European Athletics Championships 1946
3. European Athletics Championships | |
---|---|
city | Oslo |
Stadion | Bislett Stadium |
Competitions | 33 |
opening | August 23, 1946 |
Closing ceremony | August 25, 1946 |
timeline | |
← Paris / Vienna 1938 | Brussels 1950 → |
Medal table (final score after 33 decisions) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
space | country | ||||
1 | Sweden | 11 | 5 | 6th | 22nd |
2 | USSR | 6th | 7th | 4th | 17th |
3 | Finland | 4th | 3 | 5 | 12 |
4th | France | 3 | 4th | 4th | 11 |
5 | Netherlands | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6th |
6th | Great Britain | 2 | 5 | 3 | 10 |
7th | Norway | 1 | 2 | - | 3 |
8th | Denmark | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4th |
Italy | 1 | 1 | 2 | 4th | |
10 | Iceland | 1 | - | - | 1 |
Complete medal table |
The 3rd European Athletics Championships took place from 23 to 25 August 1946 in Oslo . With the exception of the marathon and the 50 km walk , the competitions were held in the Bislett Stadium .
Attendees
Although the Soviet Union was not a member of the organizing IAAF and was not yet admitted to the Olympic Games , the president of the association and current IOC president Sigfrid Edström was very committed to this first participation of the USSR in international sports championships. The Soviet athletes were allowed to take part in the European Championships in 1946.
A German team was still excluded from participation up to and including 1950 after the Second World War .
Competitions
There was an addition to the competition catalog for men. With the 10,000 meter walking a second discipline from walking was added. The program of events for women was not changed.
Athletic performance
The most successful nation was Sweden , which was comparatively less affected by the events of the Second World War, with eleven EM titles. The Soviet Union took second place in this rating in its first participation with six gold medals right away. It was followed by Finland with four, ahead of France and the Netherlands with three victorious athletes each, with France having significantly more silver and bronze medals than the Netherlands.
- There were three athletes who could win more than one gold medal at these championships:
- Yevgenia Sechenova (Soviet Union) - 100 meters , 200 meters
- Fanny Blankers-Koen (Netherlands) - 80 meter hurdles , 4 x 100 meter relay
- Gerda Koudijs (Netherlands) - long jump , 4 x 100 meter relay
- Despite the war-related cancellation of the European championships planned for 1942, there was a title holder from 1946 who had already won an EM gold medal:
- Sydney Wooderson ( Great Britain ) - 5000 meters , European Champion 1938 over 1500 meters
Results men
100 m
space | athlete | country | Time (s) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Jack Archer | GBR | 10.6 |
2 | Haakon Tranberg | NOR | 10.7 |
3 | Carlo Monti | ITA | 10.8 |
4th | Étienne Bally | FRA | 10.8 |
5 | Stig Håkansson | SWE | 10.9 |
6th | Finnbjörn Þorvaldsson | ISL | 10.9 |
Final: August 23
200 m
space | athlete | country | Time (s) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Nikolai Karakulov | URS | 21.6 |
2 | Haakon Tranberg | NOR | 21.7 |
3 | Jiří David | TCH | 21.8 |
4th | Stig Danielsson | SWE | 21.9 |
5 | Julien Lebas | FRA | 22.0 |
6th | Jack Archer | GBR | 22.0 |
Final: August 24th
400 m
space | athlete | country | Time (s) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Niels Holst-Sørensen | THE | 47.9 |
2 | Jacques Lunis | FRA | 48.3 |
