725–500 BC. BC Archaic period, 500–336 BC Classical period, 336 BC BC – early 1st century AD
^ Herbert Popp, Mohamed Ait Hamza, Brahim El Fasskaoui: Les agadirs de l'Anti-Atlas occidental. Atlas illustré d'un patrimoine culturel du Sud marocain. Natural Science Society, Bayreuth 2011, ISBN 978-3-939146-07-0 .
↑ Herbert Popp, Abdelfettah Kassah: Les ksour du Sud Tunisia. Natural Science Society, Bayreuth 2010, ISBN 978-3-939146-04-9 .
↑ Herbert Pothorn: The Big Book of architectural styles . Südwest Verlag Munich, Munich, pp. 108-111 .
↑ Ursula Muscheler: Great moments of architecture: From the pyramids to the tower of Dubai . S. 83-92 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Lorenz grain: The mosque: Architecture and religious life . C. H. Beck, Munich, ISBN 978-3-406-63332-4 , pp. 122 .
↑ Bandiagara Rocks - Dogon Country on the UNESCO site
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f H. Stiebritz: The architecture of the Maya. Retrieved January 31, 2014 .
^ Karl Ruppert, John H. Denison, Jr .: Archaeological reconaissance in Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Peten. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington 1943.
^ Eduard Seler : The Quetzalcouatl facades of Yucatecian buildings . Academy of Sciences, Berlin 1916.
↑ George F. Andrews: Architectural survey of the Rio Bec, Chenes, and Puuc regions: progress and problems. In: George F. Andrews: Pyramids and palaces, monsters and masks . Labyrinthos, Lancaster, CA 1999. Volume 3, ISBN 0-911437-82-7 , pp. 311-319.
↑ Siebo Heinken: A heart for the gods . In: National Geographic . April 2003, p. 32-44 .
↑ Herbert Pothorn: The Big Book of architectural styles . 5th edition. Südwest Verlag, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-517-00069-8 , pp. 152-154 .
^ ^A ^b Virginia Savage McAlester: A Field Guide to American Houses. The Definite Guide to Identifying and Understanding America's Domestic Architecture . 2nd Edition. Knopf, New York 2013, ISBN 978-1-4000-4359-0 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: 1 . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 83-100 .
↑ Andrew Lawler: Iraq: The Trail of the Looters . In: National Geographic . October 2003, p. 99 .
↑ Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: 1 . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 153 .
↑ Wilfried Kochl: Architectural Styles . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 10-29 . different style classification: 1000–900 BC BC Protogeometric style, 900–725 BC Chr. Geometric style, 725–500 BC. BC Archaic period, 500–336 BC Classical period, 336 BC BC – early 1st century AD
↑ Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: 1 . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 205 .
↑ Wilfried Kochl: Architectural Styles . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 30-37 .
↑ On the architecture of the Hittites, Bundeskunsthalle ( Memento of the original from May 10, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 15 kB) @1@ 2
↑ Yasemin Kuşlu, Sahin Üstun: Water Structures in Anatolia from Past to Present. In: Journal of Applied Sciences Research. Faisalabad 5.2009, p. 2110. ISSN 1819-544X .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Herbert Pothorn: The great book of architectural styles . 5th edition. Südwest Verlag, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-517-00069-8 , pp. 122 .
^ Wilfried Koch: Architectural Style . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 38-53 .
↑ Ursula Muscheler: Great moments of architecture: From the pyramids to the tower of Dubai . S. 83-92 .
↑ Justyna Purwin: The architecture of Islam (student thesis) . GRIN Verlag, 2006, p. 9 .
↑ Herbert Pothorn: The Big Book of architectural styles . 5th edition. Südwest Verlag, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-517-00069-8 , pp. 121 .
↑ Elizabeth H. Moore: Early Landscapes of Myanmar. Tatien 2007, ISBN 978-974-9863-31-2 , pp. 129-227.
↑ ^a ^b Herbert Pothorn: The Big Book of architectural styles . 5th edition. Südwest Verlag, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-517-00069-8 , pp. 136 .
↑ Times according to Penelope A. Mountjoy : Mycenaean Pottery - An Introduction. Oxford University School Of Archeology, 2nd edition. 2001, ISBN 0-947816-36-4 , u. a. Timetable p. 4.
↑ Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: 1 . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 153 .
↑ Wilfried Kochl: Architectural Styles . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 10-29 . different style classification: 1000–900 BC BC Protogeometric style, 900–725 BC Chr. Geometric style, 725–500 BC. BC Archaic period, 500–336 BC Classical period, 336 BC BC – early 1st century AD
↑ Penelope A. Mountjoy , Mycenaean Pottery - An Introduction , Oxford University School Of Archeology, 2nd Edition. 2001, ISBN 0-947816-36-4 , timetable p. 4 In contrast, P. Warren and V. Hankey, Aegean Bronze Age Chronology , Bristol 1989, p. 169 set the period with 1065–1015 BC. Earlier, Thomas Mannack : Greek vase painting. An introduction. Theiss, Stuttgart 2002, p. 66. with 1030–1000 BC A little later.
↑ Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: 1 . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 205 .
↑ Wilfried Kochl: Architectural Styles . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 30-37 .
↑ Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: 1 . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 78 and 205 .
^ Richard Reid: Architectural Style . Dorling Kindersley Limited, London 1980, p. 25 . - different time: 750–100 BC Chr.
↑ Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: From the Romanesque to the present . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 303-305 .
^ Wilfried Koch: Architectural Style . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 58-59 .
↑ Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: From the Romanesque to the present . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 303 .
^ Wilfried Koch: Architectural Style . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 56 .
↑ Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: From the Romanesque to the present . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 309 .
↑ Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: From the Romanesque to the present . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 303, 309 .
^ ^A ^b Wilfried Koch: Architectural Style . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 94 .
↑ ^a ^b Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: From the Romanesque to the present . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 305 .
↑ Marianne Barrucand, Achim Bednorz: Moorish Architecture in Andalusia . Taschen, Cologne 2007, ISBN 978-3-8228-3067-3 .
^ Wilfried Koch: Architectural Style . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 87 .
^ Wilfried Koch: Architectural Style . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-577-10231-5 , p. 146-211 .
^ Wilfried Koch: Architectural Style . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-577-10231-5 , p. 212-235 .
^ Wilfried Koch: Architectural Style . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-577-10231-5 , p. 236-263 .
^ Regency The large art dictionary by PW Hartmann
^ Architecture of the Royal Pavilion on Royal Pavilion, Museums and Libraries
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hildegard Kretschmer: The architecture of modernity . Philipp Reclam jun., Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 978-3-15-010875-8 , pp. 380 .

