Trampoline exercise
When trampolining (in Austria officially trampolining ) is on a trampoline gymnastics, mostly on a large or a double mini-trampoline. Tumbling is a special form of this sport .
history
Trampoline gymnastics began in the circus . Here a safety net was set up under the workplace for the top artists, which had trampoline-like properties. At the end of their performances, the top performers dropped into the net and did a few somersaults as encores . So the idea arose to expand this into an independent number and manufactured special devices for this purpose. In the mid-1920s, the American top artist George Nissen built the best jumping device of his time. Later he founded the first company that manufactured trampolines professionally and thus became known worldwide. The “Nissen Cup” event still bears his name today. In the USA the most rapid development of trampoline gymnastics took place.
In 1951, Albrecht Hurtmanns built his first “throwing machine” in Süchteln in Germany . A frame made of iron pipes, the cloth sewn from roller shutter belts and stretched with bicycle tubes, served as a jumping device in his association ASV Süchteln . Heinz Braecklen and employees at the young sports university in Leipzig also developed a trampoline as a training aid for water divers in 1953 . In 1955, Alfred Gockel from Altenessen first constructed a first, unstable model made of wood.
Finally, the already professional American devices were used in 1958 for the German Gymnastics Festival in Munich a . a. presented by George Nissen. But initially the first applications of the young discipline for membership in the International Gymnastics Federation ( FIG ) for its congresses in 1959 and 1961 were rejected. The first trampoline nations met in 1964 on the initiative of the German Gymnastics Federation in Frankfurt am Main . This resulted in the founding assembly of the International Trampoline Federation F. I. T.
In the same year the first world title competitions took place in London . In 1996 there was the XIX. World Championships in Vancouver , in 1998 they took place in Sydney , in 1999 there were trampoline world championships in Africa in Sun City , South Africa , for the second time after 1974.
On September 1, 1997, the International Olympic Committee in Lausanne , Switzerland , finally decided to include the individual trampoline competitions in the official program of the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney .
Safety measures
Trampoline gymnastics can jump heights of up to 9 meters on good equipment. Therefore, security measures are essential. This is all too often neglected, especially in unorganized recreational sport, which can easily end in death if a device is dropped, especially headfirst. In organized club sport, Mitturners take a so-called safety position around the device and learn the correct behavior when a jumper “leaves”. The method of equipping the device with large, soft mats is very common and obligatory in competitions. These mats are designed in such a way that you can usually survive a fall from a great height without injury. One of these mats is guarded by the safety position and can be pushed onto the trampoline if the jump fails, thus preventing injuries. This procedure is known in the technical jargon as a "sliding mat". This is also used in competitions. The safety position also decides there about an application.
Particularly when learning new jumps, a jumping helper holds onto a towel that is wrapped tightly around the student's waist. Clinging can also be done to the student's clothing. However, these methods are limited to learning a simple somersault and require sufficient experience from the helper for a good backup. The ceiling lunge and sliding mat are used for more complicated jumps .
Jumping barefoot carries the risk of the toes getting caught in the mesh of the jumping mat. Simple stockings help against this, but usually pose a risk of slipping. Light footwear with non-slip soles, such as gymnastics shoes, is therefore important . These ensure greater hygiene and at the same time keep foot sweat away from the towel and prevent it from aging and unsightly.
Competition location
Adult and experienced jumpers can jump heights of up to 9 meters, particularly in high-level trampoline gymnastics competitions. Average school halls are usually only up to 6 meters high and are therefore unsuitable for training and competition.
Competition procedure
General provisions
An exercise on the trampoline includes 10 jumps, which corresponds to 10 touches of the cloth. It starts with the first jump that differs from a straight jump. Landings on both feet, sitting (sitting down), on your back (back landing) or on your stomach (belly landing) are permitted. The last jump of an exercise must always be done in a standing position. A good exercise is characterized on the one hand by safe, correct execution and stretched limbs, assessed as a posture, on the other hand by high difficulty. Exercises are performed individually or in a synchronized competition in pairs on machines standing next to each other.
The posture marks are determined by 5 judges. For 10 perfect jumps you can get 10 points per judge. The posture deductions are subtracted from these 10 points. The highest and lowest posture grade are deleted and the remaining three grades add up to the posture grade. One or two judges are responsible for determining the difficulty value, who together calculate a difficulty value (see difficulty calculation). In synchronized competitions, the posture of each of the two gymnasts is determined by two judges, of whose four marks the highest and lowest marks are also deleted. The synchronicity is assessed by 3 judges, whose average mark remaining after the deletions is doubled in the overall result. In individual competitions, a special device also measures the jump height rounded to 5 ⁄ 1000 . A referee specially responsible for this device shows the result.
