Athens Olympic Stadium

This article describes the Athens Olympic Games stadium in 2004. For the stadium used in the 1896 Games, see Panathinaiko Stadium .

Central Olympic Stadium, Athens
Athens Olympic Stadium "Spyros Louis" OAKA Stadium
North side of the Olympic Stadium
Data
place	Marousi , Attica , Greece
Coordinates	38 ° 2 '9.9 "  N , 23 ° 47' 15.5"  E Coordinates: 38 ° 2 '9.9 "  N , 23 ° 47' 15.5"  E
classification	4th
owner	State of Greece
operator	OAKA AE
start of building	1980
opening	1982
Renovations	2002-2004
surface	Natural grass
costs	50 million DM , 156 million € (renovation)
architect	Weidleplan , Santiago Calatrava (renovation)
capacity	69,618 seats
playing area	105 m × 68 m
Societies)
AEK Athens
Events
European Athletics Championships 1982 Greek Football Cup finals (annually with interruptions) 1983 UEFA European Champion Clubs' Cup final World Junior Athletics Championships 1986 1987 UEFA European Cup Winners' Cup final 1994 UEFA Champions League Final World Athletics Championships 1997 2004 Summer Olympics 2004 Summer Paralympics 2007 UEFA Champions League Final AEK Athens football matches (1985–1987 and 2004 – today) Football games of Panathinaikos Athens (1984–2002 and 2004–2013) Olympiacos football games (1984–1989 and 1997–2002) Football matches of the Greek national team Concerts

The Central Olympic Stadium in Athens ( Greek Κεντρικό Ολυμπιακό Στάδιο Kendriko Olymbiako Stadio , often referred to as the Athens Olympic Stadium , after the namesake of the building complex also the Spyros Louis Olympic Stadium ) is a sports facility in the Athens Olympic Sports Complex (Athens OAKAros Louis ) . It was the capital of the 2004 Summer Olympics . The multifunctional stadium is mostly used for soccer games. The sports facility's namesake, Spyridon "Spyros" Louis , was the first marathon winner of the Modern Olympic Games and lived in Marousi , where the arena is located , until his death .

Opened in 1982, the stadium has already been used as the home stadium by three football clubs: Olympiacos Piraeus and the Athens clubs AEK and Panathinaikos . Only AEK Athens still uses the stadium for its home games today. The arena also hosted the UEFA Champions League finals and other major sporting events. Concerts are also often held in the Olympic Stadium.

From 2002 to 2004 the stadium was extensively renovated for the Olympic Games under the direction of Santiago Calatrava , with a roof being added to the arena. After minor changes as a result of the Olympic Games, the arena can now accommodate 69,618 guests, making it the largest stadium in Greece and one of the largest in the world .

Location and transport links

The arena is located in the Athens suburb of Marousi. The official address is 37, Leoforos Kifisias (Λεωφόρος Κηφισίας 'Kifisias-Boulevard' 37), the entrance is on Leoforos Olymbioniki Spyro Loui, the cross street leading south to the stadium. The stadium is part of the Athens Olympic Sports Complex, which is located nine kilometers northeast of the city center and 22 kilometers from Athens Airport . The site is located on the southeastern edge of the sports complex and can also be reached by motor vehicle.

The stadium can be reached from the Irini (Ειρήνη) stop , which is located in the immediate vicinity of the Olympic sports complex, on line 1 (ISAP, ΗΣΑΠ) of the metro . From there, a ten-minute walk across the sports complex to the arena is required. About the same distance is the Neratziotissa station (Νεραντζιώτισσα), where you can also change to the Proastiakos S-Bahn . Also operate buses a stop near the Olympic Stadium.

history

Emergence

Stadium plan

The Olympic Stadium was designed as part of the Olympic Sports Complex in 1979 by the German company Weidleplan . The 1996 Summer Olympics were originally supposed to take place in the arena , because the first modern Olympic Games 100 years earlier were also held in Athens. Contrary to these expectations, however, the competitor city of Atlanta was awarded the contract by the International Olympic Committee .

The groundbreaking for the construction of the stadium, which cost 50 million German marks, took place on January 7, 1980. Construction was completed in 1982, as the arena had to be finished in time for the 1982 European Athletics Championships . The stadium could be built with the then new type of prefabrication method: The four pillars, each weighing 600 tons and supported by a frame, were completed using this procedure. The pillars attached outside the structure, keeping the floodlights 62 meters high, became the stadium's most noticeable feature.

