Hurricane Quimburga

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Quimburga
storm hurricane
General weather situation West facing
Data
Emergence November 11, 1972
Climax November 13, 1972
resolution November 14, 1972
Top gust 245 km / h ( Brocken)
Lowest air pressure <953 hPa
consequences
affected areas United Kingdom , Belgium , Netherlands , Germany
Damage amount 10 billion USD economically

EUR 2.8 billion insured damage in Germany

Quimburga is the name of a hurricane low that hit Central and Western Europe on November 13, 1972 , causing severe damage in England, Belgium, the Netherlands and northern Germany, killing at least 73 people; 22 people were killed in the clearing work in the forests in Lower Saxony alone. Because of the enormous damage and the numerous deaths that this hurricane left in Lower Saxony , the event was also known as the Lower Saxony Orcan. Overall, the hurricane caused property damage in Germany of DM 1.34 billion at the time (2.18 billion euros in today's purchasing power).

Preliminary remark

The cyclone quimburga from November 13, 1972 took place at a time when the modern information technology in both the methodology of the water level and the weather forecast was still in its infancy. There have been weather satellites for more than a decade , but their data was not fed into computer simulations for weather calculation , but black and white satellite images were shown in the weather forecast of the news broadcasts, which were interpreted by the presenter on the basis of visual appearance. The agencies responsible for weather forecasting worked on a national level; there was only a rudimentary international network. Sudden worsening weather could sometimes only be recognized when it was already too late for a sustained warning to the population. This should play a special role in the effects of Hurricane Quimburga.

Analog technologies in the form of telephone, teletype and radio were available as means of communication . Notices, daily newspapers, air raid sirens and loudspeaker trucks from the police and fire brigade served as a link between the authorities and the population . Television and radio did not yet have any "breaking news", apart from the news programs such as "Tagesschau" and "Heute", there were only live broadcasts at sporting events and NASA rocket launches, interruptions to current programs due to warning messages were not possible for organizational reasons. The current programs were often taken over by other German broadcasters and were very difficult to change or interrupt. The fact that in the 1960s and 1970s the power supply in the settlement areas, both in the countryside and in the cities, was via overhead lines also repeatedly proved to be problematic. The same applied to telephone and telegraph connections. These overhead lines were often badly damaged by lightning strikes and storms, which led to widespread, long-lasting power outages and the failure of all telecommunications. Under such conditions, the rural population could only be warned by loudspeaker vans from the police and fire brigade or by officers going from house to house.

Development of the weather situation

The genesis of the hurricane Quimburga started on 10 and 11 November 1972 at the space Newfoundland . From a high above Labrador , very cold polar air was led south on the American continent, while a high pressure area near the Azores led warm subtropical air north. In the area where these air masses meet, an extremely sharp temperature gradient of 45 K developed between the 10 ° warm subtropical air and the −35 ° cold polar air at an altitude of 1500 meters . Under these conditions, a partial low split off on November 11, 1972 around 700 km east of Newfoundland to around 44 ° north and 41 ° west of a hurricane low near Newfoundland, which, following the control of the Azores high, deepened with a displacement speed of around 70 km / h across the North Atlantic to Southern Ireland and further east to England. In the night of November 13, 1972, the low with a core pressure of 975 hectopascals lay over England and reached the North Sea at around 01:00. From here it moved under further deepening across the southern North Sea to southern Schleswig-Holstein, where a core pressure of 953 hectopascals was reached in the Brunsbüttel area and reached the Baltic States in the evening hours before it settled in the area east of St Petersburg dissolved.

On the back of the low, a very sharp air pressure gradient formed due to a wedge of the Azores high that swung rapidly with reinforcement, which led to extreme wind speeds and made it possible for extremely unstable polar cold air to advance south over the North Sea. The storm field of the hurricane low reached the western North Sea at around 1 a.m. on November 13, 1972 after it had first crossed Great Britain in the night hours and caused severe damage there. In Antwerp, wind speeds of 140 km / h were already measured in the early morning hours.

