Olympic Stadium Munich

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Olympic Stadium Munich
Olympic Stadium Munich
The Olympiastadion from the Olympiaberg
Data
place Spiridon-Louis-Ring 27 80809 Munich , Germany
GermanyGermany
Coordinates 48 ° 10 '23.4 "  N , 11 ° 32' 47.5"  E Coordinates: 48 ° 10 '23.4 "  N , 11 ° 32' 47.5"  E
owner State capital Munich
operator Olympiapark Munich GmbH
start of building June 9, 1969
opening May 26, 1972
First game May 26, 1972
Renovations 2010-2011
surface Natural grass
costs 137 million DM
architect Behnisch & Partner
capacity 69,250 seats
playing area 105 × 68 m
Societies)
Events

The Olympiastadion Munich is a multifunctional stadium in the Olympic Park in the Bavarian capital . It was planned for the 1972 Olympic Games by the architectural firm Behnisch & Partner and was the location for sporting events and the opening and closing ceremonies. After the Olympic Games, the stadium was mainly used as the home of FC Bayern Munich from 1972 to 2005 and, with interruptions, by TSV 1860 Munich , who commuted between the previous home of the two clubs, the municipal stadium on Grünwalder Strasse , and the Olympic Stadium. In 2005 the clubs moved to the newly built Allianz Arena . In addition to the games of these football clubs, other professional games also took place in the Olympic Stadium. The finals of the 1974 World Cup and the 1988 European Football Championship as well as several finals of the UEFA Champions League and its predecessor competition were played there.

The Olympic Stadium has been Munich's largest stage since 1982 and is used for open-air concerts . In addition to public viewing events, concerts have mainly taken place in the stadium since the soccer clubs moved out. There were also numerous other events there, including the European Athletics Championships in 2002 and DTM show races in 2011 and 2012 .

Two thirds of the Olympic Stadium is an earth stadium and, in addition to a soccer field, had an athletics track . Since 2017, the surface has been made up of natural grass again , after it was paved five years earlier . The arena was the first stadium in Germany to be equipped with underfloor heating and a VIP area , and it had the most modern stadium floodlights in the world with which daylight can be simulated. In addition to the stadium, the tent roof construction also spans the Olympic hall , the Olympic swimming pool and the paths in between. The stadium is intended to symbolize lightness, transparency and openness. It is one of the most important buildings of West German post-war architecture and is a landmark of Munich. Like the other buildings under the tent roof, the Olympic Stadium has been a listed building since 1997 .

Location and connection

Center of the Olympic Park 2007: The Olympic Tower is in the foreground .

The Olympic Stadium is embedded in the Olympic Park , which was built on the Oberwiesenfeld in the Milbertshofen-Am Hart district of Munich . The three square kilometer park is located four kilometers northwest of Munich city center . At the time of completion, it was the largest sports park in the Federal Republic of Germany , also because of the Olympic Stadium . The stadium, together with the neighboring Olympic Hall and the Olympic Swimming Hall, forms the heart of the Munich Olympic facilities under the same tent roof construction . All three sports facilities border on Coubertinplatz , the center of the Olympic facility . The Olympic lake is located on the south side of Coubertinplatz . It is located 20 meters below the central plateau of Coubertinplatz. The stadium is laid out on the western slope of the plateau.

To the north of the stadium is the Olympic Village , which can only be reached directly from the arena via bridges because of the middle ring that runs between the two facilities. The Olympic Hall is located 200 meters northeast of the stadium. At the narrowest point, it is eight meters from the Olympic swimming pool, which is east of the Olympic Stadium. Olympic swimming pool, Olympic hall, Olympic stadium and Olympic lake form the outer boundaries of Coubertinplatz. Even further east of the swimming pool, the Olympic Tower, together with the facilities at Coubertinplatz, form the area of ​​the Olympic Park's character-defining features. The shapes of the entire site complement each other through structural structures to create an architectural landscape.

The Olympiastadion has two parking spaces for individual traffic in the nearby Parkharfe west of the stadium at Landshuter Allee or near the Olympiahalle. The arena is located a few meters south of the Georg-Brauchle-Ring . In addition to two entrances at Coubertinplatz, there are entrances at Spiridon-Louis-Ring, which forms a half-ring around the Olympic Stadium from the north, west and south.

At the same time as the stadium was being built, numerous connections to local public transport were set up: the Olympiazentrum underground station with the underground lines U3 and U8 , which is also served by a bus line, is located near the Olympic Village . During the Olympic Games and then until 1988, the Munich Olympiastadion train station in the west of Oberwiesenfeld was approached by the Munich S-Bahn with a special line for major events . Both stations are about one kilometer from the stadium and originally had an hourly capacity of 30,000 passengers. The stadium can also be reached by trams and buses through further stops at the Olympiapark .

history

Early thoughts on a large stadium

Already after the First World War , there were initial considerations to build a large stadium in Munich, as football was gaining popularity. A stadium construction on Oberwiesenfeld failed in 1919 due to an objection from the Bavarian state. In 1921 the Teutonia-Platz was built there, which was the most modern sports field in Munich until the stadium on Grünwalder Straße was expanded in 1926. It was opened by the club FC Teutonia and offered 12,000 spectators. In the month after the opening, around 20,000 guests came to a game, which exceeded the permitted capacity by two thirds. The FC Bayern took advantage of 1923-1925 the Teutonia space for its home games. The 1860 recorded the club's stadium at that time on the road in Grünwalder since 1911 Giesing , which was since the expansion to a capacity of 40,000 spectators, the largest stadium in Munich.

Although the capacity was sufficient for the championship operation , the stadium reached its limits during international matches: the game between Germany and Switzerland in 1926 showed that there was much greater interest in major events than tickets could be sold. The arena on Dantestrasse , which opened in 1928, did not meet the expectations of a large stadium either. For this reason, the construction of a large stadium on the outskirts of Munich, for example on Oberwiesenfeld, was discussed in the Weimar Republic , but without result.

At the beginning of National Socialism , local NSDAP politicians planned to build a 60,000 to 80,000-seat stadium to the west of Munich-Riem Airport . This should correspond to the Reichssportfeld in Berlin . However, the airport administration resisted the construction and the General Building Council of Munich did not set a large stadium as a goal. With the outbreak of the Second World War , the plans were finally discarded.

After the end of the war, the crowds streamed into the stadiums again to chat with football games on weekends, as was the case in Munich. In 1948, when TSV 1860 played a game against 1. FC Nürnberg, around 58,200 spectators visited the 45,000-seat stadium on Grünwalder Strasse. A year later, the semi-final match of the German championship between 1. FC Kaiserslautern and Borussia Dortmund in Munich attracted 57,000 spectators. The post-war period is now regarded as the “golden age” of football; Only since the 1990s have so many visitors come to the German stadiums again.

After the renovation, the Grünwalder Stadium, which was destroyed in the war, offered space for 50,000 spectators, making it the largest stadium in Munich. However, the municipal sports committee found the capacity too low and aimed to expand it to a capacity of 75,000 spectators. The sports committee received headwinds from local media. In early 1951, for example, Münchner Merkur spoke out in favor of building a new stadium on Oberwiesenfeld after the expanded grandstand of the Grünwalder Stadium had made it more difficult to build the planned Mittlerer Ring as the main access road to Federal Motorway 8 . The large stadium project came to an end with the adoption of the so-called ten-year program on March 10, 1955, which promoted the construction of district sports facilities.

Another reason for this decision was the reduced attractiveness of football in Munich, as the formerly successful city clubs such as TSV 1860, FC Wacker and FC Bayern fell into mediocrity with their performances. Games of the German national team have not taken place in Munich since 1940 due to the low capacity of the Grünwalder Stadium. With the exception of the local derbies , which sometimes saw more spectators than the stadium officially offered space, the capacity of the Grünwald stadium remained sufficient for the large city clubs.

In 1958 the Bavarian Party revived the theme of a large stadium. Both FC Bayern and TSV 1860 resisted the project because they feared that capacity would not be exhausted and the project could drive them to ruin. 1963, in the last season before the introduction of the Bundesliga , the 1860 won the league - Championship , thus securing against local rivals FC Bayern starting grid for the first division in the following season. In the first Bundesliga season, TSV 1860 had an average of almost 32,000 spectators per game, which far exceeded the average of around 20,000 in previous years. Several league competitors who had larger stadiums, however, achieved a higher average attendance. In 1964, TSV 1860 qualified for the 1964/65 European Cup Winners ' Cup by winning the DFB Cup , made it to the finals and usually had more than 30,000 spectators at home. In the same year, FC Bayern became champions of the Regionalliga Süd and qualified for the promotion to the Bundesliga. The capacity of the Grünwalder Stadium again proved to be too low. In the following season, TSV 1860 won the championship and FC Bayern the national cup competition . Although the average number of spectators was far lower than the maximum capacity of the Grünwalder Stadium, there were already numerous games in the mid-1960s where the demand for tickets was higher than the stadium's capacity.

Munich was the only German city with two Bundesliga clubs, which during this time always played for the top places in the table and were at times represented in international competitions. Therefore, the largest stadium in the city with 45,000 seats, of which only 3,800 seats were seated, was found to be too small. In order to maintain the high level of the Munich soccer clubs, a larger stadium was deemed necessary because the public was still the main source of income for the clubs at that time.

As early as autumn 1963, Georg Brauchle , then Second Mayor, suggested that the Olympic Games be held in Munich in front of journalists after visiting the sports facilities for the 1964 Winter Olympics in Innsbruck . In October 1965, Lord Mayor Hans-Jochen Vogel and Willi Daume , President of the National Olympic Committee , decided to test the city for the suitability for the Games. After further discussions, including with Federal Chancellor Ludwig Erhard and Bavaria's Prime Minister Alfons Goppel , they came to the conclusion that an application for the XX. Olympic Games to be hosted in 1972 could be worthwhile. For this, however, a new and modern stadium had to be finally planned for the city.

planning

The three square kilometers large and largely undeveloped Oberwiesenfeld was intended as the centerpiece of the sports facilities for the Olympic Games. Because of the disagreement as to how it should be built on, the site had largely remained vacant and so only the Olympic tower and the ice rink had been decided on before the event was held . Due to its proximity to the city center, Munich was able to advertise the games with the slogan “Olympia of short distances”, which contributed to the decision-making process for the award to the state capital. Since the Oberwiesenfeld was used in earlier times as a parade ground for the Bavarian cavalry regiment and also later mainly for military purposes, it was - with the exception of armaments - free of buildings. From 1931 to 1939, Munich Airport was located on the Oberwiesenfeld. After the Second World War, the rubble caused by the bombing of the city was piled up there, from which the Olympiaberg emerged. This was deliberately designed to be oval so that it could be used as a grandstand foundation for a stadium for which performances were already available.

In 1964, Munich announced an architectural competition for the planning of a large stadium, which was won by Henschker from Braunschweig and Deiss from Munich. Your stadium design was integrated into an overall concept. According to the planning of 1965, the stadium should hold around 100,000 spectators, later the capacity was reduced in view of the subsequent use. The planning was integrated into an overall concept, with a multi-purpose hall and a swimming pool being planned on a large, concreted area. Supply systems and parking spaces were to be built under the concrete slabs. On April 26, 1966, the IOC announced that Munich had prevailed against competitors Detroit , Madrid and Montreal . The stadium construction was thus decided. The original plans for the Olympic Park and the stadium came under criticism due to the lack of urban cohesion. In addition, the Association of German Architects suggested avoiding any monumentality in the sports facilities because of the National Socialist past. The plans were eventually discarded.