The site was named after the first marathon winner in modern 1896 Olympic Games, Spyridon Louis . He lived in the area where the stadium is located until his death in 1940.

The stadium is classified in the highest category by the European football association UEFA ( category 4 or elite stadium until 2010 ). The oval-shaped gaming facility can be entered through 34 entrance gates. The entrance gates with odd numbers lead to the lower places and those with even numbers to the upper ones. However, the structure has no entrance gates with the numbers 18 and 36, as the stadium display is located there. In addition, the site offers 16  VIP boxes. The structure has a playing area of ​​105 by 68 meters of lawn, which is surrounded by a 400-meter running track.

The original stadium

On September 8, 1982, the European Athletics Championships were opened in the stadium, which has now been completed. The decathlon attracted attention , in which three athletes, who had replaced each other in the world record list in 1982, competed against each other: Guido Kratschmer , Daley Thompson and Jürgen Hingsen . Thompson emerged victorious from this. In addition, 23 other disciplines were held for men, while women competed against each other in a total of 17 disciplines. Most gold medals were won by the GDR , followed by the Federal Republic of Germany and the Soviet Union . In the overall medal table, however, the Soviet Union was ahead of the Federal Republic.

In the same year, with 75,263 people in the game Olympiacos against Hamburger SV, the sports facility's record number of spectators was achieved. Piraeus, dodged by Karaiskakis Stadium , lost 4-0 in the European Cup match. In the same season, on 25 May 1983, was the in the arena European Cup of the national champion-final , the highest club competition in European football discharged, with Juventus said again playing in the Olympic Stadium club Hamburger SV with a goal by Felix Magath with 0: 1 lost. In 1984, Panathinaikos Athens took over the Olympic Stadium as their home ground after the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium , their previous home ground, fell into disrepair. Olympiacos Piraeus also decided from 1984 to 1989 and between 1997 and 2002 to play their home games in the Olympic Stadium instead of the Karaiskakis Stadium. AEK Athens also used the multifunctional sports facility between 1985 and 1987, but then decided to return to the original home site, the Nikos Goumas Stadium . In the 1980s, the three largest Greek football clubs played temporarily in the same stadium, so that in the 1985/86 season, with 1,784,844 tickets sold in 45 games, most tickets were sold in one season in Greece. In addition, the final of the European Cup Winners' Cup was played here on May 13, 1987 . Thereby defeating Ajax Amsterdam the opponent Lokomotive Leipzig with a goal by Marco van Basten with 1: 0th

In addition to football and athletics games, concerts were held in the arena even before the Olympic Games. Numerous singers and bands, such as Pink Floyd on May 31, 1989 on their tour A Momentary Lapse of Reason , played in front of a large audience.

On May 18, 1994, the final of Europe's highest football club competition , now known as the UEFA Champions League, was held for the second time in the Olympic Stadium. Here, the defeated AC Milan the FC Barcelona with 4: 0 after two goals from Daniele Massaro and in each case another of Dejan Savićević and Marcel Desailly . In addition, the 1997 World Athletics Championships took place in the stadium from August 1 to 10 . While as many athletes were able to win gold medals for men with 24 competitions as at the European Championship, the disciplines for women were increased by three to 20. The United States won the most gold medals , followed by Germany and Cuba . In the overall medal table, Cuba finished fifth behind Kenya and Ukraine , while the United States and Germany finished first and second in the championships.

The International Olympic Committee announced on September 5, 1997 that the applicant city of Athens, with the Olympic Stadium as the main venue, would host the 2004 Summer Olympics. Six years later, Panathinaikos Athens moved back to its original home, the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium, after completion of the renovation work. In 2002 Olympiacos Piraeus also returned to their own stadium. The Greek national team played a total of 51 international games in the Olympic Stadium from 1982 to 2001 inclusive. In addition, between 1983 and 2002 the arena hosted the final of the Greek Football Cup every year, with interruptions .

modification

The arches and the roof structure

In the same year that Olympiacos left Piraeus, work began to renovate the stadium for the 2004 Olympic Games, with the renovations, particularly the roof, being carried out by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava . Calatrava presented his renovation plans for the entire Olympic sports complex in 2001, but had to deviate from them frequently in the following years. After doubts were expressed as to whether the roof would withstand the static requirements, for example, the roof design was changed slightly: In order to be able to withstand strong winds better, the center of the roof was built higher than it was originally intended. The arena roof should now be able to withstand storms at a speed of 120 kilometers per hour. The design of the four building bases was also significantly changed, so that ultimately the material for the transparent panels of the roof also changed. In Calatrava's original stadium plans, glass was to be used for the construction, but a special polycarbonate was chosen due to its lower weight . In 2003, while the construction work was already in progress, Calatrava finally presented the final plans, which nevertheless did not represent the final sports complex.

