Municipal stadium on Grünwalder Strasse
| Municipal stadium on Grünwalder Strasse |
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| Lettering above the cash registers on the back straight | |
| Data | |
| place |
Grünwalder Strasse 2-4 81547 Munich , Germany
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| Coordinates | 48 ° 6 '39.6 " N , 11 ° 34' 28.1" E |
| owner | City of Munich |
| opening | May 21, 1911 |
| First game |
TV 1860 Munich - MTV Munich 1879 4: 0 |
| Renovations | 1926, 1939, 1951, 1961, 1971, 1979, 2013, 2018 |
| surface | Natural grass |
| capacity | 15,000 seats |
| Societies) | |
The municipal stadium on Grünwalder Straße (in short: Grünwalder Stadion or just Grünwalder , popularly still Sechzgerstadion or just Sechzger , formerly also Sechzgerplatz ; after the location also Giesings Höhen ) is the third largest football stadium in Munich . It is located in the Untergiesing-Harlaching district , directly on the Mittlerer Ring . It was built in 1911 by what was then TV 1860 Munich and expanded in the 1920s. In 1937, in 1860, Munich had to sell the stadium to the city, which later had it rebuilt after being destroyed in the Second World War .
In 1948, the audience record was set with around 58,200 people in the stadium. Until the inauguration of the Olympic Stadium in 1972, it was the most important sports facility in the city. Today the stadium, which has existed in its current form since 2013, is used by the first team of TSV 1860 Munich, the second team of FC Bayern Munich and for individual games by Türkgücü Munich .
Location and current use
The stadium is located around three kilometers south of Marienplatz on the district border between Untergiesing and Obergiesing . The eponymous Grünwalder Straße begins on the east side of the stadium and leads south, past the training grounds of TSV 1860, towards Grünwald . There is a residential area south of the stadium behind Volckmerstrasse. Heinrich-Zisch-Weg leads past the stadium under the west curve, with the edge of the Isar slope directly behind it. Here the terrain drops 18 meters into the former river bed, up to three kilometers wide, in which the Isar flowed 10,000 years ago. At the lower end of the ridge, the Auer Mühlbach flows past, the Bäckermühle power station is below the western curve. The Candidstraße begins as the Grünwalder road in the northeast of the stadium and leads first north, then to the west of the stadium down the slope. The Mittlere Ring runs under Candidstrasse on the north side of the stadium.
The main users of the stadium since 2020 have been the first team of TSV 1860, FC Bayern Munich II - jokingly referred to by its supporters as the Hermann-Gerland- Kampfbahn - and Türkgücü Munich . For a long time, the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse had "the highest density of use of all football stadiums in Germany", as the Munich Sports Office found in 1997. In the 2008/09 season, for example, 90 games took place on Giesing's heights . Since the return of the TSV 1860 first team in 2017, the total number of games in the stadium has been reduced.
In the second division season 2004/05 a capacity of 21,272 spectators was approved, from summer 2008 only 10,240 spectators were allowed in regular operation. Since this limitation was only partially related to the DFB requirements and the Bavarian Assembly Ordinance, a higher number of spectators would still have been possible. For individual events, a higher capacity up to the 21,272 spectators established in 2004 could still be approved by the district administration department. Until 2012, around 30,100 spectators were still approved under building law, of which only 24,700 would have been usable. After the renovation in 2013, 12,500 spectators were officially approved; by releasing closed grandstand areas, a higher number of spectators would still be possible.
For the 2018/19 season, the space was increased from 12,500 to 15,000 spectators through renovation measures in the west curve. The feasibility study by AS + P from 2019 assumes an existing capacity of 16,599 viewers.
Establishment and expansion by TSV 1860
TV 1860 sports field
As early as 1911, Wilhelm Hilber , Vice President of the TV 1860 at the time , leased the previously agriculturally used space on which the stadium would later be built from the Peter family . From 1899 to 1904, the footballers of the Sechzger had used urban pitches, after which they played on their own sports fields in Holzapfelkreuth and on the Giesinger Alpenplatz. The sports field on Grünwalder Strasse was built in 1911 for 14,000 marks. Athletics facilities were built around the soccer field. The construction company Syrus Süss Successor built the twelve-meter-long wooden grandstand, which offered 160 covered seats and which also housed cloakrooms and washrooms. Because of its shape, the Munich people called the grandstand the “match box”. 1860 was the fourth Munich club after Münchner SC , FC Wacker and MTV 1879 , which could play on a sports field with a grandstand. On April 23, 1911, the first game took place on Sechzger-Platz . In 1860, MTV defeated 4-0 in 1879. The official opening as a sports field of the Munich gymnastics club from 1860 at Grünwalder Strasse 10 took place on May 21, 1911 as part of the athletics city battle between Munich and Berlin, which ended at 55:45 in favor of Munich. In 1912, the adjacent property to the south was also leased and a football training ground was built on it.
In the autumn of 1916 the area was closed by the war ministry as there was a risk of explosion from a powder chamber north of the sports field. In October 1917 the ban was lifted subject to conditions. In 1919 football and athletics facilities were renewed. Standing stands were built next to the existing grandstand and on the opposite side of the square. The new back straight offered space for 2,500 spectators. In 1920, 8,000 spectators saw the TSV 1860 match against MTV 1879, a new record in Munich football.
Expansion into a stadium
In the spring of 1922, TSV 1860 bought the previously leased property for 700,000 marks and expansion plans were gradually started. In 1925 the standing hall was completed on the back straight, which offered space for around 8,000 spectators. Like the new main grandstand, the 110 meter long and 7.20 meter high construction was built by Deutsche Hallenbau AG and the civil and concrete construction company Tibet . In November 1925 this new grandstand was also ready, which could hold 1,200 spectators. In the substructure of the reinforced concrete stand there was a groundsman's apartment, changing rooms and the stadium restaurant. In total, the expanded stadium now held 24,000 spectators.