In February 1967, another architectural competition was announced, in which a total of 104 designs were submitted by the deadline on July 3, 1967, one of which came from the architectural office of Behnisch & Partner . The architect Günter Behnisch and his employee Fritz Auer planned to build the stadium, the Olympic hall and the swimming pool close to each other to the west of the Olympic tower, of which the base already existed. When a model on a scale of 1: 1000 was created, employee Cord Wehrse came up with the idea of ​​placing a tent roof construction over the three buildings. He had become aware of Frei Otto's tent roof construction at the world exhibition in Montreal through a newspaper article . Together with Carlo Weber and Heinz Isler , the model was supplemented with wooden sticks and parts of a women's stocking. The architects thought of a circus tent for the Olympic roof.

Finally, the model was submitted by the deadline. It was ruled out by the jury after the first round because it was considered too daring. However, the juror Egon Eiermann intervened and promoted the model to Lord Mayor Hans-Jochen Vogel and NOK President Willi Daume, among others. In the end, the assessors voted in favor of Behnisch & Partner's plan, which emerged as the winner of the competition. The decision was announced on October 13, 1967. In addition to the stadium, designed for 90,000 spectators, which was then reduced to around 80,000, the model impressed with its surrounding landscape architecture and tent roof construction. As a result, it fulfilled the leitmotif of the games: human dimensions, lightness, bold elegance and the unity of the landscape with nature. In addition, there was the possibility of re-use. The model also impressed the jury in terms of short distances.

Establishment

The construction site in 1969

In order to make space for the arena, the terminal building of the old airport had to be blown up beforehand. On June 9, 1969, work began on the stadium, the multi-purpose Olympic hall and the swimming pool. However, work was not officially started until July 14, 1969 with the laying of the foundation stone in a symbolic ceremony. In addition to the three buildings, the Werner-von-Linde-Halle , a volleyball hall, the Olympic cycling stadium , the Olympic village and various other structures such as stations for the underground and suburban trains were built on the Oberwiesenfeld at the same time . During the construction work there was a spirit of optimism in Munich. The city center was given a pedestrian zone between Marienplatz and Stachus and the U-Bahn visions were implemented. There were 60 construction sites on the Oberwiesenfeld alone. Of a total of 1.35 billion German marks in Olympic spending, 137 million went into the construction of the Olympic Stadium and 170.6 million into the tent roof. Around 5000 construction workers were working on the construction site and worked a total of more than a million hours. Contrary to the custom of German reconstruction , the Olympic Stadium was largely built without using prefabricated parts.

According to Behnisch, the stadium should become a “democratic sports facility” in accordance with the ideas of Munich's Lord Mayor Hans-Jochen Vogel and the requirements of Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt . There should be a contrast to the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin during the Nazi era , the only Summer Olympic Games in Germany to date. Since the time of National Socialism, Munich also had the reputation of being the “ capital of the movement ”. The Olympic Games should help improve Munich's reputation. In the deed of the stadium foundation it was stated that the planned games should testify “of the spirit of our people in the last third of the 20th century”.

Back of the main stand, over which the roof was realized

Behnisch signed on as partner architect Frei Otto , whose tent roof construction was the model for the Olympic tent roof at the 1967 World Exhibition in Montreal. Otto has already been involved in numerous construction projects with hanging and membrane constructions and was the development consultant for the Olympic tent roof construction. In addition to Behnisch and Otto, a team of architects was formed with Fritz Leonhardt and Wolf Andrä, among others, to realize the roof construction . Fritz Auer took over the planning management. Otto developed parts of the roof using the trial-and-error principle by making larger and larger models of the roof structure, while Andrä and Leonhardt developed the roof at other points using the CAD program. The roof over the stadium was completed on April 21, 1972 under the direction of the civil engineer Jörg Schlaich .

When the stadium was built, it was forgotten to include booths for soccer teams in the stadium interior. For this reason, from May 24, 1972 until the official opening of the stadium on May 26, 1972, two medical rooms were temporarily converted into changing rooms. There was also enough space to set up a room for paramedics and referees. Later the cabins were further equipped and were retained.

The shell structures were already in place in the summer of 1970 and the topping-out ceremony was celebrated on July 23, 1970. At the turn of the year 1971/1972 the main work was finished and at the end of June 1972 the finished buildings were handed over to the organizing committee. The planning, construction and financing of the buildings were controlled by Olympia-Baugesellschaft mbH Munich, founded in 1967, which was brought into being by the Federal Republic of Germany, the Free State of Bavaria and the state capital Munich. The stadium is operated by Olympiapark München GmbH, which is 100 percent owned by the state capital of Munich. The Olympiapark München GmbH is located within the city administration to the Department of Labor and Economic assumed.

First events and Olympic Games

The stadium was completed in spring 1972 and was used for test competitions. On May 26, 1972, the international soccer match between Germany and the Soviet Union took place at the opening , which the hosts won 4: 1 in front of around 80,000 spectators in the sold-out stadium. It was the first international match in Munich since 1940 and the fifth in the Bavarian capital at all.

On June 28, 1972, FC Bayern played in the season finale against FC Schalke 04 for the first time in the Olympic Stadium and became German champions with a 5-1 win. On August 2, 1972, TSV 1860 also played in a league cup game for the first time in the Olympic Stadium.

24 days later, on August 26, 1972 , Federal President Gustav Heinemann officially opened the XX. Summer Olympics. After over 7100 athletes from 122 nations marched in, the youth athlete Günter Zahn lit the Olympic flame over the stands in the east stand. The main users of the stadium during the games were the athletes , followed by the footballers . The first Olympic soccer game took place on August 27, 1972, and the athletics competitions began four days later and were well received by the public. Some of the qualifying competitions in the morning were already sold out.

Funeral service in the Olympic Stadium as a result of the hostage-taking of Munich

On September 5, 1972, after about two-thirds of the Games, the festive mood came to an abrupt end as a result of the hostage-taking in Munich , when Palestinian terrorists from the Black September group murdered two members of the Israeli Olympic team and took nine others hostage. The competitions scheduled for this day were only gradually canceled in the afternoon. This also affected the game of the DFB amateur team against Hungary in the afternoon. The 30,000 visitors had to leave the Olympic Stadium, which happened without protest. Eighteen hours after the hostage-taking, the terrorists withdrew with the hostages to the Fürstenfeldbruck military airfield . There was an unsuccessful rescue operation in which the hostages, five terrorists and one policeman were killed. On the following day, September 6, 1972, a spontaneous funeral service was held in the Olympic Stadium with the seats full, at which the Federal President also gave a speech. At this memorial service, IOC President Avery Brundage announced that the games had to go on. The competitions were postponed by one day each so that the game between Germany and Hungary was rescheduled on the day of the funeral service in the Olympic Stadium .

In the soccer tournament on September 8, 1972, the teams from the Federal Republic of Germany and the GDR met , which the East German team won 3-2 in front of 80,000 spectators. A total of eleven football games took place in the Olympic Stadium within 15 days. In those weeks the stadium was used more often than ever since. The football tournament was won by Poland on September 10, 1972 , which defeated the Hungarian team 2-1 in the final . In athletics, numerous world records were set in the Olympic Stadium. In individual competitions, the athletes Lasse Virén , Rod Milburn , John Akii-Bua , Mykola Awilow , Lyudmila Bragina , Nadeschda Tschischowa , Mary Peters , Annelie Ehrhardt and Ulrike Meyfarth achieved new bests. Renate Stecher from the German Democratic Republic managed to break the world record in both the 100 and 200-meter races for women . The US men's team also set a new world record in the 4 x 100 meter relay race , while the German women's team set the world record in the same discipline . The East German women's team also achieved a global best in the 4 x 400 meter relay .

On September 11, 1972, shortly before the graduation ceremony, the German rider team won the Prize of Nations in the Olympic Stadium . At the closing ceremony, the originally planned program was thinned out due to the events of September 5th out of respect for the victims. After the Olympic flame went out, the spectators stood up and remembered the victims of the hostage-taking. During the event there was an attack warning for the Olympic Stadium after a Douglas DC-8 aircraft with a failed radar system set course for Munich eleven miles northwest of Ulm . Joachim Fuchsberger , stadium spokesman for this event, received the message in a letter: "Unidentified objects in flight approaching the Olympic Stadium - possibly bombing - say what you think is right". In order to avoid a mass panic, Fuchsberger was silent, so the celebration continued. The lost DC-8 finally landed at Munich Airport.

Post-Olympic use

After the Olympic Games, the home games of FC Bayern took place in the stadium, which celebrated numerous titles in the following seasons. Local rivals TSV 1860 Munich, who played second-rate until 1977, also used the Grünwalder Stadium in the initial phase. At the home start of the 1973/74 season, TSV 1860 achieved a record attendance against FC Augsburg on August 15, 1973. According to the information, according to the official capacity, only 73,000 guests came to the Olympic Stadium, observers, however, in some cases assumed around 100,000 spectators. When the stadium box office was still very crowded at the beginning of the game and TSV 1860 took the lead after three minutes, the spectators pushed their way in despite fences and barriers. 136 people were injured. So far, the game is considered the second division game with the highest number of spectators worldwide.

The Olympic Stadium during the 1974 World Cup

The national soccer team also used Munich as a venue more often than in previous years. In 1973, she played two of eight home games in the Olympic Stadium. For the football world championship in 1974 in the Federal Republic of Germany, other games also took place here for other national teams. In order to increase the capacity, a grandstand for up to 5,000 spectators was built in the north curve, so that there was a total of 80,000 spectators.

The south curve established itself as the side of the stadium from which the fans of FC Bayern cheered their team on, while the north curve became the side of the TSV 1860 supporters. In the years with the largest number of spectators, a total of up to 1.8 million spectators came to the Olympic Stadium each season.

After the 1972 Olympic Games and the 1974 World Cup, in addition to the TSV 1860 and FC Bayern league games, numerous international finals with FC Bayern, national team games, athletics competitions and cultural and religious events took place. The stadium has been used for concerts since 1982 and is the largest concert stage in Munich.

In 2002 the European Athletics Championships were held in the Olympic Stadium: After the European Athletics Association had signaled that Germany had a good chance of hosting the European Championships, Chemnitz and Munich showed interest. The Saxon state government, however, refused funding, so that Chemnitz withdrew its candidacy in 1995 and the championships were awarded to Munich. The athletics facilities and the seating were renewed for the European Championships.

Reconstruction plans and moving out of the main users

Until the 1990s, the Olympic Stadium was considered Germany's best stadium due to its capacity and equipment, which FC Bayern was able to use as an advantage over the league competition. In the 1990s, however, television broadcasting rights gained in importance and the stadium size became less important from an economic point of view. As a result of the Hillsborough disaster of 1989, the safety requirements for stadiums also changed.