An arch was erected in the west and one in the east, with the western arch having a span of 304 meters and a maximum height of 72 meters. They are 80 meters apart and are three and a half meters thick. The east arch was installed 65 meters from its ultimate positioning and the west 72 meters away. After completion, the arches had to be pushed into the correct position. First the western, then the eastern arch was attached after the stadium roof had been completely installed. The roof, made of 5,000 polycarbonate sheets, weighs around 19,000 tons and covers 25,000 square meters. According to official information, the renovation costs of the stadium for the Olympic Games amounted to 156 million euros, and according to IOC President Jacques Rogge even 191 million euros. Originally, the cost of the renovation was estimated at 80 million euros.

The stadium roof, consisting of two halves, which lies under the two arches, covers a good 95 percent of the spectator seats and reflects around 60 percent of the sun's rays due to the construction so that the sports facility does not heat up in summer. In addition, the construction creates a permanent draft in the arena, which is intended to additionally cool the audience. The polycarbonate panels of the roof are each connected by a cable rope to one of the arches that stabilize the construction. The floodlight columns were removed and the lighting replaced by floodlights installed in the ceiling.

The prefabricated, arched roof, which was built on polytetrafluoroethylene panels on the respective sides, was originally intended to be assembled using a step-by-step process, by placing the prefabricated structure on the stadium with the help of ropes, chucks and a short-cycle hydraulic jack is brought. However, for this technology the roof would have had to be pulled over stainless steel plates in order to bring it through rails onto the huge concrete beams. A computer simulation showed, however, that the friction between the polytetrafluoroethylene and the stainless steel would have resulted in a stick-slip effect , which would have led to problems, so that the idea was ultimately rejected. In a meeting with the production company Enerpac , the decisive advice was finally given to bring the roof into the right place step by step with long-stroke cylinders that are driven by hydraulic pumps . This technology had only a minor impact on the appearance of the stadium after the renovation and the roof was installed in May and June 2004. Because of the problems, the stadium was finished later than planned, but was able to reopen two weeks before the Olympic Games.

and display information about the image

The converted Olympic sports complex . The Olympic Stadium is on the left.

The renovation of the stadium, along with all the buildings that were built and refurbished for the 2004 Summer Olympics, came under fire as a result of the Greek sovereign debt crisis since 2010. The Greek state, owner of the Olympic facilities, originally wanted to provide a budget of 4.6 billion euros for the buildings. However, according to official information, this had to be increased to 11.2 billion euros, with estimates even assuming a total cost of around 20 billion euros. According to an article by Gerd Höhler, author of the newspaper Die Zeit , the structures of the Games in Greece became doomed:

“After the budget deficit in 2002 was a tolerable 3.7 percent of the gross domestic product , the rate shot up to 7.5 percent in the Olympic year. Within a year, the national debt rose from 182 to 201 billion euros. Greece's way into the debt disaster was mapped out. "

- Gerd Höhler : Zeit Online

For the maintenance and safety of the roof structure, a plan was drawn up at the time of construction, which the department responsible for cultural buildings (ΕΥΔΕ / ΕΠΤΑ) adheres to and maintains up to the present day. A conflict arose over the other costs, for example regular painting, as a result of which the Ministry of Culture turned to parliament in 2013. The visual condition of the construction gave the international daily press cause for speculation about the condition of the building. Die Welt concluded that the structure was rotting from the surface rust.

2004 Olympic Games

The Olympic flame at the opening ceremony of the Olympic Games

On August 13, 2004 at the Olympic Stadium, the Games of the 28th Summer Olympic Games were a ceremony opened . Gianna Angelopoulos-Daskalaki , President of the ATHOC Organizing Committee , greeted the Games in front of 74,000 spectators, referring to the ancient Olympic Games with the words "Olympic Games, welcome home!". Before the athletes marched in, a show with more than 4,000 artists was performed under the leitmotifs "Human Heartbeat" and "Running". At 11:46 p.m. local time, after the speeches by Angelopoulos-Daskalaki and IOC President Jacques Rogge, the Olympic Games opened in the Olympic Stadium and the Olympic flame was lit in the arena after a torch relay of over 78,000 kilometers by Olympic surfing champion Nikolaos Kaklamanakis .