However, soon thereafter there were plans for a further expansion to 40,000 seats. On April 11, 1926, up to 30,000 spectators, who even stood crowded around the field, saw the game of FC Bayern Munich, which had also been playing in the stadium in 1860 since the expansion, against the future German champions, SpVgg Fürth . In the summer of 1926 the standing hall was enlarged. Behind the existing roofed earth wall, a reinforced concrete building was connected by the civil engineering and concrete construction company Tibet, increasing the capacity to 25,000 spectators. However, since the roof structure was simply pushed up over the new concrete structure, the lower part of the standing room remained uncovered, as did the seats in front of the standing bars. A roofing of the earth wall on the west side was planned, but was not carried out. Overall, the construction work over the past two years cost 260,000 Reichsmarks . The amount could only be shouldered through a loan of 120,000 Reichsmarks from the municipal savings bank. The legal situation of the now split association had also brought difficulties in obtaining the required funds. After the “ clean separation of gymnastics and sport ” in the early 1920s, the gymnastics club owned the property in 1860 , and the sports club in 1860 owned the stadium. The new stadium was inaugurated on October 10, 1926 when SV 1860 played against VfR Fürth, which the Sechzger lost 2: 4. The specialist magazine Der Fußball described the stadium, which bore the name of the club's president Heinrich Zisch from 1927 , as “Germany's most beautiful club sports facility”.
In order to be able to settle increasing debts and ongoing operating costs, SV 1860 rented the stadium to other clubs and organizations. In addition to 1860, FC Bayern, FC Wacker and the German SC, which emerged from MTV 1879, also played on Grünwalder Strasse from 1926. In addition, the southern Bavarian state association for athletics, the German gymnastics association and the Bavarian cycling association as well as universities, the state police and the workers' sports cartel used the stadium. The 1902 Munich cycling club also held cycling races with riders from all over Germany on the 400-meter track from 1926 onwards. In 1928 the Heinrich-Zisch-Stadion had a total of 603,200 spectators. Due to the opening of the Dante stadium , but also due to the global economic crisis, this number but decreased in 1929 to 335,663. Even if there were more than 10,000 spectators for local derbies and some games against well-known opponents, some even from South America, the number of spectators continued to decline. Since the expansion in 1926, the stadium, which according to SV 1860 can hold 42,000 spectators, has never been sold out; the record was 35,000 at the international match between Germany and Switzerland in December 1926. The international matches against Finland in 1935 and Bulgaria in 1940 later also saw 35,000 spectators each.
From the late 1920s was in Sechzgerstadion also field handball played. The team from 1860 played for several years in the top division and played the games until the 1950s partly as preludes before football matches. On April 19, 1936, Juan Carlos Zabala set a new world record in the 20,000-meter run at an athletics meeting in the stadium. Despite the heavy snowfall, he ran the 50 laps on the 400-meter track in 1: 04: 00.2 hours.
Sale to the city of Munich and reconstruction after the Second World War
| Official name of the stadium | |
|---|---|
| 1911 | Sports field of the gymnastics club Munich from 1860 at Grünwalder Strasse 10 |
| 1919 | Sports field of the gymnastics and sports club Munich from 1860 at Grünwalder Strasse 10 |
| 1924 | Sports field of the Munich sports club from 1860 at Grünwalder Strasse 10 |
| 1926 | Stadium of the Munich sports club from 1860 at Grünwalder Strasse 10 |
| 1927 | 1860 Heinrich Zisch Stadium |
| 1939 | Municipal sports field at Grünwalder Strasse 10 |
| 1941 | Municipal Hanns-Braun-Kampfbahn |
| 1945 | Municipal stadium at Grünwalder Strasse 10 |
| 1953 | Municipal stadium at Grünwalder Strasse 4 |
| 1975 | Municipal district sports facility at Grünwalder Strasse 4 |
| 1979 | Municipal stadium at Grünwalder Strasse 4 |
Sale of the stadium
On July 23, 1937, the city of Munich bought the stadium for 357,560 Reichsmarks. First, the mortgage debt of the TSV 1860, which had been reunified since 1934, was offset against the purchase price. The Sechzger received 100,000 Reichsmarks, which had to be used to repay debts, further burdens were paid off by the city. The remaining amount of 70,241.95 Reichsmarks was to be paid to TSV 1860 within five years, i.e. by July 1942. Until then, the club continued to have all the benefits and burdens on the stadium as if it were still the owner. However, since the Sechzger needed the remaining money a little later, the amount was paid out in full by December 1938. On April 1, 1939, the stadium finally became the property of the city. The stadium was then leased to TSV 1860 for an annual sum of 10,000 Reichsmarks.
The stadium was repaired in many places, the roof of the standing hall was completely renewed. On August 13, 1939, the stadium was reopened as a municipal sports field on Grünwalder Strasse . In the snowy winter of 1939/40, the roof of the grandstand began to sag under the load of snow. The city then had four additional tubular steel supports installed.
In 1941, the stadium after athletes was Hanns Braun in Urban Hanns-Braun-Kampfbahn renamed.
Destruction by bombing
In autumn 1943, the stadium was badly hit in two area bombings by the Royal Air Force . During the first attack on September 7, an explosive bomb destroyed the western half of the grandstand. Parts of the standing hall were destroyed by two more high-explosive bombs. The second attack on October 2 left seven large bomb craters on the field, cinder track and standing walls . The eastern part of the main stand was now also destroyed. The wooden roof of the standing hall had burned down completely, the western part of the grandstand was closed, the eastern part had survived the attacks with only slight damage. TSV 1860, FC Bayern and FC Wacker had moved to the Dante stadium after the first attack. When this was hit by bombs, the clubs had to look for other places. Game operations could be maintained until the end of the war.
reconstruction
In August 1945 the stadium was released as the municipal stadium on Grünwalder Straße . The bomb craters were filled in and new gates were erected. 12,000 spectators crowded the remains of the grandstands on August 26th when the Sechzger had to admit defeat 4-0 in the derby against Bayern. In November 1945 the new Oberliga Süd started playing, in which TSV 1860 and FC Bayern Munich also played and attracted many spectators. By April 1946, the most necessary repairs had been carried out, the playing field was fenced, the running track was demarcated, three ticket booths were set up and the toilets could be used again. On December 10, 1947, the concrete steps of the standing hall were closed again, parts had been completely renewed. A new attendance record had been set three days earlier: On December 7th, 42,000 spectators wanted to see the derby, which Bayern Munich won 3-2 in the stadium, which was still largely destroyed. In the aftermath, too, audience numbers over 20,000 were not uncommon. The absolute record was finally set on March 14, 1948, when 58,200 spectators watched TSV 1860's 2-1 win against 1. FC Nürnberg in the completely overcrowded stadium . The city had limited the number of tickets to 45,000, but this had not stopped the TSV 1860 from selling more.