After the soccer World Cup in Italy in 1990 , a new model of modern and comfortable stadiums emerged across Europe. In Germany, the Olympic Stadium was an exception at the beginning of this development. The new concept was also shaped by the fact that the audience could sit as close to the field as possible, which is not the case in the Olympic Stadium due to the running track on the edge of the field. The multifunctional stadium no longer lived up to the pure football requirements of FC Bayern and renovations were required. Other clubs renovated their stadiums and rebuilt them in such a way that the Olympic Stadium lost its position as the most modern stadium in Germany. It was feared that it might fall behind because of the more modern arenas in Germany. In addition to the running track, the gently rising tiers, through which the audience sat even further from the edge of the field, and the half-roofing were criticized.

At the beginning of the 1990s, FC Bayern expressed their wish for a new stadium and the criticism that the Olympic Stadium was no longer up to date grew. The club complained that there was comparatively little mood in the Olympic Stadium. Its architecture was seen as the main cause. From the point of view of FC Bayern, the Olympic Stadium no longer offered a location advantage over the competition.

The rights and therefore the design rights to the stadium had Behnisch until his death Günter. He refused to agree to a stadium modernization, so that the executives of FC Bayern were considering building a new stadium for the first time, which met resistance from the Munich city administration, which feared the decline of the Olympic Stadium. In the first few years in which the arena was used as a football stadium, the state capital was able to generate a profit of around four to five million euros by leasing the Olympic stadium to FC Bayern. Both TSV 1860 and FC Bayern had to pay ten percent of the entrance fees as well as a flat-rate share of the income from marketing and advertising boards as rent. Despite the income, the city has lost around ten million euros annually in recent years due to the maintenance of the Olympic facilities.

The discussion reached its peak in the mid-1990s. There were considerations to dismantle the tent roof and re-erect it in the Berlin Olympic Stadium. After initial resistance from the architect, compromise proposals were made in autumn 1998 for the renovation of the Olympic Stadium, which Behnisch had previously worked out according to the specifications of the then manager of FC Bayern, Uli Hoeneß . Among other things, they provided for another stadium roof and a lowering of the pitch. Discussions followed about the extent of the renovation, against the resistance of those involved and numerous Munich citizens. The renovation was estimated at 150 million marks, which, in addition to the city, should be borne by the football clubs TSV 1860 and FC Bayern as the main users. In the meantime, there has also been resistance to a conversion at Bayern; For example, the then club president Franz Beckenbauer , for whom the renovation measures did not go far enough, campaigned for a completely new stadium.

In the course of awarding the 2006 World Cup , for which pictures of the Olympic Stadium were submitted, Beckenbauer, who later became President of the World Cup Organizing Committee, made modernization demands so that the soccer tournament could also take place in Munich. In October 2000, a final agreement was reached on a consensus model developed by Behnisch. However, it came in the population to resentment: the initiative petition for a Olympic Stadium gathered 40,000 signatures to a referendum to lead the way. When Manfred Sabatke, as an employee of the Behnisch office, thereupon reported doubts about the renovation plans on December 6, 2000, the end of Munich professional football in the Olympic Stadium was sealed. On December 19, 2000, it was finally decided to build a new stadium, which was realized with the Allianz Arena in Fröttmaning .

On November 23, 2004, the year before FC Bayern moved out, Maccabi Tel Aviv was the first Israeli team to play in a Champions League group match against FC Bayern after the 1972 hostage-taking in the Olympic Stadium . Before the game, the visiting team's executive committee laid a memorial wreath to commemorate the attack. The last soccer game of FC Bayern in the Olympic Stadium was played on May 14, 2005 against 1. FC Nürnberg. On April 3, 2005, TSV 1860 said goodbye in a game against 1. FC Köln .

After being used as a football stadium

In order to continue using the stadium even after professional football had moved out, Olympiapark München GmbH looked for ideas from other large stadiums in Europe and America that could be implemented. In addition, we worked together with the BAT Leisure Research Institute to pick up trends at an early stage. Surveys were carried out among the Munich population, and in-house working groups and project groups with personalities from different areas were set up.

Since the move of the Munich professional football clubs, the Olympic Stadium has mainly been used for open-air concerts or large public viewing events. Robbie Williams , Bon Jovi , AC / DC , U2 and Depeche Mode , among others , have repeatedly given concerts on tours. In 2007, the Olympic Stadium was temporarily rebuilt for motorsport when the surface was covered with gravel and tar for the Stock Car Grand Prix, which took place in Europe for the first time on May 5, 2007 . In 2011, the operator had the surface of the stadium again converted into a race track for the DTM . In 2012, the entire surface was finally paved and covered with artificial turf for motor sports .

In 2009, Munich applied for the 2018 Winter Olympics . The Olympic Stadium was once again intended to serve as the location for the opening and closing ceremonies. However, on July 6, 2011, the IOC gave preference to the South Korean city ​​of Pyeongchang . Another application for the subsequent Olympic Winter Games , at which the opening and closing ceremonies were again planned in the Munich Olympic Stadium, was not pursued after a public survey in November 2013.

At the end of 2009, technicians discovered that the upper concrete edge of the main grandstand had become dilapidated and dilapidated and that there was a risk of collapse without prompt renovation. In April 2010, the renovation work began with the scaffolding of the northern part of the grandstand. The dilapidated concrete on the round beam was removed with the help of a special scaffolding, crushed and transported downwards through an inclined rail system. At the same time the area was renewed. The maintenance work was completed in November 2011. The renovation is said to have cost around 10.7 million euros.

After the Bayern barracks were overcrowded as accommodation after a wave of refugees in 2014, the VIP area of ​​the Olympic Stadium was temporarily occupied with refugees from October 17, 2014. There was a capacity for 180 people. In the following year, when the flow of refugees escalated into the Europe-wide refugee crisis , there were discussions about re-housing refugees in the VIP area of ​​the Olympic Stadium.

On January 20, 2015, the Economic Committee of the City of Munich decided to completely refurbish the Olympic Stadium for around 76 million euros. Alternative solutions to convert the stadium into a museum instead of a complete renovation for 15 to 25.5 million euros and to carry out only the most necessary renovation work or to make it playable at least for open-air concerts for a calculated 42 to 52 million euros with a partial renovation were rejected . This solution would have required additional containers and tents for changing rooms, among other things, because the interior would not have been renovated. Josef Schmid , the second mayor of Munich, initiated the decision for the complete renovation. After the SPD's initial refusal in December 2014 to also refurbish the interior and instead partially refurbish the stadium for up to 52 million euros, the party decided to completely refurbish it, as otherwise the concert revenues of Olympiapark München GmbH would have had to be used for external container construction . With the extensive renovation and conversion work on the Olympic Stadium, the arena should also be available for events that were previously not possible. The renovation of the stadium is to be part of the overall renovation of the Olympic site. In addition to the operating technology and fire protection, extensive cosmetic repairs are planned in the stadium.

In April 2015, Munich's third mayor, Christine Strobl, suggested integrating a museum on the theme of the 1972 Olympic Games in the Olympic Stadium as part of the renovation work, which also illustrates the attack on the Israeli team. The plans were supported by the SPD city council faction. There are also plans to move the Rock Museum, which is housed in the Olympic Tower, to the Olympic Stadium. In the further course of the year, in addition to the SPD parliamentary group in the Munich city council, the city council parliamentary group from Free Voters and the Bavarian party also submitted proposals to set up an Olympic museum with the stadium as the center.

At the end of 2016, Olympiapark München GmbH decided to cover the stadium with natural grass again in spring 2017. After the DTM events and the 100th anniversary celebration of BMW were over, the asphalt surface was no longer acceptable for monument protection reasons. The greening work was completed in April 2017.

Architecture and equipment

concept

The architect Günter Behnisch wanted to build a “democratic sports facility” with the Olympic Stadium. Numerous architects and engineers were involved in the implementation of the Olympic Park, with Behnisch being in charge of realizing the entire site. The aim of architecture is to give the impression that weaker parts are supported by stronger parts. In contrast to the Olympic Games of 1936 and the Reichssportfeld in Berlin , neither pedestals nor columns were erected. Efforts were made to avoid axial lines. The monumentality of the sports facility could be put into perspective by the Olympic tower towering over everything near the stadium. Unlike the Berlin Olympic Stadium , which has a depressing effect on the viewer, the Olympic Stadium in Munich should stand for individualism, openness, transparency and for the "blossoming" democracy. With the buildings for the Olympic Games, the Federal Republic of Germany wanted to show itself to the other countries as a humane and liberal country in which competition is on an equal footing. Behnisch strove to avoid fences and walls as much as possible. He also advocated the ideal that the facilities should be accessible without entry fees or controls as a sign of a classless society . However, this could not be realized, as otherwise the financing of the systems would not have been possible. Behnisch later formulated his intention:

“We don't want the anonymous, dull mass. For us, the individual was very important, who feels free in his actions and yet is at home in a large community. [...] The art [was] to build something informal under great pressure. "

Pictogram and lettering for the Olympic Stadium

Because it was assumed that a pure building would have been perceived as too imposing compared to the rest of the area, about two thirds of the stadium looks like an earth stadium and only one third like a building. The Śląski Stadium in Chorzów and the Metalist Stadium in Kharkiv served as models . However, the playing field is only five meters below the original terrain level. The effect of an earth stadium arises from the fact that the stadium is embedded in the artificial hilly landscape of the Olympic Park, which is poured onto the stadium in the north, east and south. On the west side under the tent roof, the grandstand built as a concrete shell rises.

As with the other buildings in the Olympiapark, visitor traffic and functional traffic could be handled on different levels and without contact. Visitors enter the stadium via four entrances at the level of the upper edge of the tub. Suppliers, actors, VIPs and press representatives can access the built-in components of the main stand on the west side from the lower level of the park or enter the interior of the stadium through the marathon gate in the north-west.

In particular, the transparent, apparently floating Olympic tent roof should stand for “transparency and lightness” and was thus an essential part of the concept of the “cheerful games”. For this concept , strong colors were replaced by pastel colors according to plans in which Otl Aicher played a key role. The light blue tones were the official colors of the games, the light green spectator area and pictograms were used for orientation. The multifunctional stadium is symbolized by a sketched athlete and a soccer player. The tent roof, which connects the various sports facilities, was a symbol for the motto of the “games of short distances”. Like the other sports facilities in the Olympic Park , the Olympic Stadium was not designed as a single structure, but as part of the landscaped landscape . Together with the landscape architect Günther Grzimek , the stadium was embedded in a landscape park, which fulfilled the motto “Games in the Green”. By planting right up to the edge of the stadium, the stadium was supposed to blend in visually with the green landscape. The stadium, the hall and the swimming pool with the long side facing Coubertinplatz and in the direction of the Olympiaberg fit “quasi-naturally” into the landscape and appear like valleys in the Olympic Park. Through their moving shape, they should be reminiscent of natural heap shapes.

The architecture was intended to reproduce the atmosphere of Munich as a city of muses and the arts and thus give the Olympic Games their original meaning and content . Despite the necessary dimensions of the 18,000 square meter arena, the human dimension should be maintained.

surface

The Olympic Stadium is a multifunctional stadium, the field of which is surrounded by a circular running track that is 400 meters long and has eight lanes. The career originally consisted of Rekortan . The material was considered to be equivalent to the commonly used tartan , with Rekortan being a German and tartan an American product. Like the jumping tracks, the running track was given plastic covers. It was renewed in 2002 for the European Athletics Championships of the same year . The Olympic Stadium also has long and triple jump facilities as well as facilities for high jump , pole vault , discus , hammer , javelin and shot put .