In order to be able to play the games in the arena after the opening ceremony, a portable lawn was laid on the sunken concrete floor in the middle of the stadium, which housed a water basin for the ceremony , with the help of experts from Michigan State University . This was broken down into 6,000 parts and taken to the venue. For this campaign, the American experts worked for several months on the composition of the root zones and the grasses . Here also the climatic conditions of Greece, in addition to the speed and the strain of the sporting events represented a challenge. The lawn parts with an area of each 1.2 by 1.2-meter cement surface of the arena were placed on the eight hectares being flanked by two drainage channels installed were. The irrigation itself can be regulated automatically by 35 self- irrigation systems  . Another system makes it possible to move the lawn away from the cement surface so that it can be used for different events.

Except for the marathon , which ended in the Panathinaiko Stadium , and the shot put competition , which was held in the ancient stadium of Olympia , all athletics competitions were held in the Olympic Stadium. The first man to win Olympic gold in the stadium was Ivano Brugnetti in the 20-kilometer walk on August 20. The first woman to win gold there was Natalia Sadova in the discus throwing discipline the next day. A further 23 athletics disciplines were held for men and 21 for women. The United States collected the most gold medals in athletics, ahead of Russia, and led the discipline medal table ahead of Jamaica. The United Kingdom , Sweden, Russia and the United States followed in the gold medal table .

In the soccer final, which was the only game besides the athletics competitions to be played in the Olympic Stadium on August 28, the team from Argentina beat those from Paraguay in front of a crowd of over 41,000 spectators with a goal from Carlos Tévez 1-0. The following day the games ended 16 days after the opening with a closing ceremony , which was also held in the arena, in front of 72,000 spectators. The final address was given by Jacques Rogge. At the ceremony, Beijing Mayor Wang Qishan accepted the traditional Olympic flag for the host of the following games .

On September 17, 2004, the 12th Summer Paralympics opened in the stadium . They were supposed to end on September 28th. However, due to an accident in which 41 people, including 37 children, died on the way to the closing ceremony, the artistic and entertaining part of the closing ceremony was canceled.

After the Olympics

Today the stadium has a capacity of 69,618 spectators and is operated by the Athens Olympic Sports Complex AOSC, whose Greek initials OAKA ( Greek Ο λυμπιακό Α θλητικό Κ έντρο Α θηνών , Athens Olympic Sports Center ) are the nickname of the arena. After the Olympic Games, AEK and Panathinaikos Athens, whose stadiums had become dilapidated and no longer complied with safety regulations, moved again to the Olympic Stadium. Both clubs then made plans to build their own new home, Panathinaikos with the Marfin Stadium . The Nikos Goumas Stadium, the old home of AEK Athens, was demolished. However, the plans for new stadiums have not yet been implemented. Thus, according to a report by the newspaper Die Welt from 2012, the Olympic Stadium is one of the few Olympic sports facilities from 2004 that will continue to be used as a sports facility after the Olympic Games. Originally the Athens Olympic strategists supposedly planned to convert the sports complex into an amusement park.

Concerts continued in the Olympic Stadium after the Games. For example, George Michael made an appearance on his tour 25 Live on July 26, 2007 , Madonna made a stop on her Sticky & Sweet tour on September 27, 2008 and on September 3, 2010 U2 could be heard on the 360 ° tour . Since 2005, the Olympic Stadium has been the first stadium ever to host the Super Special Stage of the Acropolis Rally as part of the World Rally Championship. In 2007 the Champions League final took place again in the Olympic Stadium , with AC Milan winning the title again with a 2-1 win over Liverpool FC . Filippo Inzaghi scored both Milan goals and Dirk Kuyt scored the connecting goal for Liverpool FC in the penultimate minute of the game. The Greek Cup final has been held in the stadium every year since 2009. In the same year, the Greek national team played for the first time since the renovation in the Olympic Stadium. In addition to another game in the same year, three international football matches against Latvia , Luxembourg and Ukraine were held at the sports facility in 2009 .