Lower-class games often took place before the league games. The Munich press advertised these events as "Great Double Games in Football". In addition to numerous small clubs, the youth and reserve teams of TSV 1860, FC Bayern and FC Wacker were able to play in front of an unusually large crowd. In 1956, the FC Bayern basketball team played in front of 26,000 spectators against the top Italian team Lancia Bolzano in the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse.
In the summer of 1949 the standing hall was restored after two years of construction. In October 1948, the reconstruction of the main stand began, which was completed in May 1949. The new concrete grandstand was flatter than the old wooden structure. The stadium restaurant in the stand was rebuilt without major changes and equipped with modern sanitary facilities. The stadium was not yet completed when 1. FC Kaiserslautern and Borussia Dortmund met in the semi-finals of the German championship on June 26, 1949 . 57,000 spectators were in the stadium, but saw no goals. The high number of spectators was followed by thought games about a new large Munich stadium on Oberwiesenfeld , but for the time being the expansion of the existing stadium remained topical.
By the summer of 1950, the free earth and rubble walls around the stadium were leveled and repaired and partially terraced with concrete. A year later the lawn and cinder track were renewed. Drainage pipes were laid under the square and the previous east-west sloping position of up to 50 centimeters was compensated with gravel embankments. A long jump facility was set up between the playing field and the eastern standing wall, and a shot put facility in front of the standing wall in the west. The work that had been carried out in the five years of construction cost a total of around one million marks. With a capacity of around 50,000 spectators, the Grünwalder Stadium was now the eighth largest stadium in the Federal Republic of Germany.
In an action by the evening newspaper , suggestions for a new name for the stadium were collected. In addition to names such as "Isar Stadium", "white-blue stadium" or "Munich Kindl Stadium" there were ideas such as "Toto Cemetery," "Urban Gold ruin" or " Dr. Högner -Culture-Verflachungs- Stadion". The city council, however, was not satisfied with any of the proposed names and officially confirmed the name "Städtisches Stadion an der Grünwalder Straße 10", which has been used since the end of the war. Among the entries was also the name "Grünwalder Stadion". Although it is actually wrong in terms of content, as the stadium is not in the Munich suburb of Grünwald, it has become a common expression over the years.
Major games and great hits in the 1950s and 1960s
Floodlights
On April 7, 1955, a so-called night game took place in the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse for the first time during the friendly match between TSV 1860 and Hajduk Split . Downlights borrowed from Bavaria Film by the Sechzger had been installed on the grandstand roofs . This temporary floodlight illuminated the lawn with 200,000 watts from 8:15 p.m. A month later, on May 2nd, 300,000 watts illuminated the field on which 1860 lost 5-0 to Grasshoppers Zurich . Until August 1955 the TSV 1860 expanded the system, finally 48 headlights delivered a luminosity of 80 lux . On March 6, 1957, the national B teams of Germany and Austria met in the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse, 45,000 spectators watched as Germany won 4-0 under floodlights. In October 1959, four 52 meter high masts were completed, on which a total of 148 headlights were mounted, which provided a luminosity of 300 lux. In 1965 this was increased to 350 lux, and 60 headlights were now hanging on each mast. Since the 1980s there have been 24 spotlights on each of the masts, which together deliver 800 lux.
New east and west curve construction
Like the floodlight system, the east and west curve were also built according to plans by the architect and building officer Prof. Rudolf Ortner . The stadium should now be a pure football stadium, there should no longer be athletics facilities. In 1958 the standing wall in the east curve and the cinder track in front of it were removed. Instead, a new grandstand with terraced concrete steps was built. To the north and south, additional tiers were built on concrete supports, and the new east curve offered space for 12,000 spectators. On the outside of the east curve, Joachim Berthold worked reliefs of people into the facade. In the west curve, a foundation made of 14 meter long reinforced concrete piles had to be concreted first, as the construction ran close to the edge of the Isar slope. The lower 20 rows of standing room were erected on an earth wall, above which up to 30 steps were erected on load-bearing concrete columns. The new west curve held 19,500 spectators. In 1961 two staircase extensions were built behind the standing hall, which lead to the upper edge of the standing hall and relieve the lower entrances. The construction work cost a total of four million DM .
The manual scoreboard
When the west curve was built, the manual display board that is still in use today was installed. A clock was installed in the middle of a 6.30 meter wide and three meter high concrete slab clad with wood, with strips and hooks attached to the left and right of it. Name tags of the teams playing can be pushed between the bars, and number boards are hung on the hooks underneath, showing the current score. Around 1970 the wooden cladding was replaced by a sheet of corrugated iron, and in 1980 a radio clock was installed in place of the previous clock. To date, three different name badges are in use, one with the label 1860 , a second with BAYERN and a third with the label GÄSTE . At the beginning of the 1980s, a separate shield was sometimes created for each opponent, previously there had only been special shields at international games. The SpVgg Unterhaching and SV Türk Gücü Munich were we made signs, when they played at the stadium on the Grünwalder road. With a few exceptions, the three signs mentioned have been used since then. For the regional league games of 1860 II against Jahn Regensburg and SC Freiburg II on May 25, 2008 and May 30, 2009, designated as "XX-Tausend" and "XXX-Tausend", separate signs were created and labeled 1860 , JAHN and FREIBURG used once. From the 2009/10 season, a separate shield was used for each visiting team at the TSV 1860 II regional league games. In April 2011, instead of the previously black shield with white inscription, a colored one was introduced: TSV 1860 on a blue background, on the back FC Bayern on a red background.