3 | Derek Pugh | GBR | 48.9 |
4th | Sven-Erik Nolinge | SWE | 48.9 |
5 | Bill Roberts | GBR | 49.5 |
Herman Kunnen | BEL | DNS |
Final: August 23
Niels Holst-Sørensen ( photo on the right ) - Danish winner in the 400-meter run
800 m
space | athlete | country | Time (min) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Rune Gustafsson | SWE | 1: 51.0 |
2 | Niels Holst-Sørensen | THE | 1: 51.1 PB |
3 | Marcel Hansenne | FRA | 1: 51.2 SB |
4th | Olle Ljunggren | SWE | 1: 51.4 |
5 | Thomas White | GBR | 1: 51.5 PB |
6th | Robert Chef d'hôtel | FRA | 1: 53.0 PB |
7th | Jørgen Heller Andersen | THE | 1: 53.7 |
8th | Richard Brancart | BEL | 2: 02.2 |
Final: August 24th
1500 m
space | athlete | country | Time (min) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Lennart Beach | SWE | 3: 48.0 CR |
2 | Henry Eriksson | SWE | 3: 48.8 SB |
3 | Erik Jørgensen | THE | 3: 52.8 SB |
4th | Václav Čevona | TCH | 3: 53.0 SB |
5 | Sándor Garay | HUN | 3: 53.0 PB |
6th | Douglas Wilson | GBR | 3: 53.2 PB |
7th | Paul Messner | FRA | 3: 56.6 PB |
8th | Luboš Vomáčka | TCH | 4: 07.2 |
Final: August 25th
The two first-placed 1500 m runners Lennart Strand and Henry Eriksson ( Eriksson in front of the beach on the right )
5000 m
space | athlete | country | Time (min) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Sydney Wooderson | GBR | 14: 08.6 CR / NO |
2 | Willem Slijkhuis | NED | 14: 14.0 NO |
3 | Evert Nyberg | SWE | 14: 23.2 PB |
4th | Viljo Heino | FIN | 14: 24.4 PB |
5 | Emil Zatopek | TCH | 14: 25.8 NO |
6th | Gaston Reiff | BEL | 14: 45.8 SB |
7th | Rikard Greenfort | THE | 14: 46.0 PB |
8th | Raphaël Pujazon | FRA | 14: 46.8 PB |
Date: August 23
Sydney Wooderson was the only European champion from 1946 who had previously won a European Championship title.
10,000 m
space | athlete | country | Time (min) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Viljo Heino | FIN | 29: 52.0 CR |
2 | Helge Perälä | FIN | 30: 31.4 PB |
3 | András Csaplár | HUN | 30: 35.2 PB |
4th | Sven Rapp | SWE | 30: 49.2 SB |
5 | Feodossi Vanin | URS | 30: 56.2 PB |
6th | Charles Heirendt | LUX | 31: 08.2 PB |
7th | Thorvald Wilhelmsen | NOR | 31: 20.8 PB |
8th | Martin Stokken | NOR | 32: 56.0 SB |
Date: August 22nd
marathon
space | athlete | country | Time (h) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Mikko Hietanen | FIN | 2:24:55 |
2 | Väinö Muinonen | FIN | 2:26:08 |
3 | Jakow Punko | URS | 2:26:21 |
4th | Pierre cousin | FRA | 2:27:05 |
5 | Gosta Leandersson | SWE | 2:28:30 |
6th | Erik Jonsson | SWE | 2:30:08 |
7th | Squire Yarrow | GBR | 2:30:40 |
8th | Henning Larsen | THE | 2:32:50 |
Date: August 22nd
At 40.1 km, the distance did not correspond to the prescribed distance of 42.195 km, so that top performances could not be recognized.
110 m hurdles
space | athlete | country | Time (s) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Håkan Lidman | SWE | 14.6 |
2 | Pol Braekman | BEL | 14.9 |
3 | Väinö Suvivuo | FIN | 15.0 |
4th | Gosta Risberg | SWE | 15.2 |
5 | Edvin Larsen | THE | 15.3 |
6th | Henri Maignan | FRA | 15.5 |
Final: August 25th
400 m hurdles
space | athlete | country | Time (s) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Bertel Storskrubb | FIN | 52.2 CR / NO |
2 | Sixten Larsson | SWE | 52.4 NO |
3 | Rune Larsson | SWE | 52.5 |
4th | Yves Cros | FRA | 52.6 NO |
5 | Werner Christians | SUI | 55.4 |
6th | Ronald Ede | GBR | 56.5 |
Final: August 24th
Bertel Storskrubb ( in the photo on the right at a race in 1939 ) - named as Bertil Storskrubb in some publications .