Greece applied together with Turkey to host the European Football Championships in 2008 and 2012 , although the final should have taken place in the Athens Olympic Stadium. The applications failed, however: in 2008 the competition went to Austria and Switzerland and for 2012 UEFA decided in favor of Poland and Ukraine.

In the 2011/12 season there were riots in the derby between Panathinaikos Athens and Olympiacos Piraeus. While the away team was leading 0: 1 after eleven minutes, the home team's hooligans threw Molotov cocktails on the stands, which were filled with around 50,000 spectators, and on the pitch. The game had to be stopped and was rated 3-0 for Olympiacos Piraeus. Panathinaikos were also deducted five points. There were 30 burns in the arena and 57 arrests. On the penultimate matchday of the 2012/13 season , several AEK Athens fans stormed the field in the game against Panthrakikos , who had taken the lead in the 87th minute. The game was subsequently canceled and scored 0: 3 for Panthrakikos. AEK Athens then rose for the first time in the club's history after three points had been deducted. In May 2013 AEK had to declare its bankruptcy, so that only third division games were regularly played in the stadium in the following season . On November 6, 2013, the association announced that it would build its own new home under the name Hagia Sophia Stadium in Nea Filadelfia by the end of 2015. However, the stadium did not get beyond the planning phase by the end of 2015.

Since Panathinaikos Athens could no longer raise the rent for the Olympic Stadium in the 2013/14 season and also complained that the club had to pay a higher rent than AEK, the club has since played again in the renovated Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium. The return to the Apostolos Nikolaidis Stadium was also intended to serve as a means of political pressure to push ahead with the construction of their own stadium, since Panathinaikos would have maintained the arena as a tenant as long as it had remained in the Olympic Stadium. Another reason for moving was the low number of spectators, which caused no mood in the Olympic Stadium.

Greece's football association Elliniki Podosferiki Omospondia was considering promoting the 2004 main Olympic venue for the 2020 pan-continental European football championship , in which all European national associations were allowed to propose up to two stadiums in their country for the event. Each association could only be awarded the contract for a maximum of one sports facility. As early as February 2014, however, the Elliniki Podosferiki Omospondia announced that it would not apply for the football tournament.

One of the last major events in the Athens Olympic Stadium was the International Congress of Jehovah's Witnesses in 2014. A total of 35,863 people were present in the stadium. In addition, 3,093 people in Cyprus and Belgium watched parts of the Christian worship service via video streaming; thus the maximum number of visitors was a total of 38,956. Among the visitors were delegates from South Korea, Croatia, Romania, South Africa, Turkey, Hungary and the United States.

Selected soccer games

The following list shows the international matches and finals of an international soccer competition, the matches of which were contested in the Olympic Stadium.