Successful years
In the years after the east and west curves were built, the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse was to experience numerous highlights. The stadium was already completely sold out on May 27, 1960 when Pelé and FC Santos won 9-1 against TSV 1860. On November 2, 1960, southern Germany and central Hungary parted 3: 3. Before the game, an access gate had been pushed in and several thousand spectators entered the stadium without a ticket. It is estimated that there were 58,000 spectators in the stadium, which officially seats 51,800.
When the Bundesliga started its first season in 1963 , it was also played in the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse. The crowd increased again. In the first season, TSV 1860 recorded an average attendance of 32,000. In 1963 and 1964, the city of Munich spent a total of 34,500 DM to increase the safety standard of the stadium. In 1965 the city restricted its capacity. Now only 44,300 spectators were allowed. Since the summer of 1965, two Bundesliga clubs played in the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse after the rise of FC Bayern. In 1962 the German national team returned to the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse after more than 21 years. In preparation for the World Cup , she played against a combination of the teams from FC Bayern and BC Augsburg .
In 1962 , European Cup matches were played for the first time in the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse, as FC Bayern took part in the trade fair cup . By 1972, FC Bayern had played 19 European Cup matches in the Grünwalder Stadium. TSV 1860 first took part in the European Cup games in 1964 , as they had qualified for the European Cup Winners' Cup by winning the DFB Cup . By 2002 TSV 1860 played 18 times at European level in the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse. In 1966 TSV 1860 won the German championship in the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse, and in 1969 FC Bayern won its second championship.
Discussions about the continuation
At that time, however, it was already foreseeable that professional football would leave the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse in a few years. In 1964, the city bought the former military site on Oberwiesenfeld and pushed ahead with planning a new large stadium. After the 1972 Olympic Games were awarded to the City of Munich in 1966, the plans were finally implemented in the Olympic Park . Towards the end of the decade, deficiencies in the building fabric of the stands of the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse were discovered. However, because the completion of the Olympic Stadium was getting closer, no more extensive measures were carried out.
In the summer of 1970, FC Wacker rose to the second-rate regional league . In addition to the Bundesliga club FC Bayern, the two regional league clubs TSV 1860 and FC Wacker played in the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse in the 1970/71 season.
Fire and reconstruction of the main stand
On the night of January 30, 1971, the main grandstand burned out. The State Office of Criminal Investigation assumed arson, but the perpetrator or perpetrators were never caught. Football was played again in the stadium on the afternoon of January 30th, and TSV 1860 wanted to prevent the regional league game against Viktoria Aschaffenburg from being canceled . The Munich city council approved the immediate reconstruction of the grandstand on February 3, 1971. The engineering office Rudolf Grimme and Volker Wertmann planned the new main grandstand roof and only changed the concept of the old construction slightly. Work began in March 1971, and in mid-April the seats under the shell of the roof structure had already been released. In July 1971 the work was completed and new reporters' booths had been erected. Total costs of DM 679,000 were incurred.
In the shadow of the Olympic Stadium
Moving out of the clubs and storm damage
In 1972 , FC Bayern became German champions for the third time. As with the other two championships, Bayern could not celebrate this in the stadium on Grünwalder Straße. The last decisive game against Schalke was played in the new Olympic Stadium. For organizational reasons, however, the first home game of the following season against Werder Bremen could not be held in the Olympic Stadium, so FC Bayern returned to the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse for the last time on September 20th. TSV 1860 had also thought of moving to the Olympic Stadium, but postponed the deliberations for the time being after the bad start to the 1972/73 regional league season. But after November 13, 1972, the cyclone quimburga caused great damage to the standing hall and parts of the roof had torn down that had to Sechzger at least temporarily move into the Olympic Stadium. Due to the hoped-for additional income, TSV 1860 stayed there until the beginning of 1974. After FC Bayern and TSV 1860, FC Wacker moved out of the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse in 1973 and from then on played again in Sendling . Until the mid-1980s, however, FC Wacker continued to play individual games in the stadium on Grünwalder Straße, mostly these were clashes with TSV 1860.
Dismantling of the stadium to the district sports facility
In 1973, the Munich City Council decided to expand the stadium for school and popular sports, while retaining the character of a football stadium. Plans by the ruling SPD parliamentary group in the Munich city council to build residential buildings instead of the stadium had been rejected after Giesinger citizens protested. The renovation costs of 2.24 million DM, which would also have included the renovation of the ailing standing hall, were too high for the city, so the plans were put on record. Instead, plans were carried out in which a back-straight grandstand no longer played a role. In November 1973, the remains of the destroyed standing hall roof were removed, in July 1974 the upper tiers of the standing hall were finally torn down, only the lower tiers built on an earth wall and the staircase towers remained. In front of the west curve, a 14 by 26 meter hard court was laid out, plus long and high jump facilities. Basketball hoops and volleyball nets were also purchased for the hard court. A 380-meter-long running track was built around the playing field and a 4-by-100-meter track in front of the back straight. The measures had raised costs of 665,000 DM. The district sports facility on Grünwalder Strasse now had a spectator capacity of 28,614 seats, including around 5,400 seats.
New construction of the back straight
When the first season of the new 2nd Bundesliga South began in the summer of 1974 , TSV 1860 moved again to the Olympic Stadium. When the Sechzger returned to the district sports facility in 1976, it had already been used by the FC Bayern amateur team for a year. In December 1976, the Munich city council decided to plan a covered grandstand to replace the old standing hall and to realign the Grünwald stadium to professional sports. The established popular sports facilities had hardly been used by the population. A simple, inexpensive grandstand was planned to fit into the existing stadium. The architects Wolfgang Böninger and Peter Biedermann chose a combination of frame trusses in steel box construction that were supposed to support the roof under them. The new north grandstand was built between spring 1978 and spring 1979. The 4,700-seat grandstand cost almost 6.5 million DM. The municipal stadium on Grünwalder Strasse was reopened at the end of March . With a total capacity of 31,500 seats, the stadium now had 8,430 seats.