Artificial irrigation of the playing field

The pitch measures 105 by 68 meters, making it the first Bundesliga soccer stadium in Germany with the dimensions of a soccer arena classified as an elite stadium. When the stadium was under construction, the sports associations did not recognize a plastic surface instead of natural grass on the field. The reason was that with the artificial turf developed up to that point, there was a considerable risk of injury from falls. In contrast to natural turf, it contained no moisture and could quickly lead to burns. Natural grass was used for the playing field. When soccer was still regularly played in the Olympic Stadium, the playing surface consisted of the RSM 3.1 sports turf mixture. This consisted of 60 percent Lolium perenne and 40 percent Poa pratensis . The day before the football matches at the earliest, the lawn was mowed to a height of 2.8 centimeters. Thanks to the installation of a 19-kilometer-long plastic pipe system, the stadium was also the first German stadium to have underfloor heating . The heating under the grass was able to extend the growing season of the natural grass and melt small amounts of snow. The lawn could be watered by an automatic sprinkler system .

There was a ten centimeter thick base layer between the lawn and the heater. This covered a four centimeter thick, sandy leveling layer that lay over a seven centimeter thick filter layer. Inside it was the underfloor heating system, which, if necessary, could heat the playing surface with water at 27 degrees Celsius that flowed through 16 centimeter thick pipes. It was usually switched on the day before a soccer game and was supposed to warm the lawn to 24 degrees Celsius. To determine the temperature, four measuring points were installed at a depth of 6 and 15 centimeters. Between the filter layer and the gravel floor was a 70 centimeter thick drainage gravel layer that was supposed to protect against flooding. The players' benches had heated seats.

So that the distances could be measured correctly in athletics throwing competitions, the lawn did not have the slight curve that is usual on soccer fields, but was completely flat. This turned out to be problematic for rainwater drainage before football matches. During a planned renovation in the 1990s, the pitch was to be lowered by two and a half meters.

Asphalted surface

Between 2012 and 2017, the surface consisted entirely of artificial turf or asphalt for car races . After the women's Champions League final, the turf and running track were covered with 9,000 cubic meters of asphalt for the DTM championships, similar to the previous year . The natural grass must always be covered with a wooden floor during concerts. Depending on the weather, the lawn will be affected. That is why Olympiapark München GmbH decided to lay the artificial turf on the asphalt. The underfloor heating was also removed and was not reinstalled when the natural turf was reinstalled.

The track currently consists of colored asphalt with painted lines, which is unsuitable for athletics. Thanks to this measure, trucks with a weight of up to 40 tonnes can drive in the arena without extensive conversion work.

inner space

Thanks to the construction as an earth stadium, the visitor enters the stadium at the top and thus receives a quick overview of the room and what is happening in the arena. The functional rooms are located on the levels below, almost all of them inside the west stand. In the north, east and south only toilets are installed below the access level. They are connected by the so-called toilet ring , a 600 meter long and one meter wide tunnel. The pipes and cables of the installations run in it.

The interior of the west stand has four floors. The players' cabins for team sports on level 4 have a separate massage room and an anti-fatigue pool. Between the players' cabin and the grass surface there is a mixed zone for player interviews, which has proven to be too small in the last few years when football was played in the Olympic Stadium.

The technology rooms are located on level 3 above the players' cabin. Originally it was a data processing system as well as the control centers for heating, ventilation and electricity. The inner workings of the Olympic Stadium initially included workshops and football magazines, later a police station was added. The changing room for the security personnel and the delivery zone for service and delivery vehicles for the catering industry are located on the same level.

On the second level there are changing rooms, a sports association office as well as radio and television rooms. The waiting and roll call room is connected by a tunnel to the Werner-von-Linde-Halle in the west, which was used to warm up the athletes during the Olympic Games. A connecting corridor begins under Block X in the southern part of the main stand, runs under the southern scoreboard, past the back straight in the north curve to under Block C. The tunnel helps the stadium staff to get from one place to another quickly.

Level 1 corresponds to the level of the road access and the parking spaces. Here in the northwest is the Great Marathon Gate, which is also the central entrance to the stadium interior. He is allocated storage areas for TV production vehicles and the medical service in the stands. For a long time the stadium caretaker's apartment was next to the marathon gate; today the headquarters of the Bavarian Olympic Training Center is housed there. This also includes the former “health park” with gymnastics rooms, a sauna , a steam bath , a lecture room and a cafeteria.

To the south is the VIP area, which also includes the rooms used as a press center. It has 1,610 m² and is divided into six individual rooms. They are accessed through a central entrance to the driveway, behind which there is a foyer. Straight ahead on the same level there is stepless access to the VIP block of the grandstand. To the right of the entrance are the rooms in the so-called Classic and Premium categories , which were made available to sponsors for FC Bayern soccer games. To the left of it the much larger stadium VIP area, which served the main sponsor and FC Bayern and which was the only room with air conditioning when it opened in 1972. The rear rooms of this wing were used for press conferences in 1972 and were found to be spacious in the early years. These rooms can be reached by an elevator from the cabins , which are three levels lower. However, the low transport weight of the elevator was criticized. As a result, it often got stuck and people, including athletes, were sometimes locked in it for several hours. The guest of honor area includes its own kitchen, four counter areas, several temporary offices and various ancillary rooms.

Another complex follows south of the guest of honor area, which is rented to the production and event company of an annual major event in the stadium. This is followed by the second driveway to the stadium interior, which is also used as an entrance for wheelchair users who want to go to the lawn.

The lowest point of the Olympic Stadium is almost five meters below the playing field with a system for regulating the groundwater; otherwise the stadium has only a slight basement.

The two-part director's pulpit, assembled from steel girders, is located above Block Z in the center of the main grandstand 33 meters above the field. It can be reached via a ramp. The events were originally commented on from the southern director's pulpit; later the commentators' seats were moved to the upper VIP area; the pulpit remained largely unused. However, the police used the northern control room to monitor the spectator blocks during football matches. From there, employees of Olympiapark München GmbH also looked after the technical systems. Below the southern control room is the stadium's only lounge with a view of the field and designed for a maximum of 25 people. At soccer games it was reserved exclusively for sponsors of Olympiapark München GmbH.

The pulpits over the west stand

The Olympic Stadium has nine kiosks and restaurants. In addition to kiosks and restaurants, medical stations, telephone boxes and a post office were set up under the west stand.

Grandstands and auditorium

Stadium map
yellow: stairs, green: seats, light green: lawn, orange: running track

The outer sides of the stands have a longitudinal axis of 260 and a transverse axis of 250 meters. This gives the Olympic Stadium an almost circular shape around the field. The maximum distance between the grandstand and the playing field is 195 meters. Due to the architecture, it can be up to two degrees Celsius cooler on the upper tiers than on the pitch. The up to 88 rows of stands are 0.8 meters wide. The sight lines of the seated audience are increased by 12.5 centimeters, those of the standing audience by 4 centimeters. This means that the ranks rise relatively flat.

According to the original plans, the stadium should have 80,870 seats, of which 47,287 seats, 33,582 standing places and 981 additional seats. According to official information, however, the capacity was limited to 77,839 seats. For the Olympic Games, the stadium was able to accommodate a further 5,000 spectators with an additional grandstand. Also for the 1974 World Cup, an additional grandstand for 5,000 spectators with a steel structure behind the back straight, as the east grandstand is also called, was provisionally installed. It was added in the north curve and the stadium capacity could be increased to 80,000 seats.

Seating

A total of 57,322 cubic meters of concrete and 5,942 tons of steel were used for the arena . Originally, flat, olive-colored seat shells were installed in the 45,073 ranks. For the European Athletics Championships in 2002, the seating was renewed and equipped with backrests. This complied with a new UEFA directive . During the construction of the stadium, the seat shells were designed in pastel green to emphasize the motto of the “Games in the Green”. In addition, the arena should fit visually into the green landscape. Around 43,000 places were initially covered. The blocks of spectators were separated from each other by Plexiglas panes , which were removed before the European Athletics Championships in 2002. The clockwise division of the spectator blocks from A to Z begins at the main stand. In addition, the main stand was numbered from 1 and 4, in block Y to 8, otherwise from 1 to 2. The standing room was originally located between E2 and J2 and between Q2 and V1; The VIP lounge is located below tiers Z2 and Z3.

For the European Football Championship in 1988 , part of the standing room was converted into seats , which reduced the capacity from 78,000 to 69,466 seats. In 1990, the uncovered standing room in blocks H2 to J2 in the north and Q2 to S1 in the south were replaced by seats, so that the capacity fell to 72,447 seats. By 1995 the remaining standing room was converted into seating; Another new guideline of UEFA for football matches in international competition was implemented. The capacity fell again to 63,613 places. For the 1996/97 season, the Olympic Stadium had the largest number of seats in a German stadium with 58,066 seats. However, since the view was obstructed due to the perimeter advertising in the bottom rows, more than 64,000 tickets were generally never sold. In the late years when football was played in the stadium, it was purely a seated stadium. After standing room could no longer be sold at international games, the stadium tiers were completely seated. In the grandstands of the north and south bend, which are lowered at the top opposite the east and west grandstands, folding seats were installed on individual tiers that were unfolded for international football matches. So they can be used as standing or seating, depending on the occasion. Today the stadium only has 69,250 seats. Of these, 57,450 are seated, 11,700 are standing and 100 are available for wheelchair users in the east of the stadium.

The Munich Olympiastadion was the first stadium in Germany to have a VIP area. Within the VIP area, there is an even more exclusive area for guests of honor, in which radiant heaters are installed on the upper door frame. In the middle of the main grandstand to the west there is a particularly comfortable area with better seats, carpeting and more legroom, originally intended for IOC members and statesmen. In the 1990s, part of the abandoned stadium modernization plan was to expand the number of seats in the lounge to 600. In addition, the number of seats was to be increased to 70,000 and the main grandstand was to be expanded by a third floor with a press center and restaurant.

927 press workstations have been set up in the west stand, all of which are the first in the world to be equipped with a table, sockets, television and telephone connection. The stadium press center, which includes a writing room, an interview room and an information area, measures 1200 square meters. On the opposite side, behind the east stand at Block M, the bowl for the Olympic flame was installed. There have been 22 photo steles since May 2012, giving an overview of everything from the idea of ​​the application to the implementation of the Olympic buildings and the 1972 Olympic Games.

Lighting and display boards

Floodlights
Scoreboard

The Olympic Stadium has floodlights that are fed by eight transformers . For reasons of economy, it takes five minutes to develop its full luminosity. The floodlights are attached to two masts on the east stand and have a light intensity of 1875  lux . There are also two floodlight batteries on the edge of the stadium roof and six smaller batteries on the west side of the stadium under the tent roof. There are around 550 headlights in total in the four batteries. These metal halide lamps each have a radius of 40 centimeters. The luminosity corresponds to the requirements of color television in that the light largely corresponds to the color temperature of daylight. The floodlight system, measured vertically, has a light color of 6000 Kelvin. This allows the cameramen to use daylight film even at night events . Until the 1990s, the Olympic Stadium was the arena with the strongest floodlights.