3000 m obstacle
space | athlete | country | Time (min) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Raphaël Pujazon | FRA | 9: 01.4 CR / NO |
2 | Erik Elmsäter | SWE | 9: 11.0 SB |
3 | Tore Sjöstrand | SWE | 9: 14.0 SB |
4th | Alf Olesen | THE | 9: 18.8 NO |
5 | Jean Gallet | FRA | 9: 19.6 PB |
6th | Pentti Siltaloppi | FIN | 9: 21.0 SB |
7th | Jindřich Roudný | TCH | 9: 33.4 NO |
8th | Marcel Vandewattyne | BEL | 9: 37.0 PB |
August 25
Surprisingly, Raphaël Pujazon ( photo right ) defeated the clearly favored Swedes.
4 × 100 m relay
space | country | Athletes | Time (s) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Sweden |
Stig Danielsson Inge Nilsson Olle Laessker Stig Håkansson |
41.5 |
2 | France |
Agathon Lepève Julien Lebas Pierre Gonon René Valmy |
42.0 |
3 | Czechoslovakia |
Mirko Paráček Leopold Láznička Miroslav Řihošek Jiří David |
42.2 |
4th | Netherlands |
Jan Lammers Chris van Osta Jo Zwaan Gabe Scholten |
42.3 |
5 | Great Britain |
Thomas Jover Bert Liffen Robert Roach Jack Archer |
42.4 |
6th | Belgium |
Herman Kunnen Fernand Bourgaux François Braekman Pol Braekman |
43.5 |
Final: August 25th
4 × 400 m relay
space | country | Athletes | Time (min) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | France |
Bernard Santona Yves Cros Robert Chef d'hôtel Jacques Lunis |
3: 14.4 SB |
2 | Great Britain |
Ronald Ede Derek Pugh Bernard Elliot Bill Roberts |
3: 14.5 SB |
3 | Sweden |
Folke Alnevik Stig Lindgård Sven-Erik Nolinge Tore Sten |
3: 15.0 SB |
4th | Denmark |
Herluf Christensen Knud Greenfort Gunnar Bergsten Niels Holst-Sørensen |
3: 15.4 SB |
5 | Switzerland |
Werner Rugel Werner Christen Karl Volkmer Oskar Hardmeier |
3: 20.8 SB |
6th | Czechoslovakia |
Vlastimil Holeček Tomáš Šalé Jiří David Leopold Láznička |
3: 33.6 SB |
Date: August 25th
10,000 m walking
space | athlete | country | Time (min) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | John Mikaelsson | SWE | 46: 05.2 CR |
2 | Fritz Schwab | SUI | 47: 03.6 SB |
3 | Émile Maggi | FRA | 48: 10.4 SB |
4th | Louis Chevalier | FRA | 49: 37.8 SB |
5 | Egil Romberg-Anderssen | NOR | 49: 48.0 PB |
Kaare hammer | NOR | DSQ | |
Werner Hardmo | SWE | ||
Václav Balšán | TCH |
Date: August 25th
50 km of walking
space | athlete | country | Time (h) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | John Ljunggren | SWE | 4:38:20 CR |
2 | Harry Forbes | GBR | 4:42:58 PB |
3 | Charles Megnin | GBR | 4:57:04 PB |
4th | Oddvar Sponberg | NOR | 5:00:27 PB |
5 | Harry Kristensen | THE | 5:03:18 PB |
Harry Olsson | SWE | DNF | |
Edgar Bruun | NOR | DSQ | |
Josef Doležal | TCH |
Date: August 23
The Swedish walker John Ljunggren ( photo right ) got his first big success here.