team	opponent	Result	date	occasion	spectator
Greece	Switzerland	1: 3	0Dec. 1, 1982	Friendly match	20,000
Hamburger SV	Juventus Turin	1-0	May 25, 1983	Final of the 1983 European Cup	73,500
Greece	Denmark	0: 2	Nov 16, 1983	Qualification for the European Championship 1984	38,000
Greece	GDR	1: 3	Feb. 15, 1984	Friendly match	10,000
Greece	Czechoslovakia	0: 1	05th Sep 1984	Friendly match	04.136
Greece	Israel	2: 2	0Oct 9, 1984	Friendly match	02,500
Greece	Romania	2: 1	0Dec 5, 1984	Friendly match	01,800
Greece	Belgium	0-0	Dec. 19, 1984	1986 World Cup qualification	45,000
Greece	Albania	2-0	Feb. 27, 1985	1986 World Cup qualification	20,000
Greece	Italy	0-0	13 Mar 1985	Friendly match	15,000
Greece	Poland	1: 4	May 19, 1985	1986 World Cup qualification	40,000
Greece	Cyprus	0-0	Feb. 19, 1986	Friendly match	02,500
Greece	GDR	2-0	26th Mar 1986	Friendly match	07,000
Greece	Hungary	2: 1	Nov 12, 1986	1988 European Championship qualification	60,000
Greece	Cyprus	3: 1	Jan. 14, 1987	1988 European Championship qualification	40,850
Ajax Amsterdam	1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig	1-0	May 13, 1987	Final of the European Cup Winners' Cup 1987	35,000
Greece	Poland	1-0	Apr 29, 1987	1988 European Championship qualification	68,324
Greece	Northern Ireland	3: 2	Feb. 17, 1988	Friendly match	09,753
Greece	Soviet Union	0: 4	23 Mar 1988	Friendly match	18,000
Greece	Denmark	1: 1	Oct 19, 1988	1990 World Cup qualification	19,349
Greece	Portugal	1: 2	Jan. 25, 1989	Friendly match	01,000
Greece	England	1: 2	0Feb. 8, 1989	Friendly match	03,364
Greece	Norway	4: 2	Feb. 22, 1989	Friendly match	00994
Greece	GDR	3: 2	0March 8 1989	Friendly match	01,200
Greece	Turkey	0: 1	29 Mar 1989	Friendly match	05,500
Greece	Yugoslavia	1: 4	0Apr 5, 1989	Friendly match	02,000
Greece	Romania	0-0	Apr. 26, 1989	1990 World Cup qualification	15,000
Greece	Bulgaria	1-0	Nov 15, 1989	1990 World Cup qualification	01,500
Greece	Belgium	2-0	Jan. 17, 1990	Friendly match	02,000
Greece	Israel	2: 1	28 Mar 1990	Friendly match	01,300
Greece	Egypt	6: 1	Oct 10, 1990	Friendly match	01,806
Greece	Malta	4-0	Oct. 31, 1990	Qualification for the European Championship 1992	12,000
Greece	Albania	0: 2	04th Sep 1991	Friendly match	01,500
Greece	Finland	2-0	Oct 30, 1991	Qualification for the European Championship 1992	08,000
Greece	Iceland	1-0	May 13, 1992	1994 World Cup qualification	08,000
Greece	Luxembourg	2-0	Feb. 17, 1993	1994 World Cup qualification	42,000
Greece	Russia	1-0	Nov 17, 1993	1994 World Cup qualification	60,000
Greece	Saudi Arabia	5: 1	Apr 27, 1994	Friendly match	06,000
AC Milan	FC Barcelona	4-0	May 18, 1994	1994 UEFA Champions League final	70,000
Greece	San Marino	2-0	Nov 16, 1994	Qualification for the European Championship 1996	20,000
Greece	Scotland	1-0	Dec 18, 1994	Qualification for the European Championship 1996	18,000
Greece	Switzerland	1: 1	0March 8 1995	Friendly match	03,000
Greece	Slovenia	2-0	Apr 24, 1996	1998 World Cup qualification	07,500
Greece	Albania	2: 1	Aug 14, 1996	Friendly match	01,300
Greece	Denmark	0-0	Oct 11, 1997	1998 World Cup qualification	64,272
Greece	Russia	1: 1	Feb 18, 1998	Friendly match	00750
Greece	Slovenia	2: 2	06 Sep 1998	Qualification for the European Championship 2000	28,908
Greece	Georgia	3-0	Oct 14, 1998	Qualification for the European Championship 2000	12,681
Greece	Croatia	3: 2	Sep 10 1998	Friendly match	03,608
Greece	Norway	0: 2	27 Mar 1999	Qualification for the European Championship 2000	42,571
Greece	Latvia	1: 2	0June 9, 1999	Qualification for the European Championship 2000	15,135
Greece	Albania	2-0	0Oct 6, 1999	Qualification for the European Championship 2000	08,452
Greece	Germany	2: 4	28 Mar 2001	2002 World Cup qualification	59,000
Greece	England	0: 2	0June 6, 2001	2002 World Cup qualification	62,000
Argentina	Paraguay	1-0	Aug 28, 2004	2004 Summer Olympics final game in football	41,116
AC Milan	Liverpool FC	2: 1	May 23, 2007	2007 UEFA Champions League final	68,000
Greece	Bosnia and Herzegovina	3: 2	Oct 13, 2007	Qualification for the European Championship 2008	15,000
Greece	Malta	5-0	Nov 17, 2007	Qualification for the European Championship 2008	31,300
Greece	Latvia	5: 2	Oct 10, 2009	2010 World Cup qualification	31,300
Greece	Luxembourg	2: 1	Oct 14, 2009	2010 World Cup qualification	06,500
Greece	Ukraine	0-0	Nov 14, 2009	2010 World Cup qualification	35,000
Greece	Switzerland	0: 1	23 Mar 2018	International match	5,000

literature

• Benjamin Voigtländer: 50 stadiums in Europe that you have to see . Stadionwelt, Brühl im Rheinland 2011, ISBN 978-3-943605-03-7 , p. 8-9 .
• Jens Alm: World Stadium Index . Danish Institute for Sports Studies / Play the Game, 2012, ISBN 978-87-92120-46-5 , pp. 21 (English, playthegame.org [PDF]).