A scoreboard in operation

The Olympic Stadium is equipped with two scoreboards measuring 18.4 by 8 meters . One is on the south curve, the other on the north side of the stadium. They each consist of 24,000 gas-filled incandescent lamps with 25 watts each and are infinitely variable. 240 light bulbs are arranged horizontally and 100 vertically. At events, up to four people are responsible for the stadium displays. The displays are preprogrammed and can be operated on screens in the control room. The display boards only allow block letters , with one line requiring at least seven bulbs in height. By graphic programs the Munich professional clubs in the Olympic Stadium can fought out their football games, logos and animations are displayed on the panels for the past years in which. However, the scoreboards were already out of date in the last few years of football. In addition to the writing boards, the displays have short-time and normal-time clocks.

In addition to the scoreboard, a 75 square meter video wall was temporarily installed in the Olympic Stadium at the beginning of the 1998/99 Bundesliga season due to a long-term collaboration between FC Bayern and Sony with the “Jumbotron” .

top, roof

In the 1990s there were plans to completely roof the spectator stands under the existing tent roof. The playing field in the middle, however, should remain free. An alternative conversion plan from 1999 for the 2006 soccer World Cup provided for a transparent, sickle-shaped roof over the east stand. This project would have interfered with the heritage-protected substance of the stadium much less than the previous redesign plans since 1995. However, the plans were never implemented due to doubts from the architectural office Günter Behnisch - the architect and owner of the copyright to the building (see below).

Tent roof

In addition to the Olympic Hall and the Olympic Swimming Pool, the tent roof spans the main grandstand of the Olympic Stadium, which is sunk into the hill, and the paths in between in the Olympic Park, which unite the individual buildings into one large form. Above the stadium is 34,550 square meters, covering 43,000 arena seats, almost half of the 74,800 square meter structure. This section caused difficulties during construction, as only external supports were allowed to be attached to the stands to avoid supports and masts . The problem was solved by using two large masts at a height of 70 meters and six smaller ones that carried the air supports because of the large area . Conventional anchors could be used for the low points behind the west grandstand, while 440 meters of round ropes were stretched over the grandstand so that the masts did not have to be placed in the playing field. These ropes were stretched over the roof structure and anchored on the opposite side with concrete blocks weighing 4000 tons, some 30 meters deep in the ground. Although less heavy concrete blocks would have been sufficient, the anchorages were made heavier than necessary for safety.

In order to maximize the surface area possible, the shape of the roof was based on natural structures such as spider webs , diatoms and soap bubbles . It is a point-supported, pre-tensioned rope net construction , which was put together with ropes and clamps to form a supporting structure , the rope net. The rope net has nodes every 75 centimeters, which are braided on the ground and then pulled up.

Between the articulated main and secondary masts, which are tensioned with ropes, there is a steel cable network on which a “scale skin ” of blue-gray translucent acrylic glass sheets lies. Original considerations of covering the roof with lightweight concrete or wood were discarded because an opaque roof would have cast shadows in daylight and prevented non-contrasting images from television broadcasts. In addition to acrylic glass, polyester and PVC films were also discussed. In the end, after months of research, the decision was made for acrylic glass that best met the requirements. The structure is supported by 58 steel masts and girders, which consist of twelve large, conically shaped pylons . Eight are located directly above the stadium. Since the durability of the construction was questioned, there were plans to concrete or dismantle the tent roof after the Olympic Games, which was not done due to the international echo.

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The tent roof is held on only one side over the Olympic Stadium with the help of a network of masts and steel cables

The architecture turned out to be a disadvantage at football matches: Due to the construction, the sound was not thrown from the spectators onto the playing field, but back into the auditorium, so that there was no real stadium atmosphere. In 1972, small amounts of iron were added to the original roof panels for fire protection reasons . Over time , the plates oxidized more than expected and took on a milky color. That is why the tent roof was completely renovated until 2002. It was replaced by a new plastic-glass mixture that no longer contains any iron components.

Usage and events

Overview and visitors

The stadium is used multifunctionally and, according to Olympiapark München GmbH, has been "the most important venue for the largest and most important sporting events" in the Olympic Park since it opened in 1972, and the arena is also the meeting point for numerous cultural events, especially concerts. In addition to football, athletics and music events, the stadium also hosted a table football tournament, balance sheet press conferences, shoe exhibitions, party events and matches from the German Chess League. Also, the Cirque du Soleil has performed in the Olympic Stadium.

Tour on the stadium roof

In the 20th century the Olympic Park developed into the largest event and leisure center in Europe. In 2012 the stadium was one of the most popular sports facilities in Germany. By December 31, 2011, over 1,800 post-Olympic events were held there. A total of more than 50 million spectators had visited the Olympic Stadium by the end of 2015. When it was used as a football arena, around 160,000 visitors a year visited the stadium outside of events. Since professional football moved to the Allianz Arena in 2005 , the Olympic Stadium has around 100,000 visitors a year. Tours on the tent roof , which can be reached using climbing equipment, are also offered. From there you can use a zip line go down to the stadium.

The following sections summarize a selection of events that took place in the Munich Olympic Stadium, major events are listed in a table.

Soccer

The multifunctional stadium was mainly used for soccer games up to and including 2005. According to a count by Armin Radtke, FC Bayern played 793 matches and TSV 1860 played 344 matches in the arena. 38 of these were Munich city derbies , which are included in both the game statistics of TSV 1860 and those of FC Bayern . 14 meetings of the German national soccer team also took place in the Munich Olympic Stadium. In addition, Munich was the venue for the 1974 World Cup and the 1988 European Football Championship, as well as the venue for numerous cup finals .

FC Bayern Munich

From its first game in the stadium in 1972 until moving out in 2005, FC Bayern played its mandatory home games in the Olympic Stadium. Only the first home game of the 1972/73 season against Werder Bremen took place for organizational reasons on September 20, 1972 for the last time in the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse. During its years, FC Bayern made the Olympic Stadium next to its club headquarters on Säbener Strasse representative of the club. Together they should form an "identity and image-creating unit".

The average attendance at FC Bayern was always over 26,000. Except for the 1977/78 season and four league years in the 1980s, it was always over 30,000. Since the 1992/93 season , the number of viewers has made a significant leap upwards and, at 46,036, exceeded the annual average of 40,000 for the first time. Compared to the previous year, the number of spectators increased by around 16,000 per game, two years later it was an average of 54,839 and thus over 50,000 for the first time in the club's history. In the 1995/96 season , FC Bayern's audience record at the Olympic Stadium was achieved with 59,766. During the time that FC Bayern played its home games in the Olympic Stadium, it was 17 times German champion , seven times cup winner and four times winner of the highest European competition .

With FC Bayern as the home team, numerous international finals have also taken place here. On September 9, 1975, the team played the first leg of the European Super Cup final against Dynamo Kiev in front of their home crowd. Over a year later, on November 23, 1976, FC Bayern’s first leg in the World Cup against Cruzeiro Belo Horizonte was played in the Olympic Stadium. In the same season, FC Bayern played the first leg of the European Super Cup against RSC Anderlecht in the Olympic Stadium. In the 1996 UEFA Cup final , Bayern played on May 1, 1996 in the first leg against Girondins Bordeaux .

TSV 1860 Munich

While the stadium on Grünwalder Straße was still popularly regarded as the stadium of TSV 1860, the Olympic Stadium was considered the stadium of FC Bayern. His local rival often changed the venue for his games between the Grünwalder Stadium and the Olympic Stadium until 1995 and in his last season before moving to the Allianz Arena in 2005.

The Olympic Stadium during a TSV 1860 game in 2003

TSV 1860 moved into the Olympic Stadium for the first time as a second division team in the 1973/74 season and reached an average of 28,070 spectators. In the following years, however, the numbers fell significantly; In 1975/76, an average of only 14,345 spectators found their way into the stadium. Due to the sparsely occupied stadium, TSV 1860 moved back to the smaller Grünwalder stadium in the following season, where the club managed to rise again in 1977 after two relegation games . After the top game against VfB Stuttgart , the home game of the relegation was played again in the Olympic Stadium for the first time. After the Bundesliga season 1977/78 , in which TSV 1860 Munich had 28,094 spectators per game, the club got down again and commuted between the Grünwalder Stadium, which is under renovation, and the Olympic Stadium in the following season. He achieved immediate resurgence and carried out all the games in the Olympic Stadium in the 1979/80 season .

Many fans of the club campaigned for TSV 1860 to play its home games in the Grünwalder Stadium. Therefore, a first division game of the club was kicked off there in November 1980 for the first time in over a decade. In February 1981, the club officially decided to retire to the Grünwalder Stadium, where it remained until 1995, after having been promoted back to the first division the previous year after a 13-year absence. The then President Karl-Heinz Wildmoser originally planned to expand the Grünwalder Stadium, but decided to use the Olympic Stadium for home games due to the larger capacity and the VIP facilities .

In May 1995, the extraordinary assembly of delegates of the football department decided the final move to the Olympic Stadium. There the club stayed until relegation again in the 2003/04 season after Wildmoser resigned as club president as a result of allegations of corruption. In the 2004/05 season , only six games were played in the Olympic Stadium for safety reasons. In the 1996/97 season , TSV 1860 Munich recorded its best average attendance in the Olympic Stadium with 34,649 per game. During its last full season in the Olympic Stadium, the club still had around 28,488 guests per game, but due to the stadium architecture and the much higher capacity, the numbers were not enough to create a “dense” stadium atmosphere.

TSV 1860, which sold its shares in the Allianz Arena to FC Bayern in 2006 and rented the stadium until 2017, repeatedly considered returning its football department to the Olympic Stadium.

Cup finals of clubs

The 2012 Women's Champions League Final

The Olympic Stadium was often used for final games at club level - either as the home stadium of FC Bayern or as a neutral venue. Several Champions League finals were played in the Olympic Stadium. The first UEFA Champions League final took place there in 1993.

On May 30, 1979, Munich hosted a final of the highest European club competition for the first time, which at the time was still known as the European Cup . Nottingham Forest defeated the Swedish team Malmö FF in the Olympic Stadium. Another international final was the final of the first Champions League season on May 26, 1993 , the follow-up competition to the European Cup in the Olympic Stadium. The stadium's electricity supply was overloaded by the extensive international transmission technology. Only when a technician kept pressing a button during the transmission time could a circuit be bridged and the endgame played smoothly. In the game, AC Milan lost to Olympique Marseille . On May 18, 1997, a year after FC Bayern won the UEFA Cup final, the final of Europe's highest club competition was held for the third and last time in the Olympic Stadium. Here, won Borussia Dortmund against Juventus .

In early 2012, UEFA announced that the Women's Champions League final would be played on May 17, 2012 at the Olympic Stadium. The reason was that the men's Champions League final took place in the Allianz Arena and UEFA wanted to host the women's Champions League final in the same city, but in a different stadium. This means that seven years after the last professional football game, another match was held in the Olympic Stadium. The finals were played by the 1. FFC Frankfurt and Olympique Lyon teams, with the Lyon team prevailing. Around 50,212 spectators came to the game, which was a record number of spectators in this competition. It was the only professional game in the stadium since the Munich professional clubs moved to the Allianz Arena.