A distinction is made between compulsory exercises and freestyle exercises. Mandatory exercises are 10-part exercises with given elements. Free exercises are combined from any 10 different jumping elements. In the freestyle exercises, it is important to optimize the level of difficulty of the elements in combination with the execution of these. A competition usually has 3 rounds:
- Compulsory exercise (also: 1st exercise), in which only the execution is assessed (exception: exercise M10, here the difficulty of any 2 jumps is assessed. These 2 assessed jumps may not be repeated in the freestyle.)
- Freestyle exercise (also: 2nd exercise), in which execution and difficulty are assessed
- Final, in which the eight or ten best gymnasts from the preliminary fight usually do a second free routine. If there are fewer than twelve active participants in the preliminary battle, two thirds of the participants take part in the final.
Difficulty calculation
The difficulty of a jump is determined by the number of rotations around the body's longitudinal axis ( twisting ) and the body's transverse axis ( somersault ). The position of the upper body is decisive here. A sideways somersault ( wheel flip in the air, so-called Arabs) requires a pronounced sense of balance, is only mastered by a few, is considered to be accident prone and is not provided for in official competitive sports.
Jumps in which the upper body does not change its position count as zero points. These include standing, straddling, crouching, crouching, tacking (combined straddle / bending) and sitting jump.
- Every 1 ⁄ 2 screw (rotation by 180 degrees around the longitudinal axis of the body) gives 0.1 points,
- Every 1 ⁄ 4 somersault (rotation of the upper body by 90 degrees around the latitude of the body) is also awarded 0.1 points.
- As a bonus, there are 0.1 points for each full 360 degree somersault rotation.
- As a bonus, there are 0.1 points for every full somersault in straight or piked execution for single somersaults without screws or multiple somersaults with and without screws.
A jump from standing to back landing counts as a 1 ⁄ 4 somersault backwards and is therefore rated with 0.1 points in difficulty. A jump from a standing position to the seat has no difficulty rating, as neither a screw nor a quarter somersault (no upper body movement) was jumped.
Here are some examples:
| Leap | difficulty | |
|---|---|---|
| Salto fw / rw c | 0.5 | |
| Salto fw / rw a, b | 0.6 | |
| Barani a, b and c | 0.6 | Forward somersault with 1 ⁄ 2 twist |
| Screw somersault | 0.7 | Backflip stretched with 1 ⁄ 1 twist |
| Rudolph | 0.8 | Forward somersault with 1 1 ⁄ 2 twist |
| Double screw somersault | 0.9 | Backflip stretched with 2 ⁄ 1 twist |
| Randolph | 1.0 | Forward somersault with 2 1 ⁄ 2 twists |
| Double somersault rw c | 1.0 | |
| Double somersault rw b | 1.2 | |
| Fliffis b | 1.3 | Double forward piked with half a twist in the second somersault |
a = stretched position, b = stooped position, c = crouched position, rw = backwards, vw = forward
Jason Burnett (CAN) has held the current difficulty world record since June 12, 2010 . He showed a degree of difficulty of 18.8 points at the Nissen Cup in Switzerland.