Third division sadness and Bayern league emotions
The TSV 1860 commuted regularly between the two venues during these years. In the first division seasons 1977/78 and 1979/80 , the Sechzger almost exclusively used the Olympic Stadium as their home ground . 1980/81 some first division matches took place in the Grünwalder Stadium, after relegation in 1981 they started the second division season on Giesings heights . After seven home games, the Presidium decided to move permanently to the Olympic Stadium due to the lack of comfort and lack of parking spaces. There the TSV 1860 played the remaining home games of the season, at the end of which the DFB refused the sixties the professional league license for the coming season and the TSV 1860 returned to the stadium on Grünwalder Straße.
In the second home game of the Bayern league season 1982/83, a new record for the amateur league was set against SpVgg Unterhaching, who played their home games that season also in the stadium on Grünwalder Straße , 28,000 spectators saw the 2-0 defeat of TSV 1860 on site. During the game against Schweinfurt 05 on September 25, 1982, there were riots in which angry fans pressed down the fences and chased the referee who was seriously injured. The property damage amounted to 50,000 DM. A new fence was erected, the upper area of which was beveled, which made it difficult to climb over. TSV 1860 received a suspension for two home games. When rioting broke out again later, in December 1982 the district administration department imposed an alcohol ban in the Grünwalder stadium. When TSV 1860 qualified for the promotion round to the 2nd Bundesliga in 1984, they again moved to the Olympic Stadium for the two games against VfR Bürstadt and FC 08 Homburg due to the expected high level of audience interest . During the game against Homburg, a new attendance record for the amateur leagues was set up there with 38,000 spectators.
In the following years, the number of spectators in the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse was sometimes only in the three-digit range, but five-digit numbers were not uncommon either. The lions were always at the top of the audience table in the Bayernliga. Some teams in the Bayern League played actual home games against TSV 1860 in the stadium on Grünwalder Straße. Representatives of FC Wacker, SpVgg Unterhaching, TSV Großhadern , TSV Eching and SpVgg Starnberg were happy about the higher number of spectators and thus also the income, TSV 1860 was only a guest in the former stadium. From 1988 there was another home team, because SV Türk Gücü Munich played its games in the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse until 1992 after the Bayern league promotion. The amateurs of FC Bayern had to play in the Dante stadium during these four years. On November 5, 1989, after a few years, a second division game took place on Giesing's heights . SpVgg Unterhaching moved their home game against Schalke 04 to the stadium on Grünwalder Straße.
On the last day of the 1989/90 season, 1860 narrowly missed promotion to the second division with a 3: 3 against direct rivals 1. FC Schweinfurt 05 . Once again, the maximum number of spectators allowed was exceeded, over 32,000 spectators had followed the game in the stadium.
Return to professional football and abandoned expansion plans
Until 1991 only necessary repairs had been carried out on the stadium. In the mid-1980s, the word Städtisches Stadion was also placed on Grünwalder Strasse above the cash registers in the northeast. On the other hand, a section in the north of the east curve with standing room for 524 had to be closed because the stability of the concrete structure could no longer be guaranteed. A renovation plan was not carried out. After TSV 1860 was promoted to the 2nd Bundesliga in the summer of 1991, the strict safety requirements compared to the Bayernliga had to be met. For this purpose, the blocks in the stadium were redistributed; in the curves, the new blocks were also separated from each other by 2.20 meter high steel mesh fences. The new block division is broadly valid to this day.
TSV 1860 soon pushed for the renovation and expansion of the stadium, which is now only permitted for 29,766 spectators. However, after Bayern manager Uli Hoeneß first spoke of building a completely new stadium in the summer of 1991, the plans, which cost 2.4 million DM, were postponed. Only on the strengthening of the East Stand was further thought, but as the immediate reinstatement of the descent in the course of the season Sechzger looming, these plans were rejected. When in 1860, after only one year in the Bayern League, the plans became more concrete again. President Wildmoser had plans drawn up for a two-story grandstand in the east curve. In September 1993 the city council approved a grant of 2.66 million DM. The TSV 1860 wanted to raise the rest of the calculated six million DM building costs itself. For this purpose, the stadium was to be leased to the club under heritable building right free of rent. After the east curve, Wildmoser wanted to implement a new main grandstand and the roofing of the west curve step by step. The project, which cost up to DM 25 million, never even entered the planning phase.
When TSV 1860 was able to establish itself in the top third of the second division table during the season and the return to the Bundesliga was approaching, Wildmoser changed his mind on the stadium question. After their successful promotion, the Lions played four games in the Olympic Stadium in the 1994/95 Bundesliga season , but they all lost. Of the remaining 13 home games that were played in the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse, only two lost in 1860, which contributed significantly to staying up. Nevertheless, an extraordinary meeting of delegates of the TSV 1860 on May 30, 1995 agreed to Wildmoser's proposal to move permanently to the Olympic Stadium. On June 3, 1995, the game against 1. FC Kaiserslautern was the last Bundesliga game on Giesing's heights .
A year earlier, a new sport had been played in the stadium. Munich Thunder was an attempt to establish a professional American football team, unlike the Munich Cowboys . In the Central Conference of the Football League of Europe , the team was in first place at the end, but it failed afterwards in the championship semi-finals. After this one season, the club was dissolved again.
From the summer of 1995, however, the amateurs of FC Bayern did not have the stadium to themselves. The TSV 1860 amateur team also played there, and the A-Juniors of the two clubs since summer 1996. The district league club FC Phönix also played temporarily in the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse and in spring 2002, Türk SV München, which was formed from SV Türk Gücü, returned to Giesing for a few games. But also the first team of TSV 1860 came back to the stadium on Grünwalder Straße, in 1996 and 2002 they played three UI Cup games here.