In the morning hours, northern Germany was also hit by the storm field. The first hurricane gusts were registered in the western Weser-Ems area from around 8:00 a.m., and the hurricane reached Bremen at around 9:15 a.m. The extraordinarily high wind speeds over the mainland were remarkable. The hurricane gusts reached 120 to 155 km / h in the lowlands, in Celle more than 167 km / h were measured. A peak gust of almost 245 km / h was registered on the Brocken in the Upper Harz Mountains. In some cases, the measuring ranges of the wind gauges that were still common at the time were exceeded, so that the speeds of the peak gusts could only be estimated.

Due to the very far south of the low pressure area and the short duration of the storm, there was no severe storm surge on the German North Sea coast. Nevertheless, the extreme wind speeds led to a complete failure of the low tidal water and significantly increased water levels at the coastal gauges.

Damage

Destroyed farmhouse in Ruinerwold in the Dutch province of Drenthe
Timeline
  07:00 h The hurricane low lies at the western entrance of the German Bight north of Schiermonnikoog , the associated storm field crosses the Dutch province of North Holland .
  07:10 h First severe weather warning from the Bremen Weather Office: southwest 6–8 Bft in gusts 8–10 Bft, occasionally up to wind force 12.
  08:00 h Stricter severe weather warning from the Bremen weather office. Sturmfeld reaches western East Frisia and moves eastwards at a speed of 70 km / h.
  08:15 h Disaster pre-alarm in Delmenhorst
  08:30 h A disaster alarm is triggered in the Vechta district. Storm field of the hurricane reaches the district of Cloppenburg. First major incidents with fatalities.
  09:00 h All federal roads in the district of Cloppenburg are impassable due to fallen trees. The tower of the St. Peter Church in Oldenburg (Oldb.) Collapses.
  09:15 h In Bremen, a disaster alarm is triggered for the entire city area including Bremerhaven. The storm field of the hurricane reached the Hanseatic city almost at the same time.
  09:40 a.m. The warehouse of the Asbestos company in Nordenham is badly damaged and 60,000 tons of asbestos ore are exposed.
  10:30 h Hauptsturmfeld passed Bremen and the Weser-Ems area.
  11:18 h In Hamburg, the fire brigade declared a state of emergency after the storm field of the hurricane reached the Hanseatic city.
  12:00 h The core of the hurricane low lies over the western Baltic Sea in the Bornholm area

The hurricane not only caused severe damage to buildings, the transport infrastructure, supply systems and forests, but also claimed a total of at least 73 lives. Numerous historical buildings were badly damaged or destroyed. Serious damage was caused to churches and windmills in particular. Flat roofs that were torn away as a whole at wind speeds of around 200 km / h proved to be particularly at risk.

The regions of Lower Saxony and Bremen were particularly hard hit. Here alone 21 people were killed, 16 in the GDR and 7 in Belgium. In Hamburg around 150 people were injured, some seriously. The hurricane also caused severe damage in the Netherlands; eight people died here when the storm field of the hurricane crossed the Netherlands in the morning hours. In the port of Rotterdam, loading cranes were overturned and destroyed by the wind pressure.

Almost all important traffic connections were interrupted for hours, sometimes for days. The destruction of countless power lines resulted in power outages that lasted for days; so the town of Klein Henstedt was cut off from the power supply five days after the hurricane. There were also some significant bottlenecks in the drinking water supply.

In Lower Saxony about 10 percent of the entire forest was destroyed; On the total of 954,244 hectares of forest in Lower Saxony, around 50 million trees were knocked over over 100,000 hectares. This results in an amount of wood of around 16-17 million cubic meters . The total damage is estimated at over 1 billion DM. Large areas of roofs were covered in all affected areas, massive walls were dented, chimneys collapsed and large areas of window panes were destroyed. In Berlin alone, wind pressure destroyed over 600 shop windows.

In his report “Winter Storms in Europe - History from 1703 to 2012”, Aon Benfield assumes an insured loss in Germany of 2.5 billion euros.