Compulsory exercises
Compulsory exercises of the German Gymnastics Federation (DTB) (EDP numbers 611 - 919) Status: 2015 The compulsory exercises range from P1 to P9 and M5 to M10 (M = master class)
P1
- Seat jump
- 1 ⁄ 2 screw in the stand
- Ridge angle jump
- 1 ⁄ 2 jump screw
- Squat jump
P2
- Seat jump
- 1 ⁄ 2 screw in the stand
- Ridge angle jump
- Seat jump
- Jump into the stand
- Squat jump
- 1 ⁄ 2 jump screw
P3
- Seat jump
- 1 ⁄ 2 screw in the seat
- Jump to the stand
- Squat jump
- 1 ⁄ 2 screw in the seat
- 1 ⁄ 2 screw in the stand
- Straddle
- Seat jump
- Jump into the stand
- 1 ⁄ 1 standing screw
P4
- 1 ⁄ 2 screw in the seat (half seat)
- 1 ⁄ 2 screw in the seat (half seat)
- 1 ⁄ 2 screw in the stand (half stand)
- Straddle
- Back jump
- Jump into the stand
- 1 ⁄ 2 screw
- Squat jump
- 1 ⁄ 1 screw
- Stoop
P5
- Stoop
- 1 ⁄ 2 screw in the seat (half seat)
- 1 ⁄ 2 screw in the stand (half stand)
- Ridge angle jump
- Back jump
- 1 ⁄ 2 screw in the stand (half stand)
- Seat jump
- Jump into the stand
- squat
- Backward somersault c
P6
- Backward somersault c
- 1 ⁄ 2 screw in the seat (half seat)
- ½ screw in the stand (half stand)
- Ridge angle jump
- Back jump
- 1 ⁄ 2 screw in the stand (half stand)
- squat
- 1 ⁄ 2 jump screw (half stand)
- Jump back
- Backward somersault b
P7
- Abdominal jump
- Jump into the stand
- Ridge angle jump
- Backward somersault c
- ½ screw in the seat (half seat)
- Jump into the stand
- Stoop
- Backward somersault b
- squat
- Barani c
P8
- 1 ⁄ 2 screw in the prone position (half stomach)
- Jump into the stand
- squat
- Back somersault c in the seat
- 1 ⁄ 2 screw to stand (half stand)
- Stoop
- Backward somersault b
- Ridge angle jump
- Backward somersault c
- Barani c or b
M5
- 3 ⁄ 4 back somersault a
- was standing
- Ridge angle jump
- Backward somersault c
- Barani (free)
- Stoop
- Somersault b rw
- Squat jump
- Somersault c rw in the back
- 1 ⁄ 2 turn to stand
M6
10 different exercise parts, the following 4 mandatory jumps at any point:
- 3 ⁄ 4 back somersault a
- Barani c or b
- 3 ⁄ 4 somersault fw a
- Baby fliffis
A maximum of three jumps with less than 270 ° somersault rotation.
M7
10 different exercise parts, the following 4 mandatory jumps at any point:
- 3 ⁄ 4 back somersault a
- Cody c
- Barani a
- Babyfliffis c or b
A maximum of two jumps with less than 270 ° somersault rotation.
W11 / 12
10 different exercise parts, the following 2 mandatory jumps at any point:
- A jump in the stomach
- A jump in the back
A maximum of two jumps with less than 270 ° somersault rotation.
M8
Ten different parts of the exercise, the following 4 mandatory jumps at any point:
- 3 ⁄ 4 back somersault b
- Screw somersault
- Rudolf or Baby Rudi
- A jump with at least 630 ° somersault rotation
Maximum one jump with less than 270 ° somersault rotation.
W13 / 14
Ten different parts of the exercise, the following 3 mandatory jumps at any point:
- Screw somersault
- A jump in the stomach
- A jump in the back
Maximum one jump with less than 270 ° somersault rotation.
W15 / 16
Ten different parts of the exercise, the following 3 mandatory jumps at any point:
- Rudolph or Babyrudolph
- Screw somersault
- A jump in the stomach or in the back
Maximum one jump with less than 270 ° somersault rotation.
M9a
Ten different parts of the exercise, the following 4 mandatory jumps at any point:
- A jump in the prone or supine position
- A jump from the prone or supine position in combination with Condition 1
- A double forwards or backwards with or without twists
- A jump with at least 540 ° screw rotation
Each jump must have at least 270 ° somersault rotation.
M9b
Ten different parts of the exercise, the following 4 mandatory jumps at any point:
- A double forwards or backwards with or without twists
- A jump with at least 540 ° screw rotation
- Two exercise parts, which are marked with an asterisk on the competition map, are also included in the final compulsory evaluation with their level of difficulty.
- Neither of these two jumps may be repeated in the 1st freestyle exercise, otherwise the level of difficulty of the repeated jump does not count.
Each jump must have at least 270 ° somersault rotation.
FIG B / W17 / 18
Ten different parts of the exercise, the following 4 mandatory jumps at any point:
- A jump in the stomach or in the back
- A jump from the stomach or back in connection with a compulsory jump 1
- A double forwards or backwards with or without twists
- An exercise part with at least 540 ° screws AND at least 360 ° somersault rotation
Each jump must have at least 270 ° somersault rotation.