high jump
space | athlete | country | Height (m) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Anton Bolinder | SWE | 1.99 PB |
2 | Alan Paterson | GBR | 1.96 PB |
3 | Nils Nicklén | FIN | 1.93 PB |
4th | Birger Leirud | NOR | 1.93 PB |
5 | Gunnar Lindecrantz | SWE | 1.93 PB |
6th | Alfredo Campagner | ITA | 1.90 PB |
7th | Skúli Guðmundsson | ISL | 1.90 PB |
8th | Georges Audouy | FRA | 1.90 PB |
Date: August 23
Pole vault
space | athlete | country | Height (m) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Allan Lindberg | SWE | 4.17 CR / NR |
2 | Nikolai Osolin | URS | 4.10 PB |
3 | Jan Bém | TCH | 4.10 PB |
4th | Erling Kaas | NOR | 4.10 PB |
5 | Hugo Göllors | SWE | 4.00 PB |
6th | Georges Breitman | FRA | 3.90 SB |
7th | Miroslav Krejcar | TCH | 3.90 PB |
8th | Helmer Petersen | THE | 3.90 SB |
Date: August 25th
Long jump
space | athlete | country | Width (m) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Olle Laessker | SWE | 7.42 |
2 | Lucien Graff | SUI | 7.40 PB |
3 | Miroslav Řihošek | TCH | 7.29 NO |
4th | Egidio Pribetti | ITA | 7.28 PB |
5 | Stig Håkansson | SWE | 6.97 PB |
6th | Denis Watts | GBR | 6.95 |
7th | Zdeněk Matys | TCH | 6.92 PB |
8th | Oliver Steinn | ISL | 6.82 |
Final: August 24th
Triple jump
space | athlete | country | Width (m) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Valle Rautio | FIN | 15.17 PB |
2 | Bertil Johnsson | SWE | 15.15 PB |
3 | Arne Åhman | SWE | 14.96 SB |
4th | Eugen Haugland | NOR | 14.76 PB |
5 | Hannes Sonck | FIN | 14.70 PB |
6th | Preben Larsen | THE | 14.65 SB |
7th | Stefán Sörensson | ISL | 14.11 NO |
8th | Miroslav Řihošek | TCH | 13.77 PB |
Date: August 22nd
Shot put
space | athlete | country | Width (m) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Gunnar Huseby | ISL | 15.56 |
2 | Dmitri Goryainov | URS | 15.25 PB |
3 | Yrjö Lehtilä | FIN | 15.23 PB |
4th | Roland Nilsson | SWE | 15.16 SB |
5 | Thage Pettersson | SWE | 14.87 |
6th | Sulo Bärlund | FIN | 14.75 SB |
7th | Eivind Sværen | NOR | 14.34 PB |
8th | Lars Ulgenes | NOR | 14.28 PB |
Final: August 23
Discus throw
space | athlete | country | Width (m) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Adolfo Consolini | ITA | 53.23 |
2 | Giuseppe Tosi | ITA | 50.39 SB |
3 | Veikko Nyqvist | FIN | 48.14 PB |
4th | Nikolaos Syllas | GRE | 47.96 PB |
5 | Stone Johnson | NOR | 46.77 SB |
6th | Erik Westlin | SWE | 45.65 |
7th | Bengt Wikner | SWE | 44.57 |
8th | Raymond Tissot | FRA | 44.11 |
Final: August 24th
In the qualification that took place on the same day before the final, European champion Adolfo Consolini had set a new EM record with 53.29 .
Hammer throw
space | athlete | country | Width (m) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Bo Ericson | SWE | 56.44 PB |
2 | Eric Johansson | SWE | 53.54 |
3 | Duncan Clark | GBR | 51.32 SB |
4th | Imre Németh | HUN | 50.03 SB |
5 | Hans Houtzager | NED | 49.68 |
6th | Teseo Taddia | ITA | 48.63 |
7th | Alexander Schechtel | URS | 46.24 |
8th | Jaroslav Knotek | TCH | 46.04 |
Final: August 22nd
Javelin throw
space | athlete | country | Width (m) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Lennart Atterwall | SWE | 68.74 PB |
2 | Yrjö Nikkanen | FIN | 67.50 SB |
3 | Tapio Rautavaara | FIN | 66.40 SB |
4th | Odd Mæhlum | NOR | 66.37 PB |
5 | Sven Daleflod | SWE | 64.79 PB |
6th | Josef Neumann | SUI | 62.48 PB |
7th | Lumír Kiesewetter | TCH | 59.91 PB |
8th | Nico Lutkeveld | NED | 59.50 |
Final: August 25th
Lennart Atterwall ( photo right ) was European champion, but remained more than eight meters below Matti Järvinen's victory distance of 1938 .