[dtv_85-1] Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: 1 . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 85 .

[2] Ingo Baiding: The Neolithic Revolution (12,000–6,000 BC) ; P. 20.

[3] Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: 1 . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 103 .

[4] Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: 1 . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 153 .

[5] Wilfried Kochl: Architectural Styles . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 10-29 . different style classification: 1000–900 BC BC Protogeometric style, 900–725 BC Chr. Geometric style, 725–500 BC. BC Archaic period, 500–336 BC Classical period, 336 BC BC – early 1st century AD

[6] Herbert Popp, Mohamed Ait Hamza, Brahim El Fasskaoui: Les agadirs de l'Anti-Atlas occidental. Atlas illustré d'un patrimoine culturel du Sud marocain. Natural Science Society, Bayreuth 2011, ISBN 978-3-939146-07-0 .

[7] Herbert Popp, Abdelfettah Kassah: Les ksour du Sud Tunisia. Natural Science Society, Bayreuth 2010, ISBN 978-3-939146-04-9 .

[8] Herbert Pothorn: The Big Book of architectural styles . Südwest Verlag Munich, Munich, pp. 108-111 .

[9] Ursula Muscheler: Great moments of architecture: From the pyramids to the tower of Dubai . S. 83-92 .

[dynIslam-10] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Lorenz grain: The mosque: Architecture and religious life . C. H. Beck, Munich, ISBN 978-3-406-63332-4 , pp. 122 .

[11] Bandiagara Rocks - Dogon Country on the UNESCO site

[indianerwww-12] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f H. Stiebritz: The architecture of the Maya. Retrieved January 31, 2014 .

[13] Karl Ruppert, John H. Denison, Jr .: Archaeological reconaissance in Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Peten. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington 1943.

[14] Eduard Seler : The Quetzalcouatl facades of Yucatecian buildings . Academy of Sciences, Berlin 1916.

[15] George F. Andrews: Architectural survey of the Rio Bec, Chenes, and Puuc regions: progress and problems. In: George F. Andrews: Pyramids and palaces, monsters and masks . Labyrinthos, Lancaster, CA 1999. Volume 3, ISBN 0-911437-82-7 , pp. 311-319.

[16] Siebo Heinken: A heart for the gods . In: National Geographic . April 2003, p. 32-44 .

[17] Herbert Pothorn: The Big Book of architectural styles . 5th edition. Südwest Verlag, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-517-00069-8 , pp. 152-154 .

[VSM-18] A ^b Virginia Savage McAlester: A Field Guide to American Houses. The Definite Guide to Identifying and Understanding America's Domestic Architecture . 2nd Edition. Knopf, New York 2013, ISBN 978-1-4000-4359-0 .

[Mesopotamien-19] Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: 1 . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 83-100 .

[20] Andrew Lawler: Iraq: The Trail of the Looters . In: National Geographic . October 2003, p. 99 .

[21] Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: 1 . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 153 .

[22] Wilfried Kochl: Architectural Styles . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 10-29 . different style classification: 1000–900 BC BC Protogeometric style, 900–725 BC Chr. Geometric style, 725–500 BC. BC Archaic period, 500–336 BC Classical period, 336 BC BC – early 1st century AD

[23] Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: 1 . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 205 .

[24] Wilfried Kochl: Architectural Styles . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 30-37 .