On June 15, 1997, 5,000 people filled the back straight, but the event was not of a sporting nature. For the inauguration of the nearby Islamic cultural center in Martin-Luther-Straße, Munich's Muslims had gathered in the stadium.
In 2000, Manfred Schwabl , who had played for both FC Bayern and 1860 during his playing days, presented a rough concept for a new lion arena . The management of TSV 1860 rejected these plans and pushed for the construction of the Allianz Arena together with FC Bayern.
When TSV 1860 was relegated from the Bundesliga in 2004 and the move to the new Allianz Arena in the summer of 2005 had been decided for a long time, the Löwen returned to the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse for one last season. The stadium was adapted to the safety regulations of the 2nd Bundesliga for 800,000 euros. Since part of the west curve had been closed since 2002 due to dilapidation, the authorized capacity was only 21,272 spectators. As in the 1994/95 season, however, not all games were played in the Grünwalder Stadium. Six games took place in the Olympic Stadium, eleven league games and one cup game in the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse. On May 22, 2005, a second division game took place on Giesing's heights for the last time . TSV 1860 said goodbye to the stadium where they had spent most of their football history with a 3: 4 win against LR Ahlen .
The third stadium in Munich
Renewed thoughts of demolition
After the opening of the Allianz Arena , the stadium on Grünwalder Straße was only the third largest stadium in Munich. In contrast to the Olympic Stadium, football was still played here. In July 2006, the sports committee of the Munich City Council suggested the demolition of the stadium, referring to what it considered to be too high maintenance costs. Until the final end of game operations after the 2009/10 season, only the most necessary maintenance work should be carried out. Until then, new venues should be found for the youth teams of TSV 1860 and FC Bayern. In 2008, however, the city made funds available in the amount of approx. 800,000 euros to improve security and for minor structural changes so that the stadium could receive approval for the 3rd league , in which the second team of FC Bayern has played since 2008. As part of the renovation work in summer 2008, the permitted stadium capacity was reduced to 10,240 seats, 5,740 of which are seats.
Despite the planned demolition, many fans and residents supported the preservation of the stadium, and the two district committees concerned also spoke out in favor. In 1996, the Friends of the Sechz'ger Stadium e. V. (FDS), which has been committed to the continued existence of the stadium ever since. In 2002 the electoral group Sechzgerstadion wanted to take part in the local elections, but failed because of the admission restrictions because they did not receive the required 1,000 support signatures. The TraditionsSportVerein Weiss-Blau Sechzgerstadion e. V. , which was launched in 2003 and played in Munich's A-Class, campaigned for the stadium.
Especially supporters of the TSV 1860 campaigned for the preservation of the stadium. For the penultimate home game of the 2006/07 regional league season, they organized the X-Thousand campaign . The aim of the campaign was on the one hand to support the second team of the Munich Lions, but also wanted to set an example for the “preservation of this cult site”. Instead of the usual 500 to 1,000 spectators at that time, 7,003 spectators came to the game against SV Wehen in the Grünwalder Stadium. For the follow-up campaigns XX-Thousand and XXX-Thousand at the last home game of the 2007/08 and 2008/09 seasons, over 10,000 spectators came to Giesing's heights.
From 2008 to 2010, the professionals of TSV 1860 held a season preparation game against a well-known opponent in the Sechzgerstadion under the name "Giesinger Heimatabend " . In 2008 the Löwen won 1-0 against 1. FC Kaiserslautern , in 2009 RCD Mallorca was also defeated 1-0. In 2010 they played 1: 1 against the eventual German champions from Dortmund .
Refurbishment for the third division
In December 2009, the Munich City Council decided to renovate the stadium for a third division cost of 10.28 million euros. In addition to the second representatives of the two Munich clubs, the FC Bayern women's team should also play in the Grünwalder Stadium, which will hold 12,500 spectators. With its decision for the future, the city council ruled out first and second division games for men's teams. A feasibility study submitted by TSV 1860 for a reconstruction of the stadium suitable for the Bundesliga with a capacity of 30,000 spectators was rejected. Some of the fans of TSV 1860, however, continued to see the return to an expanded six-man stadium as the only possibility for the permanent continuation of professional football in the club.
In the summer of 2010, the grandstands in front of the west and east curves and the back straight were removed. The majority of the measures were carried out from spring 2012 to 2013, the stadium was closed to match operations during this period. The most expensive measure was the renovation of the masonry and concrete structures in the amount of EUR 2.88 million. The renovation of the playing field with the installation of underfloor heating was estimated at 2.2 million euros. 720,000 euros were planned for the renewal of the concrete steps in the east and west curve. Measures in the main stand, the toilet facilities and the technical equipment should each cost around 500,000 euros. The lighting power has been increased to 1,200 lux so that live broadcasts are possible again. The whole stadium should be designed to be handicapped accessible. The main stand was completely gutted . Inside, larger changing rooms and shower rooms as well as press and media rooms were created. A new stadium restaurant was built in the upper tier of the southern east curve and can also be used as a VIP room if required.
When the power supply to the escape light poles was switched off in March 2012, construction work began. The ongoing game operations were thereby restricted to the extent that no more evening games could take place. From April the east curve was torn down, the construction work on the inside of the stadium began one day after the last home game of the A-youth of the sixties on May 20th. The discovery of a dud from the Second World War that was located under the penalty area in front of the east curve caused a stir during the work .
Since the stadium could not be used during the main phase of the renovation, Bayern II and 1860 II played their games in the 2012/13 season mainly in the Munich suburbs of Heimstetten and Ismaning, respectively . On July 24, 2013, the first game after the renovation took place. In a game of the Regionalliga Bayern, which has existed since 2012, the champions of the pre-season 1860 Munich II defeated the Bavarian amateur champion FV Illertissen . The amateur derbies that have taken place in the Grünwalder Stadium since then have usually attracted over 10,000 spectators.
Since TSV 1860 Munich returned to the stadium on Grünwalder Straße with the crash in the fourth division, the situation of the stadium has changed again. In November 2017, the City Council's Sports Committee decided to expand the audience to 15,000. This means that the west stand will be fully usable again, have a contemporary appearance and meet safety requirements.