Decathlon
space | athlete | country | P - official value. | P - 85 value. |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Godtfred Holmvang | NOR | 6987 PB | 6566 |
2 | Sergei Kuznetsov | URS | 6930 PB | 6559 |
3 | Göran Waxberg | SWE | 6661 PB | 6313 |
4th | Armin Scheurer | SUI | 6655 SB | 6263 |
5 | Pierre spokesman | FRA | 6496 PB | 6203 |
6th | Oskar Häfliger | SUI | 6461 PB | 6195 |
7th | Gunnar Erdal-Aase | NOR | 6295 PB | 5995 |
8th | István Kiss | HUN | 6027 PB | 5827 |
Date: 23/24 August
The scoring was based on the 1934 points table.
For orientation and classification of the performances, the scores achieved in 1985 according to the current rating system are also listed for comparison. After that, nothing would have changed in terms of the positions under the first eight, only postponements would have occurred in ranks ten to twelve.
But these comparisons are only indicative, because the different standards of the time must apply as a basis.
Results women
100 m
space | Athlete | country | Time (s) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Yevgenia Sechenova | URS | 11.9 CRe |
2 | Winifred Jordan | GBR | 12.1 |
3 | Claire Brésolles | FRA | 12.2 |
4th | Ann-Britt Leyman | SWE | 12.2 |
5 | Maureen Gardner | GBR | 12.2 |
6th | Gerda Koudijs | NED | 12.4 |
Final: August 22nd
Yevgenia Sechenova ( photo on the right ) - She was the sprint queen of these European championships.
200 m
space | Athlete | country | Time (s) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Yevgenia Sechenova | URS | 25.4 |
2 | Winifred Jordan | GBR | 25.6 |
3 | Léa Caurla | FRA | 25.6 |
4th | Marit Hemstad | NOR | 25.7 |
5 | Sylvia Cheeseman | GBR | 25.8 |
6th | Ann-Britt Leyman | SWE | 26.2 |
Final: August 25th
80 m hurdles
space | Athlete | country | Time (s) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Fanny Blankers-Koen | NED | 11.8 |
2 | Elene Gokieli | URS | 11.9 |
3 | Valentina Fokina | URS | 11.9 |
4th | Anne Iversen | THE | 12.3 |
5 | Anna Linnéa Sövgren | SWE | 12.4 |
6th | Marie Matesová | TCH | 12.4 |
Final: August 23
Often referred to as the flying housewife or the flying Dutchwoman , Fanny Blankers-Koen, outstanding athlete of her time ( in the photo as the winner of a race in Amsterdam in 1948 ), won the hurdles sprint.
4 × 100 m relay
space | country | Athletes | Time (s) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Netherlands |
Gerda Koudijs Nettie Timmer Martha Adema Fanny Blankers-Koen |
47.8 |
2 | France |
Léa Caurla Anne-Marie Colchen Claire Brésolles Monique Drilhon |
48.5 |
3 | USSR |
Yevgenia Setschenowa Valentina Fokina Elene Gokieli Valentina Vasilieva |
48.7 |
4th | Great Britain |
Joyce Judd Sylvia Cheeseman Maureen Gardner Winifred Jordan |
48.7 |
5 | Sweden |
Greta Magnusson Kerstin Josefsson Ulla-Britt Althin Ann-Britt Leyman |
49.3 |
6th | Poland |
Irena Hejducka Stanisława Walasiewicz Mieczysława Moder Jadwiga Słomczewska |
50.6 |
Date: August 25th
high jump
space | athlete | country | Height (m) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Anne-Marie Colchen | FRA | 1.60 PB |
2 | Alexandra Tschudina | URS | 1.57 SB |
3 | Anne Iversen | THE | 1.57 SB |
4th | Fanny Blankers-Koen | NED | 1.57 SB |
5 | Micheline Ostermeyer | FRA | 1.57 SB |
6th | Triny Bourkel | LUX | 1.57 PB |
7th | Dora Gardner | GBR | 1.54 SB |
8th | Milly Ludwig | LUX | 1.48 PB |
Date: August 22nd
High jump winner Anne-Marie Colchen ( on the photo on the right in 1949 ) was also a member of the French national basketball team .