[25] On the architecture of the Hittites, Bundeskunsthalle ( Memento of the original from May 10, 2005 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 15 kB) @1@ 2

[26] Yasemin Kuşlu, Sahin Üstun: Water Structures in Anatolia from Past to Present. In: Journal of Applied Sciences Research. Faisalabad 5.2009, p. 2110. ISSN 1819-544X .

[P_S.122-27] Herbert Pothorn: The great book of architectural styles . 5th edition. Südwest Verlag, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-517-00069-8 , pp. 122 .

[28] Wilfried Koch: Architectural Style . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 38-53 .

[29] Ursula Muscheler: Great moments of architecture: From the pyramids to the tower of Dubai . S. 83-92 .

[30] Justyna Purwin: The architecture of Islam (student thesis) . GRIN Verlag, 2006, p. 9 .

[31] Herbert Pothorn: The Big Book of architectural styles . 5th edition. Südwest Verlag, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-517-00069-8 , pp. 121 .

[32] Elizabeth H. Moore: Early Landscapes of Myanmar. Tatien 2007, ISBN 978-974-9863-31-2 , pp. 129-227.

[P_S.136-33] Herbert Pothorn: The Big Book of architectural styles . 5th edition. Südwest Verlag, Munich 1983, ISBN 3-517-00069-8 , pp. 136 .

[34] Times according to Penelope A. Mountjoy : Mycenaean Pottery - An Introduction. Oxford University School Of Archeology, 2nd edition. 2001, ISBN 0-947816-36-4 , u. a. Timetable p. 4.

[35] Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: 1 . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 153 .

[36] Wilfried Kochl: Architectural Styles . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 10-29 . different style classification: 1000–900 BC BC Protogeometric style, 900–725 BC Chr. Geometric style, 725–500 BC. BC Archaic period, 500–336 BC Classical period, 336 BC BC – early 1st century AD

[37] Penelope A. Mountjoy , Mycenaean Pottery - An Introduction , Oxford University School Of Archeology, 2nd Edition. 2001, ISBN 0-947816-36-4 , timetable p. 4 In contrast, P. Warren and V. Hankey, Aegean Bronze Age Chronology , Bristol 1989, p. 169 set the period with 1065–1015 BC. Earlier, Thomas Mannack : Greek vase painting. An introduction. Theiss, Stuttgart 2002, p. 66. with 1030–1000 BC A little later.

[38] Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: 1 . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 205 .

[39] Wilfried Kochl: Architectural Styles . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 30-37 .

[40] Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: 1 . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 78 and 205 .

[41] Richard Reid: Architectural Style . Dorling Kindersley Limited, London 1980, p. 25 . - different time: 750–100 BC Chr.

[42] Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: From the Romanesque to the present . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 303-305 .

[43] Wilfried Koch: Architectural Style . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 58-59 .

[44] Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: From the Romanesque to the present . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 303 .

[45] Wilfried Koch: Architectural Style . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 56 .

[46] Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: From the Romanesque to the present . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 309 .

[47] Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: From the Romanesque to the present . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 303, 309 .

[Koch_94-48] A ^b Wilfried Koch: Architectural Style . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 94 .

[WM_305-49] Werner Müller, Gunther Vogel: dtv-Atlas zur Baukunst . In: From the Romanesque to the present . Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 1974, ISBN 3-423-03020-8 , p. 305 .

[50] Marianne Barrucand, Achim Bednorz: Moorish Architecture in Andalusia . Taschen, Cologne 2007, ISBN 978-3-8228-3067-3 .

[51] Wilfried Koch: Architectural Style . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-572-05927-5 , pp. 87 .

[52] Wilfried Koch: Architectural Style . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-577-10231-5 , p. 146-211 .

[53] Wilfried Koch: Architectural Style . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-577-10231-5 , p. 212-235 .

[54] Wilfried Koch: Architectural Style . Mosaik Verlag, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-577-10231-5 , p. 236-263 .

[55] Regency The large art dictionary by PW Hartmann

[56] Architecture of the Royal Pavilion on Royal Pavilion, Museums and Libraries

[:0-57] Hildegard Kretschmer: The architecture of modernity . Philipp Reclam jun., Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 978-3-15-010875-8 , pp. 380 .

History of architecture

Architecture in prehistory

Architecture of nomadic peoples

African architecture

Early civilizations

Classical antiquity

North africa

East Africa

West Africa

Architectural history of individual countries in Africa

American architecture

Pre-Columbian architecture

Post-Columbian and Colonial Architecture

From the American War of Independence to 1900

20th century and present

Architectural history of individual countries in America

Asian architecture

Early civilizations

Classical antiquity

Near Eastern architecture

Central Asian architecture

South Asian architecture

Southeast Asian architecture

East Asian architecture

North Asian architecture

Australian and oceanic architecture

European architecture

Early civilizations

Classical antiquity

middle Ages

Modern times in the 15th to 18th centuries

Modern times in the 18th and 19th centuries

Architectural history of individual countries in Europe

International

Modern

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See also

Architecture by function

Architecture by material

literature

Web links

Individual evidence