The following list shows all cup finals from professional clubs:

team opponent Result date occasion spectator
FC Bayern Munich Dynamo Kiev 0: 1 Sep 10 1975 Super Cup / first leg 30,000
FC Bayern Munich RSC Anderlecht 2: 1 Aug 17, 1976 Super Cup / first leg 41,000
FC Bayern Munich Cruzeiro Belo Horizonte 2-0 Nov 23, 1976 World Cup / first leg 22,000
Nottingham Forest Malmö FF 1-0 May 30, 1979 European Champions Cup 57,000
Olympique Marseille AC Milan 1-0 May 26, 1993 Champions League 64,400
FC Bayern Munich Werder Bremen 1: 3 0Aug 7, 1994 Supercup 22,000
FC Bayern Munich Girondins Bordeaux 2-0 0May 1, 1996 UEFA Cup / first leg 63,000
Borussia Dortmund Juventus Turin 3: 1 May 28, 1997 Champions League 59,000
Olympique Lyon 1. FFC Frankfurt 2-0 17th May 2012 Women's Champions League 50,212

International matches

The German national soccer team played a total of 14 games in the Olympic Stadium, 12 of which were official home games and 2 games on “neutral grass”. The stadium was the venue for five matches from the 1974 World Cup and two games from the 1988 European Championship , including the two finals. A total of 19 international matches were played by senior national teams in the Olympic Stadium.

Because Berlin was not the final venue for political reasons, Munich hosted three group games and the game for third place as well as the final of the 1974 World Cup. In the preliminary round, however, the stadium was never full. These were the three group IV matches in which Haiti was always involved. In the second round there was no match in Munich, so the Olympic Stadium until two weeks was used for third-place play later. That game took place on July 6th, with Poland beating Brazil 1-0. One day later, the final between Germany and the Netherlands was played in front of a sold-out stadium. Germany won 2-1, although the German team was already behind after two minutes with a penalty from Johan Neeskens . The DFB-Elf turned the game around in the first half with goals from Paul Breitner , who converted a penalty in the 25th minute of the game, and Gerd Müller in the 43rd minute.

The Federal Republic of Germany hosted the European Football Championship in the summer of 1988 . In addition to a group game in which the team of the Federal Republic of Germany defeated Spain, the final took place in the Olympic Stadium on June 25, 1988. The Netherlands won the tournament against the Soviet Union . The Olympic Stadium was also a frequent venue for their home games for the German national team. In addition to numerous friendly matches, World Cup and European Championship qualifiers were also played. It was only at the end of the 1980s that the stadium lost its importance for the DFB team. Between 1988 and 1999, not a single national team match was played there. With the 1: 5 defeat in the World Cup qualifier against England on September 1, 2001, the DFB-Elf played their last game in the Munich Olympic Stadium. 14 of a total of 130 home games took place in the Munich Olympic Stadium, which means that it was used most often for home games for the German national football team in addition to the Düsseldorf Rhine Stadium .

The following table lists all international matches that were played in the Munich Olympic Stadium. The Olympic football tournament of 1972 as well as nostalgia and youth international games are not taken into account .

team opponent Result date occasion spectator
BR Germany Soviet Union 4: 1 May 26, 1972 Friendly match 80,000
BR Germany Argentina 2: 3 Feb. 14, 1973 Friendly match 55,000
BR Germany Yugoslavia 0: 1 0May 9, 1973 Friendly match 50,000
Italy Haiti 3: 1 June 15, 1974 World Cup 1974 / Group IV 53,000
Haiti Poland 0: 7 June 19, 1974 World Cup 1974 / Group IV 20,000
Argentina Haiti 4: 1 June 23, 1974 World Cup 1974 / Group IV 17,000
Brazil Poland 0: 1 0July 6, 1974 World Cup 1974 / game for 3rd place 77,500
Netherlands BR Germany 1: 2 0July 7th 1974 World Cup 1974 / final 80,000
BR Germany Spain 2-0 May 22, 1976 European Championship qualification 1976 / quarter-finals 75,000
BR Germany England 2: 1 Feb 22, 1978 Friendly match 78,000
BR Germany Austria 1-0 0Apr 2, 1980 Friendly match 78,000
BR Germany Belgium 0-0 22 Sep 1982 Friendly match 28,000
BR Germany Czechoslovakia 2: 2 Nov 17, 1985 World Cup qualification 1986 / Group 2 22,000
BR Germany Spain 2-0 17th June 1988 EM 1988 / group 1 72,308
Netherlands Soviet Union 2-0 June 25, 1988 EM 1988 / final 72,308
BR Germany Netherlands 0-0 Oct 19, 1988 World Cup qualification 1990 / group 4 73,000
Germany Denmark 2-0 27 Mar 1996 Friendly match 26,000
Germany Turkey 0-0 0Oct 9, 1999 European Championship qualification 2000 / Group 3 63,000
Germany England 1: 5 0Sep 1 2001 World Cup qualification 2002 / Group 9 63,000

athletics

In addition to football games and concerts, athletics events were repeatedly held in the Olympic Stadium. Apart from the competitions of the Olympic Games, the European Athletics Championships of 2002 attracted a lot of attention in the arena. A total of 303,900 spectators attended the competitions from August 6th to 11th, 2002. Between 1972 and 1992 the German athletics championships and in 1997 and 2007 the European athletics cup were held there every ten years . In addition, the Munich Olympic Stadium hosted three international athletics meetings in the 1980s.

Between 1983 and 1996 and again since 2000, the Munich Marathon took place every year in Munich . Except for the years 2000 and 2001, the Olympic Stadium served as the destination for the races. Since 2005, the stadium has been the entry point for the Munich company run , which only ended in the Olympic Stadium when it was first held in 2004.

Note: Events with the parameter "since" have taken place annually in the Olympic Stadium since the specified year. Those with the parameter "-" took place annually in the specified period.

Other sporting events

Since the Olympic Stadium was multifunctional from the start, there were also other events in the stadium at the time when it was primarily used for football events. Between 1979 and 1982 it was the start or destination of the Tour of Germany , which in 1979 was still called the International Vitamalz Tour . While the arena served as the starting point of the Tour of Germany in 1979 and 1982, it was the destination of the competition in 1980. In 1989 the stadium also hosted the Speedway World Final. There was already a motorsport event in the Olympic Stadium at the time when football was still being played in the stadium .

However, the number of events that are neither football games nor athletics competitions increased, especially after the end of club football in the Olympic Stadium. In 2005, the same year that football moved out of the stadium, the Air & Style snowboard festival , which was also held in the stadium for the following three years and 2011 , was also revitalized by winter sports. Also on New Year's Eve 2006, the Tour de Ski cross-country skiing competition , which had six stages and lasted eight days, started under the tent roof. In addition, the annually since 2010 Boulder - climbing World Cup held in the Olympic Stadium and in 2014 the final of the boulder was climbing world championship aimed at the Olympic Stadium. In 2011, a triathlon competition with the Speedman took place in the Olympic Stadium. The triathlon consisted of the disciplines 200-meter swimming, 6-kilometer cycling and 2-kilometer running. A mobile swimming pool was built in the stadium for the swimming discipline.

In the 2010s, the stadium was optimized for various motorsport purposes such as the DTM , with which Olympiapark München GmbH hoped to revitalize the stadium. Originally designed for three years, the DTM show races were discontinued prematurely after 2011 and 2012 because the drivers felt the track was too narrow. Another motorsport event also took place on August 11, 2012 with the Red Bull X-Fighters freestyle motocross competition in the Olympic Stadium. After the cancellation of the DTM, Olympiapark München GmbH signed a contract with the television broadcaster ESPN in order to be able to host the annual extreme sports X-Games from 2013 to 2015 inclusive in the Olympic Stadium. Despite an economic success on the part of Olympiapark München GmbH at the first games - a total of around 120,000 visitors came to the games - ESPN canceled the upcoming X-Games in the Olympic Stadium at short notice for economic reasons.

In 2017 and 2019 took place in September each for Oktoberfest time , the two-day sevens rugby tournament Oktoberfest 7s in the Olympic Stadium held, attended by twelve teams.

Cycling

Winter sports

Motorsport

Further

Note: Events with the parameter "since" have taken place annually in the Olympic Stadium since the specified year. Those with the parameter "-" took place annually in the specified period.

public viewing

Public viewing in the Olympic Stadium

As early as 1999, several years before public viewing became popular as part of the 2002 World Cup , the first event of its kind took place in the Olympic Stadium. For the 1998/99 UEFA Champions League final between FC Bayern and Manchester United, 32,000 people came to the Olympic Stadium, as did the 2001 final between Bayern and Valencia two years later. Since then, the stadium has been Munich's largest public viewing location, with matches from the World and European Football Championships being broadcast.

Concerts

In addition to the Olympic Hall, the Olympic Stadium has been the second venue for concerts in the Olympic Park since 1982, with open-air concerts taking place in the stadium . The Rolling Stones were the first band to perform in the Olympic Stadium on their 1982 European Tour . She played songs from the current album Tattoo You . Since that event, numerous other singers and bands have appeared in the stadium. In addition to AC / DC , concerts by Tina Turner in 1990, Michael Jackson with two consecutive appearances in 1988 with a total of 140,000 visitors and various other appearances by the Rolling Stones were particularly popular.

The Olympic Stadium was the destination of the Rolling Stones seven times during a tour. No other band used the stadium as a stage more often. The second most frequent occurrence was Bon Jovi , who performed six times in the Olympic Stadium as part of a tour between 2001 and 2013, in the musical spotlight of the Olympic Stadium. This is followed by Bruce Springsteen and Robbie Williams with five concerts, with Robbie Williams once as a member of the band Take That . Michael Jackson sang four times in the arena.

The following list shows all concerts that took place in the Olympic Stadium or are expected to take place. Two consecutive concerts by the same artist are regarded as one event.

Concerts in the Olympic Stadium

Legend

  • Year: Performer (number of concerts in the Olympiastadion)

Religion and culture

The stadium is a venue for cultural and religious purposes. The stadium was first used for major religious events in 1973 and annually from 1978 to 2012 by Jehovah's Witnesses for the Watchtower Congress in Munich, but Catholic and Protestant Church Days are also held in the stadium. In 1984 the 88th German Catholic Congress took place there. Three years later, many people celebrated at the Olympic Stadium, the Papal Mass with John Paul II. For the beatification of Father Rupert Mayer , who at the time of National Socialism in Munich DC circuit experiments had opposed the Nazis. In 1993 the sports facility was used for the German Evangelical Church Congress .

At open-air festivals in the Olympiapark such as Rockavaria in 2015 and 2016, as well as the Munich Midsummer Night's Dream , which has been taking place since 2005, the Olympiastadion was usually included as a concert venue. In 1999, numerous people watched the Great Solar Eclipse in the stadium.

religion

Culture

  • 1984–1985: open air festival
  • 1987: Open air festival
  • 1995–1996: Rock im Park
  • 1995: Rock over Germany
  • 1999: Great Solar Eclipse Festival
  • 2005: Open-air opera Turandot
  • 2005–2015: Munich Midsummer Night's Dream
  • 2010: Cirque du Soleil
  • 2015–2016: Rockavaria
  • 2016: BMW Festival Night

Note: Events with the parameter "since" have taken place annually in the Olympic Stadium since the specified year. Those with the parameter "-" took place annually in the specified period.

reception

Stadium-specific reception

At the time of completion, the Munich Olympic Stadium, which was only smaller than the then outdated Berlin Olympic Stadium in the Federal Republic, was considered “Germany's number one stadium” because of its comfort and size. Earthworks were seen as an inexpensive recourse to the ancient construction of Roman amphitheaters . Until 2005 the stadium was the “crowd puller and economic support” of the entire Olympic Park . In 2000, the arena was counted among the five most important buildings of the post-war period in Germany . Five years later, the stadium was voted number one in those buildings in a survey by the architecture magazine Häuser .