Spectacular claims

Damaged Christophorus Church in Berlin-Friedrichshagen after the hurricane on November 13, 1972

Very severe devastation took place in the Upper Harz , where large areas of forest were uprooted and the clearing and reforestation work continued until the 1980s.

In Nordenham , the hurricane led to an environmental disaster after the roof of a warehouse in which around 60,000 tons of asbestos granulate was stored was destroyed over a length of 150 m within a short time and the outer wall was completely dented by wind pressure. Large amounts of asbestos dust were released into the atmosphere in large clouds by the hurricane. Only by moistening the ore by the Nordenham volunteer fire brigade could the entire stock be prevented from being whirled away by the hurricane and carried towards Bremerhaven. The 560 ton loading ramp of the asbestos plant was set in motion by the wind pressure and pushed along the pier over a distance of 80 meters before the substructure of the plant derailed and buckled.

In Oldenburg , wind pressure caused the tower of St. Peter's Church to collapse; in Berlin-Friedrichshagen the tower of the Christophoruskirche was so badly damaged that it had to be demolished. A woman was killed by the falling rubble of the gable. The 243 meter high central tower of the Königs-Wusterhausen transmitter near Berlin overturned due to the wind pressure. An air dome next to the construction site of the Berlin State Library , which housed the volumes of the collection that had already been returned, was badly damaged. The massive wall of the historic Catholic cemetery in Coevorden was also brought down by the strong wind pressure. In Lower Saxony, some massive buildings were completely destroyed.

In the museum village of Cloppenburg , the main building of the Wehlburg, which is currently under construction, was totally destroyed by the hurricane. In Delmenhorst , two 10 meter high windows were completely destroyed on a church; 30 percent of the roofs of houses in the city were partly badly damaged.

In Wildeshausen , where 90 percent of the buildings in the entire city area, including the historic Alexander Church and the medieval town hall with its Gothic stepped gable, were severely damaged, the 32-meter-high chimney of a distillery collapsed.

In Bremen, the hurricane gusts tore the concrete roof of the Columbus hotel at the main train station from its anchoring and caused it to fall onto the forecourt. The concrete rubble hit a stop of the Bremen tram and a bus stopping there, killing two people and injuring four, some seriously. The Bürgerpark and the city forest were completely devastated. Over 1000 trees fell victim to the storm here.

In Bochum, the hurricane damaged the observatory there so badly that it had to be taken out of service; this put important research projects in danger of failing. In Hamburg-Harburg, the massive roof of a high-rise was covered. The debris flew 80 m.

In Idafehn , the hurricane started the braked blades of the Dutch windmill there . They could no longer be stopped and caused the main shaft to overheat . The mill was completely destroyed by the fire that this triggered. In Trebbus , the blades of the post mill there were also set in motion; however, the fire brigade managed to bring the fire under control in good time.

Consequences for shipping

Three ships sank on the Lower Elbe, four seamen were killed in the sinking of the coaster Christina near Brunsbüttel and the inland tanker Stadt Glückstadt in Hamburg, despite rescue measures being taken immediately. In Castricum (NL), the Chinese freighter ran aground Wan Chun after the anchor chain of the ship lying at anchor were broken. All crew members could be rescued, the ship was later scrapped on site. The nine-person crew of the Danish motor ship Metric had to be taken off board by helicopter after the ship was stranded off Texel.

The hurricane also caused massive problems in the ports as numerous ships broke loose. A floating crane lying on the Bremer Hohentorshafen broke loose due to the enormous wind pressure, drifted up the Weser and collided with the sailing training ship Deutschland, which was then in Bremer Neustadt, and the bridge on the Bremen – Oldenburg railway line behind it . In the port of Emden , two car transporters broke loose from their berths, drifted through the harbor basin and blocked the entrance to the seaport.

The hurricane had serious consequences even on smaller inland rivers. Shipping operations on the Ems, Weser and Elbe had to be stopped because the wind pressure threatened to push moving ships onto the embankments. On the eastern sections of the Mittelland Canal, the wind pressure caused the water level in the canal to rise from west to east to such an extent that it fell below the clearance height required for shipping.