In mid-July 2018, the Munich SPD applied for a further expansion of the stadium to 18,600 seats. The maximum capacity of the venue should also be found out. The expansion of the stadium is anchored in the green-red coalition agreement that was passed after the 2020 local elections .
For the second half of the 2019/20 regional league season , Türkgücü Munich moved to the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse, and since then the FC Bayern women have been playing their games on the club's own campus in Freimann . However, due to the interruption of the season due to the COVID-19 pandemic , Türkgücü no longer played a regional league home game. After being promoted again, Türkgücü Munich will use the stadium on Grünwalder Straße and the Olympic Stadium for individual games in the 2020/21 season , with the Flyeralarm Arena in Würzburg serving as the main venue .
List of teams that have used the stadium for a long time
The teams that have used the stadium for more than a year are listed here. Even during the main usage time of these teams, however, several games were played in other stadiums or on sports fields, for example because the stadium was closed (1916–17, 1943–45, 2012–13), or games had to take place elsewhere for safety reasons. Teams that are still playing in the stadium on Grünwalder Strasse are highlighted in italics.
- 1860 Munich : 1911–72, 1973–95 (irregular change between Grünwalder Stadium and Olympic Stadium), 2004–05, since 2017
- Bayern Munich: 1922–25 (individual games), 1925–72
- Wacker Munich: 1925–43, 1947–48, 1970, 1972–73, then seven more games until 1986
- SpVgg Unterhaching: 1982–1983, eight more games until 1990
- Türk Gücü Munich: 1988–92, then individual games until 2002
- Bayern Munich Amateure / II: since 1975, from 1988 to 1994 only individual games
- 1860 Munich Amateurs / II: 1995–2017
- Bayern Munich A-Juniors: 1996–2011, with the exception of 2004/05, afterwards individual UEFA Youth League games
- 1860 Munich A-Juniors: 1996–2017, except 2004/05
- FC Bayern Munich women: several championship finals from 1979 to 1983, 2013–2019
List of country and selection games
| team | opponent | Result | date | occasion | spectator |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A national team | Switzerland | 2: 3 | December 12, 1926 | Friendly match | 35,000 |
| A national team | Finland | 6-0 | August 18, 1935 | Friendly match | 35,000 |
| A national team | Bulgaria | 7: 3 | October 20, 1940 | Friendly match | 35,000 |
| A national team | Combination FC Bayern / BC Augsburg | 3: 2 | January 3, 1962 | Friendly match | 20,000 |
| Amateur national team | Austria | 2-0 | June 8, 1952 | Friendly match | 35,000 |
| Amateur national team | Scotland | 4: 1 | May 21, 1956 | Friendly match | 22,000 |
| Amateur national team | Bulgaria | 3: 1 | 7th September 1971 | Friendly match | 4,000 |
| B national team | Austria | 4-0 | March 6, 1957 | Friendly match | 45,000 |
| B national team | Bavarian contract player selection | 2: 2 | October 21, 1961 | Friendly match | 15,000 |
| Olympic team | Selection of southern Bavaria | 3: 1 | January 6, 1928 | Friendly match | |
| Olympic team | Cowdenbeath FC | 4: 2 | May 6, 1928 | Friendly match | 27,000 |
| Selection of southern Germany | Central Germany | 3: 1 | March 28, 1926 | Fighting Game Cup, Quarter Finals | 25,000 |
| Selection of southern Germany | Northern Germany | 2: 2 | October 2, 1949 | Friendly match | 40,000 |
| Selection of southern Germany | Central Hungary | 3: 3 | November 2, 1960 | Friendly match | 58,000 |
| Selection Bavaria | Glasgow Rangers | 2: 1 | May 31, 1933 | Friendly match | 30,000 |
| Selection Bavaria | North Hesse | 6: 2 | July 16, 1933 | Adolf Hitler Cup , semifinals | 10,000 |
| Selection Bavaria | Berlin-Brandenburg | 6: 1 | August 6, 1933 | Adolf Hitler Cup, final | 30,000 |
| Selection Bavaria | Silesia | 4-0 | October 27, 1935 | Reichsbund Cup , round of 16 | 10,000 |
| Selection Bavaria | Saxony | 2: 1 a.d. | February 5, 1939 | Reichsbund Cup, semi-finals | 18,000 |
| Selection Bavaria | Württemberg | 3-0 | December 3, 1939 | Reichsbund Cup, round of 16 | 7,000 |
| Selection Bavaria | Ostmark | 2-0 | May 19, 1940 | Reichsbund Cup, semi-finals | 18,000 |
| Selection Bavaria | Lower Saxony | 6: 2 | January 22, 1950 | Country Cup , semi-finals | 30,000 |
| Amateur selection Bavaria | Lower Rhine | 8: 1 | March 7, 1953 | Country Cup, semi-finals | 10,000 |
| Amateur selection Bavaria | Lower Saxony | 1-0 | March 28, 1954 | Country Cup, semi-finals | 10,000 |
| Amateur selection Bavaria | North Baden | 1-0 | February 23, 1974 | Country cup, group game | 500 |
| Amateur selection Bavaria | Selection of the regional league of Upper Bavaria | 1: 1 | January 15, 1980 | Friendly match | 50 |
| Amateur selection Bavaria | TSV 1860 Munich | 1: 2 | April 22, 1980 | Friendly match | 350 |
The stadium as a film set
In addition to sports coverage, the stadium also found other channels on the television screen. As early as 1950 it was used as a location for the feature film Der Theodor im Fußballtor , in which the main actors Theo Lingen , Josef Meinrad and Hans Moser also played the players of TSV 1860. In 1972 Monty Python filmed their sketch football game of the philosophers for the second episode of Monty Python's flying circus in the stadium on Grünwalder Straße . During the Lions promotion round match against Freiburg FC on June 2, 1984, a scene from the film Zwei Nasen tanken Super was filmed. The stadium played an important role in the 1997 film Zum Dieben schön , as well as in the 2001 short film Important is on the square . The 1997 documentary film Local Derby - A City in Football Fever about the Munich City Derby also addressed the venue. Since then, the stadium has continued to serve as a backdrop, for example for the episode Sand in the Gear of the TV series Um Himmels Willen , the short film Abseits , for the episode Die Hölle am I in the ZDF Saturday crime thriller Munich Murder , some commercials on DSF and sky or recordings for the Playboy .