The authors Armin Radtke and Dietrich Schulze-Marmeling wrote in their book that the arena had contributed to the continued success of FC Bayern since the 1970s. They compared the FC Bayern with the then in Bökelbergstadion playing Borussia Moenchengladbach , who then celebrated the biggest title success in Germany next to the FC Bayern. The authors said that the Mönchengladbach club could not play at this level in the long term, as the Bökelberg Stadium was quickly full, especially during top games. Since the audience was still the main source of income for the professional clubs at that time and an average of over 10,000 more spectators could take part in the FC Bayern games than before in the Grünwalder Stadium and additional income was generated through seating, Borussia Mönchengladbach was not able to compete with Bayern in the long term. According to Radtke and Schulze-Marmeling, the move came too late for TSV 1860 . After the club had become German football champions in 1966 , it rose to the second division in 1970 , also because of the lower economic success in the Grünwalder Stadium .

Wolf Angerer recognized in 1972 that the capacity of the stadium with initially around 80,000 seats, which was significantly lower than the structurally possible 200,000, resulted in "important contact between spectators and athletes". 20 years later, however, FC Bayern in particular criticized the lack of contact with the spectators, who were supposed to sit as close to the field as possible, which was not possible in the Olympic Stadium due to the running track on the edge of the field. In addition, the club criticized the gently rising tiers and the half-roof. Paul Breitner , who was involved as a Bayern player when the club moved into the Olympic Stadium, said, however, that as a player you are “very happy” when you “sometimes have a distance from the audience”. Breitner also stated that the stadium was “a new dimension” for football thanks to its ambience , which was also carried over to the audience. While football had a rather bad reputation up until then, the aesthetics of the stadium made a visit to football more like a visit to the cinema, the opera or the theater.

After the Allianz Arena was built, the art critic Gottfried Knapp praised the move to build a new stadium for football. He praised “the rescuers of the Olympic Stadium, without whose stubborn protest” both “the Allianz Arena would never have been built” and “the culture and sports city of Munich would otherwise have disfigured its most important monument of modernity in an architecturally grotesque way and transformed it into a stadium cripple would have been suitable neither for football nor for athletics ”. He scolded that “[if it had been the will of the politicians, the sports officials, the Munich football community, the press and even the Olympic architects”, Munich would have “an architectural Wolpertinger”, “with whom Munich could deal would have immortally embarrassed ”. In both the Allianz Arena and the Olympic Stadium, he now recognizes “[two] two superlative buildings” which, despite their “physical differences, are designed to be amazingly similar”.

The Olympic Stadium on a special stamp of the Deutsche Bundespost 1972.

On the subject of the Olympic Games, the German Federal Post Office issued two series of stamps in 1972 , one of which was a block edition. The block edition designed by Herbert Stelzer and published on July 5, 1972 shows a model of the Olympic site and contains the Olympic Stadium as a motif on a stamp. In addition, the motif of the stadium was used on special stamps in the Olympic year. A series of stamps in support of the Deutsche Sporthilfe Foundation , which was published on February 11, 1993 based on a design by Joachim Riess , contains a stamp with the Munich Olympic Park. The stamp with a face value of 80 pfennigs and a 40 pfennig surcharge essentially shows the Olympic Stadium. Postal administrations outside Germany also issued postage stamps with the Olympic Stadium as a motif, for example Equatorial Guinea and Dahomey on the occasion of the 1974 World Cup .

Context stadium and tent roof

During the 1972 Olympic Games, reporters around the world praised the “lightness and elegance” of the stadium architecture, which was created in the context of the tent roof construction . Today the stadium with the tent roof represents an “architectural landmark of the Federal Republic”, which stands for individualism, openness, transparency and for the “blossoming” democracy. The roof is considered to be the most noticeable feature of the stadium and was already a “static and visual sensation” when it was built. Peter M. Bode, editor of the Süddeutsche Zeitung , said in November 1971 that the “rope net roof” over the Olympic Stadium must be seen as “the decisive, ingenious achievement of the competition work”. During the Olympics, David Binder's "tent-like roof" was referred to in the New York Times as "the most striking structural symbol of the Games," with "graceful indentations and bold curves offering the most exciting perspectives in the Olympic Park."

Even in the 2010s, journalists described the construction as "very modern and far ahead of its time". In 2013, the reporter Alfred Dürr stated that the Olympic roof made the Munich Olympic site “the most beautiful and attractive in the world” and noted that “even decades after the Games […] the concept of the architecture of the century was not Exaggeration "is. According to him, the architecture of the site is "one of the best that architects have ever created".

For art historians , the stadium with its tent roof construction is the most important building in Munich. The art historian Tobias Zervosen saw “shapes that are appealing” in the stadium and judged that despite the high capacity, the arena does not appear large to a person. In the Olympic Stadium, he saw "a construction [...] which seems incredibly light [...] transparent and translucent", which made the still young Federal Republic of 1972 an open country and distanced itself from the 1936 Olympic Games .

In 2015, shortly after his death, Frei Otto was awarded the Pritzker Prize , the highest honor for an architect. In this context it was noted that Otto's best-known work is the Olympic roof. The jury based its decision on the fact that Otto was an architect who, among other things, was the "creator of memorable buildings and spaces". The American architect Michael Meredith added that Otto had reconsidered "structures based on his basic doctrines" and said that Otto's work had an extraordinary influence on "a younger generation of architects who were interested in exploring natural principles rather than idealized geometric shapes" .

The incomplete roofing of the stadium was not seen as a disadvantage until the 1990s, since until then a stadium was only completely roofed in exceptional cases. Nevertheless, the disadvantages of the tent roof construction were already pointed out two years after the opening, as the roof architecture made it difficult for the atmosphere to flourish in the stadium. The sports reporter Dieter Kürten said: “The footballers [...] never found a right relationship on the Oberwiesenfeld. […] They don't feel at home under the fragile scaffolding, which they don't know for sure whether it tends to fall down. Christian Thomas wrote in the Frankfurter Rundschau before Munich professional football moved out of the stadium that it was “first and foremost an architectural event, but it was never really suitable as a football stadium”. He said that "the stubbornness expressed by [the] architecture alone" prevented the arena from becoming a "cauldron". The focus of the audience should fall “on the inside of the arena”, whereby the Olympic Stadium was “a living anachronism ” from the start. He criticizes that in the Olympic Stadium instead "the upper edge of the stands [...] is embedded in the landscape".

Landscape and surroundings

The Olympic Stadium as part of the landscape

With regard to the integration of the stadium into the landscape architecture, the stadium received positive reviews. According to Wolf Angerer, "[the] architecture of the high-rise buildings [such as the Olympic Stadium] adapts to the attractive, varied Olympic landscape". The Olympic planners were able to successfully withstand "the danger of gigantism". Instead of “towering gigantically”, the buildings, like the stadium, “fit harmoniously into the landscape ”. Fritz Auer said that when you approach the stadium, the arena does not appear to the viewer as an ever-growing wall that you walk towards and that “scares and pursues”, but “the main stadium opens up in front of you suddenly". As around the Śląski Stadium in Poland , there is also a hilly landscape around the Olympic Stadium, which makes the stadium appear “much smaller” than it is.

The author Werner Müller praised the buildings in the Olympic Park and noted that the architects had succeeded in making the buildings appear "not as independent [buildings], but as part of the landscape". He recognized that sports facilities are determined by the superimposition of two different systems: On the one hand, the "sports facilities embedded in the ground [...] appear as a modeled terrain surface and organic shape", on the other hand, the roof construction appears as a "coherent technical structure in wide swings Curves ”that spans all sports facilities so that“ the connection with the landscape is preserved ”. In particular, "the area of ​​sport in the landscape is accentuated as a special zone" and embodied a unity.

For development planning Olympic Park in 2018 for the bid for the Winter Olympics that year , which provided Department of Urban Planning and Construction of the City of Munich that "[w] orld [...] with architecture made in Germany the famous tent roof of the Olympic Park in Munich and his associated landscape ”. Even Peter Gossel and Gabriele Leuthäuser saw the construction of an "umbrella over the landscape", which gives an "ideal lighting". In their opinion, not only a stadium was built for the 1972 Olympic Games, "but also a large-city recreation area in which buildings, paths and vegetation interlock". The surrounding area with the Olympic Tower and Olympic Mountain was "included in the landscape architecture concept".

Monument protection and copyright

In 1997 the buildings under the tent roof construction with the partially covered Olympic stadium were placed under monument protection. The Olympiastadion is also part of the listed ensemble Olympiapark . The arena is protected by copyright law up to and including 2080 , which is currently owned by Günter Behnisch's son, Stefan Behnisch . Therefore, the stadium must not be demolished and could only be changed slightly over the years. In 2016, the Olympiapark World Heritage campaign called for the entire area of ​​the Olympic Park to be included in the UNESCO World Heritage List . According to Wilfrid Spronk, former managing director of Olympiapark München GmbH, the architecture of the Olympiapark has become a “trademark” of Munich, which is why renovations in the park and stadium are always controversial among the population. According to Sports magazine , however, the monument protection was the stadium's undoing. Because it is the “most aesthetically demanding stadium in Germany”, one has to intervene in a “total work of art” in the event of a renovation.

literature

  • Martin Bernstein (Hrsg.): Munich: The city quarters in the past and present . Süddeutsche Zeitung Edition, Munich 2011, ISBN 3-86615-889-0 , p. 295-297 .
  • Martin Bernstein, Wolfgang Görl (Hrsg.): Munich - City of the Arts: Cultural history from the Middle Ages to today . 2nd Edition. Süddeutsche Zeitung Edition, Munich 2013, ISBN 3-86497-146-2 , p. 345-351 .
  • Peter Blundell Jones: Günter Behnisch . Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 2000, ISBN 3-7643-6046-1 .
  • Werner Broer, Walter Etschmann, Robert Hahne, Volker Tlustly (eds.): Kammerlohr - Epochs of Art: Volume 5 - From Expressionism to Postmodernism . 2nd Edition. Oldenbourg, Munich 1997, ISBN 3-486-87525-6 , p. 214-215 .
  • Reinaldo Coddou H .: Football temple . 3. Edition. Spielmacher, Mannheim 2013, ISBN 3-95680-006-0 , p. 141-142 .
  • Peter Gössel , Gabriele Leuthäuser: Architecture of the 20th century . Taschen, Cologne 2012, ISBN 3-8365-4115-7 , pp. 452-457 .
  • Carl Heinz Harbeke, Christian Kandzia (ed.): Buildings for the 1972 Olympics - Munich • Kiel • Augsburg . Harbeke Verlag, Munich 1972.
  • Matthias Hell: Munich '72. Olympic architecture then and now, conversations with prominent contemporary witnesses and actors . MünchenVerlag, Munich 2012, ISBN 3-937090-63-0 , p. 26-39 .
  • Florian Kinast: It started with a women's stocking - 40 people - 40 stories - stories from the Olympic Park . Stiebner, Munich 2012, ISBN 3-8307-1053-4 .
  • Michael Klant, Josef Walch (Hrsg.): Basic course Art 3: Architecture . 2nd Edition. Schroedel, Braunschweig 2005, ISBN 3-507-10012-6 , p. 174-175 .
  • Fritz Leonhardt , Jörg Schlaich : Wide-span surface structures . University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart 1973.
  • Armin Radtke, Dietrich Schulze-Marmeling (co-author), Claus Melchior (co-author): Olympiastadion Munich - football history under the tent roof . The workshop, Göttingen 2005, ISBN 3-89533-478-2 .
  • Ulrich Schall: Olympiapark Munich: The roof of the world - sport and fun for millions . Olympiapark Munich, Munich 2003, ISBN 3-00-009847-X .
  • Kay Schiller, Christopher Young: The 1972 Munich Olympics and the making of modern Germany . University of California Press, Berkeley 2010, ISBN 0-520-26215-8 , pp. 104-115 (English).
  • Susanne Wanninger: Munich Olympic Park. Landmarks thanks to pioneering architecture . Volk Verlag, Munich 2012, ISBN 3-86222-092-3 .