Consequential damage

During the clean-up work, 22 people were killed in serious accidents in the mostly live logs in the wind breaks. Overall, the clean-up work resulted in more than 700 accidents, some of which were seriously injured.

The clearing up work in the forests lasted for several years. In the extremely dry summer of 1975 there were still large amounts of dead wood in the forests. When the area was cleared, these had been pushed together to form walls with heavy equipment and caught fire in many areas in August 1975. During the fire on the Lüneburg Heath, these kilometer-long dead wood walls acted as fuses that could not be extinguished.

Crisis management

The Quimburga hurricane hit northern Germany largely unprepared; With the methods of weather forecasting available at the time, a longer-term warning was not possible. In this respect, the public completely underestimated the damage potential of the approaching storm field.

It was only in the morning hours of November 13, 1972 that it became clear that a hurricane low with particularly high wind speeds was approaching northern Germany. Only the day before had been warned of a usual autumn storm. At 7:10 a.m. the weather department in Bremen issued a severe weather warning in which it was warned of the approaching hurricane with gusts of up to wind force 12. Around 8 a.m. on the morning of November 13, 1972, the Bremerhaven fire brigade received a further tightened storm warning from the Maritime Weather Office. At this point in time, the core of the low pressure area was already just northwest of Borkum and was moving eastwards at a speed of around 70 km / h. Due to the warning from the Maritime Weather Office, a disaster pre-alarm was triggered in the city of Delmenhorst at 8:15 am and a disaster alarm at 9:20 am; the district of Vechta triggered a disaster alarm at 8:30 a.m. At 8:50 a.m., the Bremen Senate was informed of the looming dangerous situation and the population was warned via Radio Bremen every quarter of an hour. Due to the foreseeable catastrophic development, in the district of Cloppenburg to the west of Bremen, all important national road connections were interrupted around 9:00 a.m. and the first major damage cases had occurred since 8:30 a.m., the Bremen authorities under Interior Senator Fröhlich had no choice but to 9:00: 3 p.m. to trigger a disaster alarm for the entire Bremen city area. A few minutes later, at around 9:30 a.m., the storm field of the hurricane reached the Hanseatic city, the highest wind speeds were measured between 9:30 a.m. and 10:30 a.m., they were on average at wind force 11, the extraordinarily strong gusts well above.

At the time when the storm field crossed the affected regions, however, countless people were in the open or in their vehicles and were defenseless at the mercy of the swirling rubble and falling trees. In Hanover, where numerous people were killed by the Augustorkan in 1956, the entire city center was temporarily closed to all traffic. Elsewhere, the population was made aware of the impending danger by air raid sirens.

Disaster alert set thousands of military and civil aid workers in motion in a very short time; the missions lasted days, sometimes weeks. Fire brigades from regions that were less or not at all affected were also deployed in the most severely affected areas: the Hamburg fire brigade provided assistance in the Harz with eight vehicles and 200 emergency services.

Due to the catastrophic weather situations, crisis teams met in the district administrations in the early hours of the morning to centrally coordinate the deployment of the rescue and rescue forces. Despite a large number of rescue and auxiliary workers and the use of heavy equipment, it took up to a week until all traffic routes and all supply lines - including not only electricity, but also the drinking water supply - were fully functional.

Commemoration

Memorial stone on the Lüßberg near Unterlüß site

In the entrance area of ​​the Koninklijk Nederlands Meteorologische Instituut (KNMI) in De Bilt , the historical weather map of the hurricane weather from November 13, 1972 is on public display.

In Wildeshausen is located in the State Forests Harpstedt a memorial stone to the disaster and its consequences for the forests in the area of Wilde Geest recalls. A boulder was set up in the area of ​​the Huntlosen district forester . It is reminiscent of the hurricane, the 406 hectares of forest that were destroyed there, and the afforestation that took place between 1974 and 1982.