Connection
Due to the inner-city location, there are comparatively few parking spaces around the stadium. In the 1960s, with a large number of spectators, the companies Osram and Agfa made their company parking spaces available on match days, but this was far from being able to cover the necessary demand.
In return, the stadium now has very good connections to public transport . The tram lines 15 and 25 lead to the Grünwalder road past the stadium, which stops the Tegernsee road and Wettersteinplatz only a few meters away from the stadium. The U1 can be reached in a short time via the Candidplatz and Wettersteinplatz stops . In addition, the Silberhornstraße stop, a few minutes' walk away, provides access to the U2 . The MetroBus line 54 and the ExpressBus X30 stop at Candidplatz and Tegernseer Landstrasse.
literature
- Roman Beer: Place of worship on Grünwalder Strasse. The story of a stadium - expanded second edition. Die Werkstatt, Göttingen, 2011. Hardcover, 238 pages ISBN 978-3-89533-780-2
See also
Web links
- www.gruenwalder-stadion.de - Friends of the Sechz'ger Stadium e. V.
- 100 years of the Sechz'gerstadion - anniversary website
- Felix Müller: 100 years: Happy Birthday, Grünwalder. In: merkur-online.de , April 19, 2011, accessed on March 23, 2013
- Filippo Cataldo: Stadium in Giesing: "The Sechzger is Munich". In: Abendzeitung-muenchen.de , April 21, 2011, accessed on March 23, 2013
Individual evidence
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 197
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 156
- ↑ Eberhard Geiger Grünwalder Stadium will remain in place until at least 2018. In: merkur-online.de , July 22, 2009, accessed on July 4, 2011
- ↑ a b c Capacity and audience distribution on gruenwalder-stadion.com, accessed on August 18, 2013
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 176
- ^ OB Reiter: Work on the Grünwalder Stadium “on schedule”. In: muenchen.tv. dpa , January 26, 2018, accessed on July 10, 2018 .
- ↑ Friedbert Greif. Result report of the feasibility study Grünwalder Stadion . June 30, 2019. p. 4
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 23
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 26
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 25
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 30
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, pp. 32-38
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 45
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 44
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 39
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 53
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 57
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 60
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 62 f.
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 67
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 71
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 76
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 79
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 91
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 83
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 88
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 86
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 88 f.
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 94
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 96
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 95
- ^ Website of Aktion XXX-Tausend. ( Memento of the original from August 6, 2018 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved July 4, 2011
- ↑ Sechzger Stadium Postcard No. 03 - Publisher: Friends of the Sechzger Stadium e. V. - Text on the back: “In the regional league season 2009/10 a tradition was revived at the games of the second team of TSV 1860: For the first time in around three decades, the name of the respective opponent was shown on the scoreboard. The signs were financed by donations from the lion fans. The anonymous sign "guests" was only used in two games: the ghost game against Darmstadt 98 and the game against B. Alzenau. "
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 97
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 101
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 114
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 120
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 123 f.
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 127
- ↑ a b Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 129
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 134
- ↑ a b Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 140
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 143
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 144
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 149
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 151
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 155
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 150
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 156 f.
- ^ Christian Mayer: Schwabl's great vision. ( Memento from May 1, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) In: sueddeutsche.de , March 6, 2001, accessed on July 4, 2011
- ↑ Planned but never realized. ( Memento from November 28, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: hassbergloewen.de . Retrieved February 24, 2016
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 158 ff.
- ^ Defensive battle on Giesing's heights. In: merkur-online.de , October 29, 2007, accessed on July 4, 2011
- ↑ Unanimously adopted resolution of the district committee on the investment of € 800,000. In: ba18.de , accessed on July 4, 2011 (PDF; 28 kB)
- ^ Website of the Friends of the Sechz'ger Stadions eV. Accessed on July 4, 2011
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 172 f
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 176, p. 190
- ↑ Willi Bock, Oliver Griss: The reconstruction of the Grünwalder is perfect. In: Abendzeitung-muenchen.de , December 2, 2009, accessed on August 13, 2013
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, pp. 180-188
- ^ Website Westkurve60 . ( Memento of the original from May 31, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved August 18, 2013
- ↑ Ralf Tögel: End of the Ice Age in the Süddeutsche Zeitung of March 9, 2011
- ^ Draft plans for the GWS conversion. In: gruenwalder.stadion.com . Retrieved August 18, 2013
- ↑ World War Bomb discovered in Munich stadium. In: spiegel.de , accessed on May 25, 2012
- ↑ Grünwalder Stadium is expanded - to 15,000 seats. In: sz.de , November 29, 2017, accessed on December 2, 2017
- ↑ How big can the Grünwalder Stadium get? In: stadionwelt.de. July 10, 2018, accessed July 10, 2018 .
- ↑ More fans in the “home of the lions” - Grünwalder Stadium: SPD applies for an extension to 18,600 spectators. In: tz.de. tz , July 10, 2018, accessed on July 10, 2018 .
- ^ T. Anlauf, H. Effern, S. Hermanski, E. Kel, C. Rost, R. Tögel and J. Wetzel: What the new town hall coalition promises in its contract . In: sueddeutsche.de . April 27, 2020, accessed April 29, 2020 .
- ^ Süddeutsche Zeitung: Munich: The city's soccer stadiums. Retrieved May 6, 2020 .
- ↑ jb: For athletic qualifications: All applicants receive admission. In: fussball.de. June 29, 2020, accessed June 29, 2020 .
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 87
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 157
- ↑ Beer: place of worship. 2011, p. 98