Long jump
space | athlete | country | Width (m) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Gerda Koudijs | NED | 5.67 PB |
2 | Lidija Gaile | URS | 5.66 PB |
3 | Valentina Vasilyeva | URS | 5.63 PB |
4th | Amelia Piccinini | ITA | 5.28 PB |
5 | Anne Iversen | THE | 5.25 PB |
6th | Ulla-Britt Althin | SWE | 5.24 PB |
7th | Greta Magnusson | SWE | 5.21 |
8th | Ilona Fekete | HUN | 5.16 PB |
Final: August 23
Shot put
space | Athlete | country | Width (m) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Tatiana Sevryukova | URS | 14.16 CR |
2 | Micheline Ostermeyer | FRA | 12.84 SB |
3 | Amelia Piccinini | ITA | 12.21 SB |
4th | Jadwiga Wajs | POLE | 11.65 PB |
5 | Eivor Olson | SWE | 11.43 SB |
6th | To sneeze | NED | 11.35 PB |
7th | Maria Kwaśniewska | POLE | 11.06 PB |
8th | Liv Paulsen | NOR | 10.37 PB |
Date: August 22nd
Discus throw
space | Athlete | country | Width (m) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Nina Dumbadze | URS | 44.52 |
2 | To sneeze | NED | 40.46 PB |
3 | Jadwiga Wajs | POLE | 39.37 |
4th | Gudrun Eklund | SWE | 36.90 PB |
5 | Irena Dobrzańska | POLE | 36.30 PB |
6th | Tatiana Sevryukova | URS | 34.05 |
7th | Helena Stachowicz | POLE | 31.81 |
8th | Kathleen Dyer | GBR | 31.34 SB |
Final: August 23
Nina Dumbadze was one of three winners from the USSR in the three push and throw disciplines. In the qualification she had equalized Gisela Mauermayer's championship record of 48.31 m.
Javelin throw
space | Athlete | country | Width (m) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Klavdiya Majuchaya | URS | 46.25 CR |
2 | Lyudmila Anokina | URS | 45.84 PB |
3 | Johanna Koning | NED | 43.24 |
4th | Elly Dammers | NED | 41.16 PB |
5 | Maria Rohonczi | HUN | 40.66 PB |
6th | Maria Kwaśniewska | POLE | 38.57 PB |
7th | Regina Marjanen | FIN | 36.34 |
8th | Helena Stachowicz | POLE | 35.52 |
Final: August 24th
literature
- Mirko Javala (Ed.): European Athletics Championships Zurich 2014: Statistics Handbook. Organizing Committee European Athletics Championships, Zurich 2014, pp. 360–362 ( PDF )
- Jani Suomilammi (Ed.): European Athletics Championships Berlin 2018: Statistics Handbook. Organizing Committee European Athletics Championships, Berlin 2018, pp. 492–497 ( PDF )
Web links
- European Athletics Championships - Oslo 1946 from european-athletics.org, accessed June 11, 2017
- Athletics European Championships Oslo (NOR) 1946 - 22-25.08 Bislet Idrettsplass Stadium on todor66.com, accessed on March 16, 2019
- Track and Field Statistics, EM 1946 on trackfield.brinkster.net, accessed June 11, 2017
- 3rd European Athletics Championships 1946 in Oslo, Norway from ifosta.de, accessed on June 11, 2017
- Results of all European Athletics Championships - 1946 on sportschau.de, accessed on June 11, 2017
- Back to the Zaren , Spiegel Online December 1, 1969 at spiegel.de, accessed on June 11, 2017
Video
- Welt im Film 68/1946 , short video for the 1946 European Championships on September 11, 1946, range: 1: 39.13 min to 3: 06.00 min on filmothek.bundesarchiv.de, accessed on June 11, 2017
Individual proof
- ^ Arnd Krüger : The Unfinished Symphony. A History of the Olympic Games from Coubertin to Samaranch, in: James Riordan , Arnd Krüger (Ed.): The International Politics of Sport in the 20th Century. London: Routledge 1999, 3-27.