Another memorial stone was erected on the Lüßberg (130 m above sea ​​level ), which is located in the Lüßwald near Unterlüß . The Lüßwald is part of one of the largest contiguous forest areas in Germany and is located in the Südheide . The inscription reads:

“On November 13, 1972, a severe hurricane wreaked havoc in northern Germany. Within two hours, 17 million cubic meters of wood fell victim to the storm. In the area of ​​the Lüß Forestry Office alone, the amount of storm wood was 320,000 cubic meters, which was 15 times the normal annual logging. The area to be replanted comprised 1,700 hectares. This stone was plowed out of the ground during the recultivation of storm areas in Wendsloh - Section 53. It reminds of the natural disaster, but also of the work and diligence of everyone who removed this damage. "

consequences

In the aftermath of the Quimburga hurricane, there was a rethink in forestry. It had been shown that in the particularly badly affected areas in the area of ​​the former Free State of Oldenburg and in the Lüneburg Heath, the pine monocultures that arose as part of the reforestation measures of the 19th century were particularly susceptible to large-scale wind breaks. Old forests, such as the Bentheimer Wald , the Hasbruch and the Neuenburger Urwald on the Frisian Wehde , which were characterized by mixed deciduous forests, survived the hurricane almost unscathed. The afforestation in the area of ​​the former pine monocultures took place in the form of a forest conversion, with the aim of developing mixed deciduous forests. For this purpose, the government program LÖWE ( "Long-term ecological forest development" ) was launched by the Lower Saxony state government .

Federal aid was made available to the private forest companies that were threatened in their existence - a large part of the thrown wood produced could only be used for chipboard production. In order to keep the prices for wood stable, the logging in the Federal Republic was reduced by 70%. The state of Lower Saxony provided a processing subsidy of 40 million DM for clearing the destroyed forest areas; In addition, additional forest workers from Yugoslavia, Austria and Switzerland were recruited as guest workers. In order to keep the price of wood stable, numerous wood storage areas with sprinkler systems were created in the forests, which made it possible to store logs for longer. A high demand for wood on the world market, caused by a building boom in the USA and Canada, ensured that there was no collapse in the price of wood.

However, the high accumulation of waste wood turned out to be a serious problem in the subsequent period. As part of the clearing of the forest areas devastated by the storm, worthless head and root wood was pushed together to form walls, some of which were kilometers long. In the extremely dry summer of 1975, these walls, made of dry waste wood, were one of the main reasons why there were large-scale forest fires in the Lüneburg Heath .

In Lower Saxony, the experiences with the storm led to the government program LÖWE (Long-Term Ecological Forest Development), which was adopted in 1991 and which includes ecological conversion through natural management of the forests. Since its introduction in 1991 until today (2012) the proportion of mixed forests with high proportions of beech has almost doubled from 31% to 56%. The Lower Saxony State Forests enrich the forests with dead wood and habitat trees by refraining from using the wood.

See also

literature

  • Walter Kremser (Ed.): Documentation of the storm catastrophe of November 13, 1972 . Published by the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry.
    • Part 1: Walter Kremser: Presentation of the damaging event ; Part 2: H.-U. Arnold: The processing of storm wood . From the forest (issue 27). Schaper, Hannover 1977, 409 pp.
    • Part 3: Eberhard Boehm et al .: Utilization of storm wood . From the forest (issue 32). Schaper, Hannover 1980, 179 pp.
    • Part 4: Klaus Bode et al .: Forest renewal in storm-damaged forests . From the forest (issue 30). Schaper, Hannover 1979, 492 (XVII) p.
    • Part 5: Wolfgang Altenkirch et al .: Forest protection against biotic damage . From the forest (issue 31). Schaper, Hannover 1979, 196 pp.