M10
Ten different parts of the exercise, each with a minimum of 270 ° somersault rotation
- Two (2) exercise parts, which are marked with an asterisk on the competition card, are also included in the final score with their level of difficulty.
- Neither of these two jumps may be repeated in the 1st freestyle exercise, otherwise the level of difficulty of the repeated jump does not count.
FIG A
Ten different parts of the exercise, each with a minimum of 270 ° somersault rotation
- Four elements that are marked with an asterisk (*) on the competition card are also included in the final score with their degree of difficulty.
- None of these four jumps may be repeated in the first freestyle exercise (preliminary fight), otherwise the level of difficulty of the repeated jump in the first freestyle exercise does not count.
technology
In the top performance area, freestyle exercises consisting of triple somersaults and mostly double somersaults are shown at international competitions. The gymnasts perform numerous fast and complex movements within a very short time and still land upright, safe and ready for the next jump. Jump heights of more than 5 meters above the trampoline level are reached, which are associated with loads of multiple body weight during contact with the device alternating with weightlessness.
The greatest difficulty in mastering such jumping heights is to control the energy released when the trampoline bounces back, to steer it exactly in the upward direction, and not to push off forcefully enough. This is only possible with excellent stabilization, the so-called tension, of the entire body, of which the muscle groups of the shoulder girdle and the entire trunk play a major role.
The jump phase is decisive for the execution of a single jump, because only here can the direction and the angular momentum of the movement be influenced due to the contact with the device . The arms are held up as vertically as possible. Even a small deviation from this leads to very high holding forces at the high acceleration. In addition, when jumping, quickly and vigorously accelerating the legs forward (shin pressure) or back (heel pressure) produces somersault rotations in the backward or forward direction.
The flight phase is divided into the introduction, in which screw rotations are generated and, if necessary, a transition is made to body positions that deviate from the extension (a-position) such as stoop (b-position) or crouch (C-position), as well as the so-called opening within which is taken back into a stretched position for landing. The somersault and twist rotation can be influenced by changing posture. An asymmetrical shift of the arms converts between somersault and twist rotation, which is physically confirmed.
The fascinating complexity of the difficult jumps such as a double backflip with an incoming 1 ⁄ 2 twist and outgoing 1 1 ⁄ 2 twist (called " 1 ⁄ 2 in - Rudi out" in short ) is possible due to large proportions of unconsciously controlled movements. For this purpose, jumps in training are repeated very often, so that motion sequences can be executed as an automatic program and only have to be consciously initiated briefly. For new jumps, you can fall back on what you have already learned. This method does not only work for high-performance gymnasts, every moderately gifted athlete is basically capable of learning a simple somersault. The trainers are important for the performance of the gymnasts, because the correct teaching and control of jumping techniques enable optimal progress and the constant maintenance of the ability to increase posture and difficulty.
terminology
Various jumps have been given proper names, as this makes it much easier to talk about the jumps.
- Adolf (Adi) - somersault forward with 3 1 ⁄ 2 screws
- Baby fliffis - 5 ⁄ 4 somersault forward with 1 ⁄ 2 twist from the back
- Barani - forward somersault with 1 ⁄ 2 twist
- Cody - 5 ⁄ 4 back somersaults from stomach to standing
- Double twist - back somersault with double twist
- Fliffis - double somersault forward with 1 ⁄ 2 twist in the second somersault
- Half-a-half-out - double backflip with 1 ⁄ 2 twist in the first and 1 ⁄ 2 twist in the second somersault
- Miller - double backflip with triple twist (originally 2-1 / 2-in-barani-out, today mostly full-in-double-out, named after Wayne Miller 1964/5)
- Miller Plus (Killer) - double backflip with quadruple twist
- Muffle - 3 ⁄ 4 back somersault from the back to the standing position or from the back back somersault to the back
- Randolf (Randi) - somersault forward with 2 1 ⁄ 2 screws
- Super baby - 9 ⁄ 4 somersault forward from the back with 1 ⁄ 2 twist to the stand
- Rudolf (Rudi) - somersault forward with 1 1 ⁄ 2 screws
- Screw body - 5 ⁄ 4 back somersault with 1 screw from the stomach to the standing position
- Screw somersault (short form "screw", due to confusion with general meaning only allowed in the context of somersaults) - back somersault with a whole screw; generally every somersault with at least 1 screw
- Full-on - double backwards somersault with 1 twist in the first somersault
- Full-full-full - triple somersault with one twist per somersault
- Triffis - triple somersault with 1 ⁄ 2 twist in the last somersault (quadriffis = 4-fold etc., whereby no one has ever jumped a quintriffis in a competition.)