Web links

Commons : Olympiastadion Spyridon Louis  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Official Website (Greek)
• Extensive picture gallery

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k} OAKA stage. Stadium guide, accessed March 7, 2014 . 
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Περιγραφή. (No longer available online.) Oaka.com, archived from the original on July 19, 2011 ; Retrieved March 7, 2014 (Greek). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
3. ↑ ^{a b} Rescue idea . In: Der Spiegel . No. 6 , 1980 ( online ).
4. ↑ ^{a b c} Ghost scenery - Athens' Olympic sites are rotting away. In: Welt Online . August 13, 2012, accessed March 7, 2014 . 
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Plans of the new Olympic Complex. stadia.gr, accessed March 7, 2014 (English). 
6. ↑ ^{a b c d} Olympic-Size Solution Raises Athens Stadium Roof. (No longer available online.) Industrial Equipment News, archived from the original on May 3, 2012 ; accessed on March 7, 2014 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
7. ↑ Κεντρικό Ολυμπιακό Στάδιο. (No longer available online.) In: oaka.com. Archived from the original on August 19, 2014 ; Retrieved August 13, 2014 (Greek). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
8. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} Athens Olympic Stadium "Spyros Louis". stadia.gr, accessed March 7, 2014 (English). 
9. ↑ From Athens, Greece to Olympic Indoor Sports Center. Google Maps , accessed March 7, 2014 . 
10. ↑ ^{a b Noticed} too late . In: Der Spiegel . No. 37 , 1982 ( online ).
11. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} The pre-2004 Olympic Stadium (1982 to 2002). stadia.gr, accessed March 7, 2014 (English). 
12. ↑ Ιστορική Αναδρομή. (No longer available online.) Oaka.com, archived from the original on January 25, 2014 ; Retrieved March 7, 2014 (Greek). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
13. ↑ Olympic Stadium Athens - World Stadium Database. World Stadium Database, accessed March 7, 2014 . 
14. ↑ ^{a b c} Benjamin Voigtländer: 50 stadiums in Europe that you have to see . S. 8 .
15. ^ History. UEFA , accessed March 8, 2014 . 
16. ↑ 1989 - "Another Lapse". (No longer available online.) Pinkfloydarchives.com, archived from the original on June 20, 2009 ; accessed on March 8, 2014 (English). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
17. ^ Bill Mallon, Jeroen Heijmans: Historical Dictionary of the Olympic Movement . 2011, ISBN 978-0-8108-7249-3 , pp. LXXXVIII (English, book abbreviated online ).
18. ↑ Greece - International Matches - Overview. rsssf.com, accessed March 7, 2014 . 
19. ↑ Greece - Cup Data (from Quarterfinals on). rsssf.com, accessed March 21, 2014 . 
20. ↑ ^{a b} Outdoor Stadia • Athletics - Athens Olympic Stadium. spaziomondo.com, accessed March 17, 2014 . 
21. ↑ Olympic Complex upgrading works. stadia.gr, accessed March 7, 2014 (English). 
22. ↑ ^{a b} Olympic stadium “Spyridon Louis” opened in Athens: only 6,500 seats installed. In: news.at . June 10, 2004, accessed March 13, 2014 . 
23. ↑ ^{a b} Gerd Höhler: How the Olympic Games ruined Greece. Die Zeit , July 9, 2012, accessed on March 9, 2014 . 
24. ↑ SOS για το στέγαστρο Καλατράβα. To Vima , July 27, 2013, accessed June 3, 2014 . 
25. ↑ Opening ceremony in Athens: The Olympic flame is burning. In: Spiegel Online . August 13, 2004, accessed March 9, 2014 . 
26. ↑ Turbo lawn for the Olympics . In: Der Spiegel . No. 24 , 2004 ( online ).
27. ↑ Panathinaiko Stadium. ferne-weltreiseziel.de, accessed on March 9, 2014 . 
28. ↑ Hans-Joachim Waldbröl: Olympic time travel to the felt home. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung , August 17, 2004, accessed on March 9, 2014 . 