Web links

Commons : Hurricane Quimburga  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Winter storms in Europe. History from 1703 to 2012. (PDF) Aon Benfield, January 2013, pp. 18–19 , accessed on March 11, 2014 .
  2. ↑ a b Deadly hurricane "Quimburga": 40 years later . Article on a special page of the NDR on the 40th anniversary of the hurricane.Retrieved on November 13, 2012.
  3. ↑ This figure was based on the template: Inflation was determined, has been rounded to a full 10 million and relates to January 2020.
  4. ^ H. ten Kate & B .: De Storm van November 13, 1972 (PDF; 1.7 MB) In: Koninklijke Nederlands Meteorologische Instituut. Verslagen V 248 (Dutch). Retrieved April 2, 2012.
  5. ^ Storm 1972 ( Memento of May 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ). Report on the website of the Tuitjenhorn weather station (Dutch). Retrieved April 2, 2012.
  6. ↑ Klimaat vanaf de 20e eeuw . Website of the Koninklijk Meteorologische Instituut van België (Dutch). Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  7. ↑ Hurricane destroyed the tower of St. Feter. No Oldenburger was killed . In: Nordwestzeitung, No. 266 of November 14, 1972. Oldenburg.
  8. ↑ The storm of November 13, 1972 November 13, 1972: 06:00 GMT. Website of the Dutch weather service KNMI. Accessed on March 8, 2014 (English) ( Memento of the original March 8, 2014 Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link is automatically inserted and not yet tested. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.knmi.nl
  9. ^ Weather map of the German Weather Service from November 13, 1972, 12:00 noon CET. Published on the website of the Dutch weather service KNMI. Retrieved March 8, 2014 ( Memento March 8, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  10. ^ "Hurricane unmasked botched construction" . In: Delmenhorster Kreisblatt. No. 272 ​​of November 21, 1972. Delmenhorst
  11. ↑ Hamburger Abendblatt No. 267 of November 14, 1972: p. 1
  12. ↑ Hamburger Abendblatt No. 266 of November 14, 1972: p. 3
  13. ^ Video from the Nederlands Instituut voor Beeld en Geluid on youtube (in Dutch). Retrieved March 8, 2014.
  14. ↑ “This village is an emergency area. There are even more places without electricity ” In: Delmenhorster Kreisblatt No. 270 of November 18, 1972. Delmenhorst.
  15. ↑ Hamburger Abendblatt No. 266 of November 14, 1972: p. 24
  16. ↑ Winter storms in Europe. History from 1703 to 2012. (PDF) Aon Benfield, January 2013, pp. 18–19 , accessed on March 11, 2014 .
  17. ↑ Hurricane gusts tipped 560 heavy fire extinguishing bridge on its side and covered the warehouse. In: Nordwestzeitung No. 266 of November 14, 1972. Oldenburg (Oldb.)
  18. ↑ Hurricane-like storms caused a catastrophe in Asbestos . In: Kreiszeitung Wesermarsch. No. 269 of November 14, 1972. Brake (Unterweser).
  19. ↑ In the eye of the hurricane - Quimburga 1972 . Article by Marcel Piethe on http://www.maulbeerblatt.com./ Retrieved on April 2, 2012.
  20. ↑ Storm with speeds of up to 200 km / h. So far 54 dead from hurricane in Western Europe . In: Oldenburgische Volkszeitung. No. 266 of November 14, 1972. Vechta.
  21. ↑ The chaos came in the morning: the heaviest hurricane caused millions in damage to the city . Delmenhorster Kreisblatt. No. 266 of November 14, 1972. Delmenhorst.
  22. ↑ Four people killed by storm. Roads and federal railway lines closed - entire forests were shaved off . In: Oldenburgische Volkszeitung. No. 266 of November 14, 1972. Vechta.
  23. ^ Hurricane over Bremen: four fatalities . In: Bremer Nachrichten, No. 269 of November 14, 1972
  24. ↑ Aerial of the Bochum observatory and important facilities destroyed . In: Bremer Nachrichten, No. 269 of November 14, 1972
  25. ↑ Hurricane reached speeds of up to 200 kilometers per hour . In: Bremer Nachrichten, No. 269 of November 14, 1972