- X-in-Y-out - double somersault with X twists in the first and Y twists in the second somersault; a whole number of total screw rotation is a backflip (for example half-on-one-and-a-half-off), otherwise a forward somersault (for example full-on-two-and-a-half-off); instead of half-off one also says Barani-off, correspondingly for Rudi etc.
- Full - back somersault with 1 ⁄ 1 twists
A Quatriffis b is the highest difficulty ever jumped in a competition so far.
Trampoline gymnastics in Germany
Trampoline gymnastics is incorporated into the German Gymnastics Federation (DTB) with its sub-structures. At the annual German Championships, the German champions are determined on the trampoline in the individual, synchronous, team and double mini trampoline disciplines.
The trampoline Bundesliga has existed since 1973. Since then, the German club champions have been determined annually.
In 1986 the German national team won the World Cup in Paris.
Trampoline jumping in Austria
In Austria, trampoline jumping is organized in the Austrian Association for Gymnastics (ÖFT) .
Olympic Games and other international competitions
Internationally, trampoline gymnastics , as well as general gymnastics , apparatus gymnastics , rhythmic sports gymnastics , sports aerobics and sports acrobatics is represented by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG, International Gymnastics Federation) and the Union Européenne de Gymnastique (UEG, European Gymnastics Union ) .
So far there are three trampolines in Europe that have been inducted into the Hall of Fame . Anna Dogonadze (Germany), Irina Karawajewa (Russia) and Alexander Moskalenko (Russia) won the European Championships, World Championships and the Olympic Games in the individual competitions.
Olympic games
Trampoline gymnastics (individual) has been an Olympic discipline since 2000 ( Sydney ). The first German trampoline gymnasts at the Olympic Games were Anna Dogonadze and Michael Serth .
For the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens began Anna Dogonadze and the world champion from 2003 Henrik Stehlik for the German team. Anna Dogonadze won the first trampoline gold for Germany. Henrik Stehlik achieved the bronze rank. This made Germany the most successful trampoline nation at the 2004 Olympic Games.
At the premiere in 2000, there were initially twelve men and twelve women each. From 2004 the number of participants was increased to 16 each.
The previous Olympic champions
Women
- 2000 (Sydney) Irina Karawajewa (Russia)
- 2004 (Athens) Anna Dogonadze (Germany)
- 2008 (Beijing) He Wenna (China)
- 2012 (London) Rosannagh MacLennan (Canada)
- 2016 (Rio de Janeiro) Rosannagh MacLennan (Canada)
Men
- 2000 (Sydney) Alexander Moskalenko (Russia)
- 2004 (Athens) Jurij Nikitin (Ukraine)
- 2008 (Beijing) Lu Chunlong (China)
- 2012 (London) Dong Dong (China)
- 2016 (Rio de Janeiro) Uladsislau Hantscharou (Belarus)
International competitions
In addition, world championships , European championships and large international cups such as the Baltic Sea Cup, Nissen Cup, Grenzland Cup etc. take place on a regular basis . There is also a World Cup series. This lasts for two years and there are five to eight competitions in different countries every year. By 2008 this series ended with the World Cup final. After that, the final was waived, since the world championships have been held annually since 2009. Only in the years of the Olympic Games are there no world championships.
Trampoline as a training device for diving
The trampoline is used as a training device when jumping in the water . Jumps can be made several times in a row and motion sequences can be automated. In winter the trampoline is a substitute for missing jumping facilities in the indoor pool.
Web links
Associations
- Trampoline gymnastics in the German Gymnastics Federation
- Austrian Association for Gymnastics
- Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique
- Union Européenne de Gymnastique
Individual evidence
- ^ Deutscher Turner-Bund (ed.): Exercise book trampoline gymnastics . Edition 2015. Frankfurt am Main 2015.
- ↑ Trampoline gymnastics compulsory exercises 2015. (PDF; 11 KB) In: trampolin-braunschweig.de. 2015, accessed September 2, 2017 .
- ↑ See among other things: Technical terms. In: trampolintipps.de. Andreas Blome, Henning Bomhoff, accessed on October 13, 2017 .
- ↑ Heinz-Peter Michels: The World Championships… In: trampolin-city.de. October 26, 2007, accessed May 20, 2019 .