29. ↑ 2004 Olympic Games in Athens (August 13-29, 2004). (No longer available online.) Archived from the original on December 17, 2005 ; accessed on March 29, 2014 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
30. ↑ ^{a b} Games of the XXVIII. Olympiad. rsssf.com, accessed March 8, 2014 . 
31. ↑ Closing ceremony: "Thank you Athens, goodbye in Beijing". Spiegel Online , August 29, 2004, accessed March 9, 2014 . 
32. ↑ The XII. Paralympic Summer Games. City of Bochum , accessed on March 9, 2014 . 
33. ^ Games finale cut after bus deaths. BBC , September 27, 2004, accessed March 9, 2014 . 
34. ↑ '25 Live 'Stadium Tour 2007 - Pictures. George Michael Forum, accessed March 8, 2014 . 
35. ↑ Sticky & Sweet Tor 2008. madonna.com, accessed March 8, 2014 (English). 
36. ^ U2 at Olympic Stadium. Songkick, accessed March 16, 2014 . 
37. ^ Greece - List of Cup Winners. rsssf.com, accessed March 21, 2014 . 
38. ^ Jens Alm: World Stadium Index . Danish Institute for Sports Studies / Play the Game, p. 21 (English, playthegame.org [PDF]).
39. ↑ Panathinaikos vs. Olympiakos: Greece derby canceled after riots. Spiegel Online , April 14, 2013, accessed March 7, 2014 . 
40. ↑ Aborted the game after the storm: Serious fan riots in the Athens Olympic Stadium. Spiegel Online , April 14, 2013, accessed March 7, 2014 . 
41. ↑ New stadium “Hagia Sophia” is coming. Stadionwelt, November 7, 2013, accessed on March 16, 2014 . 
42. ↑ ^{a b} Τα υπέρ και τα κατά της επιστροφής του Παναθηναϊκού στη Λεωφόρο. (No longer available online.) Prasinanea.gr, November 6, 2012, archived from the original on May 23, 2014 ; Retrieved March 24, 2014 (Greek). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
43. ↑ Panathinaikos back in the Leoforos. Stadionwelt, August 21, 2013, accessed March 7, 2014 . 
44. ↑ Επιστρέφει στην Λεωφόρο το 2013 ο Παναθηναϊκός! (No longer available online.) Soccerplus.gr, November 4, 2012, archived from the original on May 23, 2014 ; Retrieved March 24, 2014 (Greek). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
45. ↑ EURO 2020: Overview of the 31 applicants. Stadionwelt, March 16, 2014, accessed on March 22, 2014 . 
46. ↑ Και επίσημα εκτός διοργάνωσης Euro 2020. gazzetta.gr, February 27, 2014, accessed on March 26, 2014 (Greek). 
47. ↑ International congresses: Jehovah's Witnesses as guests in the Athens Olympic Stadium. In: JW.org. November 4, 2014, accessed September 21, 2018 . 
48. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad} Greece - International Matches 1981–1990. rsssf.com, accessed March 8, 2014 . 
49. ↑ European Cup roll of honor. uefa.com, accessed March 27, 2014 . 
50. ↑ European Competitions 1986-87. rsssf.com, accessed March 8, 2014 . 
51. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s} Greece - International Matches 1991–2000. rsssf.com, accessed March 8, 2014 . 
52. ↑ European Competitions 1993-94. rsssf.com, accessed March 8, 2014 . 
53. ↑ ^{a b} Greece - International Matches 2001-2006. rsssf.com, accessed March 8, 2014 . 
54. ↑ European Competitions 2006-07. rsssf.com, accessed March 8, 2014 . 
55. ↑ The game statistics Greece - Bosnia-Herzegovina. fussballdaten.de, accessed on March 21, 2014 . 
56. ^ The game statistics Greece - Malta. fussballdaten.de, accessed on March 21, 2014 . 
57. ↑ The game statistics Greece - Latvia. fussballdaten.de, accessed on March 21, 2014 . 
58. ^ The game statistics Greece - Luxembourg. fussballdaten.de, accessed on March 21, 2014 . 
59. ↑ The game statistics Greece - Ukraine. fussballdaten.de, accessed on March 21, 2014 . 
60. ↑ Switzerland starts the World Cup year with a victory. football.ch, accessed on March 25, 2018 . 

This version was added to the list of articles worth reading on May 25, 2014 .