  26. ↑ Möhlenkring Idafehn: History . Contribution to the history of the Idafehn windmill at http://www.idafehn.de./ Retrieved on April 2, 2012.
  27. ↑ Trebbus post mill . Contribution to the fire of the Trebbus post mill during the hurricane 1972 on http://www.reiseland-brandenburg.de./ Retrieved on April 2, 2012.
  28. ↑ Storm 1972 ( Memento of the original from May 21, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . Report on the website of the Tuitjenhorn weather station (Dutch). Retrieved April 2, 2012. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.meteotuitjenhorn.nl
  29. ↑ 54 Dead as Gale Winds Rake Europe, British Isles . " The Milwaukee Sentinel. November 14, 1972. Retrieved April 3, 2012.
  30. ^ Hurricane over Bremen: four dead. In: Bremer Nachrichten No. 266 of November 14, 1972. Bremen.
  31. ^ Hurricane devastated north-west Germany. 23 dead in Lower Saxony and Bremen - disaster alert. In: Nordwest-Zeitung. No. 266 of November 14, 1972. Oldenburg.
  32. ↑ Hannover badly hit: millions of dollars in damage within a few hours - alarm messages rolled over . In: Hannoversche Allgemeine Zeitung. No. 266 of November 14, 1972.
  33. ↑ The chaos came in the morning: the heaviest hurricane caused millions in damage to the city . In: Delmenhorster Kreisblatt No. 266 of November 14, 1972. Delmenhorst.
  34. ↑ Four people killed by storm In: Oldenburgische Volkszeitung. No. 266 of November 14, 1972. Vechta.
  35. ↑ A. Cappel: The Lower Saxony hurricane of November 13, 1972, a secular climatological event. In: Reports of the German Weather Service, No. 135, Volume 17: pp. 35–72. Offenbach a. M. 1975
  36. ↑ Hurricane claimed three dead in the district of "Quimburga" destroyed large forest areas on November 13, 1972 Website of the Nordwestzeitung (Oldenburg), accessed on March 2, 2014.
  37. ↑ Hurricane raged over Western Europe - four people died in Bremen alone: ​​death and devastation . In: Bremer Nachrichten, No. 269 of November 14, 1972
  38. ↑ 1972 - A wild hurricane with wind force 13 left its mark through the seaside town of Bremerhaven - Historical fire operations of the Bremerhaven fire department Website of the Bremerhaven fire department. Retrieved April 2, 2012.
  39. ↑ ORKAN: Thick dog . In: Der Spiegel . No. 48 , 1972 ( online - Nov. 21, 1972 ).
  40. ↑ Hahnenklee-Bockswiese volunteer fire department: Chronicle ( memento from June 16, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Website of the Hahnenklee-Bockwiese volunteer fire department. Retrieved April 4, 2012
  41. ^ Voluntary fire brigade Verden (Aller) - History ( Memento from February 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Retrieved on April 2, 2012.
  42. ↑ The history of the Groß Ippener volunteer fire brigade ( memento from September 25, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Website of the Groß Ippener community, accessed on April 4, 2011
  43. ^ Lower Saxony Forestry Office Unterlüß: We about us ( Memento from March 3, 2014 in the Internet Archive ). Website of the Lower Saxony State Forests. Retrieved April 2, 2012.
  44. ↑ Nds. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (2012): 40 years after hurricane "Quimburga" . Hanover.
  45. ↑ Wind force 16 forces a rethink. 30 years ago: Mega hurricane devastated forests - Since then, more natural silviculture - In: Rotenburger Rundschau from November 19, 2002 . Retrieved April 2, 2012.
  46. ↑ STORM DAMAGE: Danger from the beetle - In: Der SPIEGEL. H.1 / 1973 Retrieved April 4, 2012.
  47. ↑ America dictates the price - In: Die ZEIT of May 11, 1973 . Retrieved April 4, 2012.
  48. ↑ Press release 40 years after hurricane "Quimburga" from November 9, 2012 by the Lower Saxony Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Consumer Protection and State Development