Web links

Commons : Olympiastadion Munich  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
  • The Olympiastadion in olympiapark.de - website of the operator Olympiapark München GmbH.
  • Olympiastadion in muenchen.de - Website of the owner State Capital Munich.
  • Olympiastadion in stadionwelt.de - Website of the Internet portal Stadionwelt.

Remarks

  1. Other architects were involved in the planning and implementation of the stadium roof, which are not considered here.
  2. In different sources a Douglas DC-9 is written. Example: Philipp Wittrock: Munich's September 11th - minutes before the launch. In: spiegel.de. Spiegel Online , September 20, 2007, accessed July 27, 2017 .
  3. Depending on the source and consideration of the games, these numbers vary slightly. In the information provided by Radtke, all games (including football games officially declared as away games at city ​​derbies ) are taken into account. According to a source from Olympiapark München GmbH, FC Bayern played 776 games in the Munich Olympic Stadium, TSV 1860 Munich made a total of 318 appearances.
  4. The game ended 1: 3 after extra time. At the end of regular time it was 1: 1.
  5. Music festivals are not included. Only concerts by certain artists or bands are listed. More music events in the Olympic Stadium are included in the Religion and Culture section .
  6. Quotes by David Binder translated from English. In the original: "the tentlike roof", "the outstanding structural symbol of the Games" and "graceful dips and bold curves provide the most exiting vistas of the Olympic Park".
  7. Quote translated from English. In the original: "creator of memorable buildings and spaces".
  8. Quote translated from English. In the original: "Seemed to be rethinking structure at its fundamental principles. [...] incredibly influential to a younger generation of architects who were interested in exploring structures based on natural principles, rather than based on idealized geometric forms ”.
  9. ^ Quotes from Fritz Auer translated from English. In the original: "frightens or hunts", "[t] he main stadium suddenly opens up in front of you" and "much smaller".

Individual evidence

  1. List of monuments for Munich (PDF) at the Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation, monument number D-1-62-000-7891 .
  2. Martin Bernstein: Munich: The city quarters in the past and present . Munich 2011, p. 295.
  3. ^ A b c d e f Carl Heinz Harbeke, Christian Kandzia: Buildings for the 1972 Olympics - Munich • Kiel • Augsburg . Munich 1972, p. 8.
  4. ^ A b c Susanne Wanninger: Olympiapark Munich. Landmarks thanks to pioneering architecture . Munich 2012, p. 20.
  5. ^ A b c Susanne Wanninger: Olympiapark Munich. Landmarks thanks to pioneering architecture . Munich 2012, p. 1.
  6. ^ Susanne Wanninger: Olympiapark Munich. Landmarks thanks to pioneering architecture . Munich 2012, p. 9.
  7. ^ A b c d Carl Heinz Harbeke, Christian Kandzia: Buildings for the 1972 Olympics - Munich • Kiel • Augsburg . Munich 1972, p. 64.
  8. ^ A b c d e f g h i Carl Heinz Harbeke, Christian Kandzia: Buildings for the 1972 Olympics - Munich • Kiel • Augsburg . Munich 1972, p. 9.
  9. ^ A b c Carl Heinz Harbeke, Christian Kandzia: Buildings for the 1972 Olympics - Munich • Kiel • Augsburg . Munich 1972, p. 32.
  10. Olympiapark Service Center / arrival by car. In: olympiapark.de. Olympiapark München GmbH, accessed on March 1, 2016 .
  11. ^ A b Carl Heinz Harbeke, Christian Kandzia: Buildings for the 1972 Olympics - Munich • Kiel • Augsburg . Munich 1972, p. 11.
  12. a b Olympiapark Service Center / Approach local transport. In: olympiapark.de. Olympiapark München GmbH, accessed on March 1, 2016 .
  13. a b c d e f g h i Armin Radtke: Olympiastadion Munich - football history under the tent roof . Göttingen 2005, p. 16.
  14. a b c d e Armin Radtke: Olympiastadion Munich - football history under the tent roof . Göttingen 2005, p. 10.
  15. a b c Armin Radtke: Olympic Stadium Munich - football history under the tent roof . Göttingen 2005, p. 11.
  16. a b Armin Radtke: Olympic Stadium Munich - football history under the tent roof . Göttingen 2005, p. 12.
  17. a b Armin Radtke: Olympic Stadium Munich - football history under the tent roof . Göttingen 2005, p. 13.
  18. a b Armin Radtke: Olympic Stadium Munich - football history under the tent roof . Göttingen 2005, p. 14.
  19. a b Armin Radtke: Olympic Stadium Munich - football history under the tent roof . Göttingen 2005, p. 15.
  20. a b c Florian Kinast: It started with a woman's stocking - 40 people - 40 stories - stories from the Olympic Park . Munich 2012, p. 25.
  21. a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Armin Radtke: Olympiastadion Munich - football history under the tent roof . Göttingen 2005, p. 18.
  22. ^ A b Susanne Wanninger: Olympiapark Munich. Landmarks thanks to pioneering architecture . Munich 2012, p. 6.
  23. a b Martin Bernstein, Wolfgang Görl: Munich - City of the Arts: Cultural History from the Middle Ages to Today . Munich 2013, p. 351.
  24. a b c Florian Kinast: It started with a woman's stocking - 40 people - 40 stories - stories from the Olympic Park . Munich 2012, pp. 24, 27.
  25. a b c Florian Kinast: It started with a woman's stocking - 40 people - 40 stories - stories from the Olympic Park . Munich 2012, p. 26.
  26. a b Kay Schiller, Christopher Young: The 1972 Munich Olympics and the making of modern Germany . Berkeley 2010, p. 105.
  27. ^ Peter Blundell Jones: Günter Behnisch . Basel 2000, p. 65.
  28. Florian Kinast: It all started with a women's stocking - 40 people - 40 stories - stories from the Olympic Park . Munich 2012, p. 27.
  29. ^ Susanne Wanninger: Olympiapark Munich. Landmarks thanks to pioneering architecture . Munich 2012, p. 7.
  30. Florian Kinast: It all started with a women's stocking - 40 people - 40 stories - stories from the Olympic Park . Munich 2012, p. 24.
  31. Florian Kinast: It all started with a women's stocking - 40 people - 40 stories - stories from the Olympic Park . Munich 2012, p. 28.
  32. a b c Kay Schiller, Christopher Young: The 1972 Munich Olympics and the making of modern Germany . Berkeley 2010, p. 107.
  33. ^ Matthias Hell: Munich '72. Olympic architecture then and now, conversations with prominent contemporary witnesses and actors . Munich 2012, p. 26.
  34. Michael Klant, Josef Walch: Basic Course Art 3: Architecture . Braunschweig 2005, p. 174.
  35. ^ Susanne Wanninger: Olympiapark Munich. Landmarks thanks to pioneering architecture . Munich 2012, p. 11.
  36. a b c Armin Radtke: Olympic Stadium Munich - football history under the tent roof . Göttingen 2005, p. 17.
  37. ^ Information from the Federal Government regarding the overall financing of the 1972 Summer Olympics. (PDF) In: dipbt.bundestag.de. Documentation and information system for parliamentary processes , p. 18 , accessed on March 1, 2016 .
  38. a b c Matthias Hell: Munich '72. Olympic architecture then and now, conversations with prominent contemporary witnesses and actors . Munich 2012, p. 31.
  39. a b Matthias Hell: Munich '72. Olympic architecture then and now, conversations with prominent contemporary witnesses and actors . Munich 2012, p. 34.
  40. a b c d e Armin Radtke: Olympiastadion Munich - football history under the tent roof . Göttingen 2005, p. 22.
  41. Werner Broer, Walter Etschmann, Robert Hahne, Volker Tlustly: Kammerlohr - Epochs of Art: Volume 5 - From Expressionism to Postmodernism . Munich 1997, p. 215.
  42. ^ Matthias Hell: Munich '72. Olympic architecture then and now, conversations with prominent contemporary witnesses and actors . Munich 2012, p. 27.
  43. ^ Matthias Hell: Munich '72. Olympic architecture then and now, conversations with prominent contemporary witnesses and actors . Munich 2012, pp. 27, 30.
  44. Fritz Leonhardt, Jörg Schlaich: Wide-span surface structures . Stuttgart 1973, p. - (Foreword).
  45. ^ A b Susanne Wanninger: Olympiapark Munich. Landmarks thanks to pioneering architecture . Munich 2012, p. 12.
  46. Florian Kinast: It all started with a women's stocking - 40 people - 40 stories - stories from the Olympic Park . Munich 2012, pp. 34–35.
  47. Florian Kinast: It all started with a women's stocking - 40 people - 40 stories - stories from the Olympic Park . Munich 2012, p. 37.
  48. a b c Armin Radtke: Olympic Stadium Munich - football history under the tent roof . Göttingen 2005, p. 52.
  49. a b Armin Radtke: Olympic Stadium Munich - football history under the tent roof . Göttingen 2005, p. 61.
  50. Florian Kinast: It all started with a women's stocking - 40 people - 40 stories - stories from the Olympic Park . Munich 2012, p. 29.
  51. ^ Armin Radtke: Olympiastadion Munich - Football history under the tent roof . Göttingen 2005, p. 162.
  52. a b c d e Armin Radtke: Olympiastadion Munich - football history under the tent roof . Göttingen 2005, p. 26.
  53. ^ Ulrich Schall: Olympiapark Munich: The roof of the world - sport and entertainment for millions . Munich 2003, p. 32.
  54. ^ Susanne Wanninger: Olympiapark Munich. Landmarks thanks to pioneering architecture . Munich 2012, p. 11.
  55. a b c Armin Radtke: Olympic Stadium Munich - football history under the tent roof . Göttingen 2005, p. 28.
  56. a b c d Armin Radtke: Olympiastadion Munich - football history under the tent roof . Göttingen 2005, p. 29.
  57. ^ Armin Radtke: Olympiastadion Munich - Football history under the tent roof . Göttingen 2005, p. 177.
  58. The Games - The Official Report Volume 3: The Competitions. (PDF) In: library.la84.org. Organizing Committee for the Games of the XX. Olympiade Munich 1972, pp. 45–74 , accessed on March 5, 2016 .
  59. ^ Ulrich Schall: Olympiapark Munich: The roof of the world - sport and entertainment for millions . Munich 2003, p. 34.
  60. a b c Armin Radtke: Olympic Stadium Munich - football history under the tent roof . Göttingen 2005, p. 70.
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This article was added to the list of excellent articles on August 18, 2016 in this version .