400 meter run
The 400-meter run is the longest sprinting discipline in athletics and is held in both outdoor and indoor competitions. It is also the fifth sub-discipline of the men's decathlon and is also carried out as a relay competition, see 4 x 400 meter relay .
In open-air competitions, each runner covers the entire distance in his own lane, which must not be left. In indoor competitions, only after the second curve (about 150 m) is covered in separate lanes. Then all runners are allowed to cut into the inner lane and use it to the finish. In relay competitions, only the first runner runs completely in its own lane. The second runner is allowed to cut into the inside lane on the back straight.
The start takes place in the low start of starting blocks and offset to compensate for the curve length of the various lanes.
The fastest men achieve times around 43 seconds. This corresponds to a speed of 9.30 m / s or 33.49 km / h.
The fastest women achieve times around 48 seconds. This corresponds to a speed of 8.33 m / s or 30.0 km / h.
At the Olympic Games , men have been running the 400-meter course since 1896 and women since 1964 .
history
The 400-meter run is derived from the quarter mile (440 yards = 402.34 m) - a route that was common in English-speaking countries at the beginning of modern athletics at the end of the 19th century. The first 400-meter run in Germany was held in Berlin in 1892 .
Since 1960, records have only been recognized when a 400-meter track has been run. Until then, records were also recorded on 500- and 600-meter tracks, which brought advantages through the shorter curve sections. Women's records have been held since 1957.
The first 400-meter track in Germany was inaugurated on August 28, 1905 in Ricklingen near Hanover , but hardly used because of its unfavorable location.
Milestones
Men
- First runner under 50 seconds: 49.2 s, Lon Myers , 1879
- First world record officially recognized by the IAAF : 47.8 s, Maxie Long , 1900
- First runner under 47 seconds: 46.4 s, Ben Eastman , 1932
- First runner under 46 seconds: 45.9 s, Herb McKenley , 1948
- First runner under 45 seconds: 44.9 s, Otis Davis and Carl Kaufmann , 1960
- First runner under 44 seconds: 43.86 s, Lee Evans , 1968
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Women
- First runner under 54 seconds: 53.9 s, Marija Itkina , 1955
- First runner under 53/52 seconds: 51.9 s, Shin Kim Dan , 1962
- First runner under 51/50 seconds: 49.9 s, Irena Szewińska , 1974
- First runner under 49 seconds: 48.94 s, Marita Koch , 1978
- First runner under 48 seconds: 47.99 s Jarmila Kratochvílová , 1983
Most successful athlete
International
-
Michael Johnson : Two Olympic victories ( 1996 and 2000 ) and four world championship titles ( 1993 , 1995 , 1997 , 1999 )
-
Marie-José Perec : Two Olympic victories ( 1992 and 1996 ) and two world championship titles ( 1991 and 1995 ) -
Cathy Freeman : Two world championship titles ( 1997 and 1999 ), Olympic champion 2000 , Olympic second in 1996
Most successful German
-
Marita Koch : Olympic champion 1980 , holder of the current world record (47.60 s; as of March 2018)
-
Monika Zehren : Olympic champion in 1972
-
Thomas Schönlebe : World Champion 1987
statistics
Olympic Games medalist
Men
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Women
World Championships medalist
Men
Women
See also
- Olympic medalist
- Medalist at world championships
- Olympic medalists
- Medal winners at world championships
World record development
Men
In the early days of modern athletics, from 1865 to 1900, times of 53½ seconds to 47.0 seconds were achieved, often not on one of the oval tracks that were later standardized.
The earliest known best time, 53 1/2 s on the 440 yard course (402.34 m), comes from the Irish Edward Hunt (May 17, 1865 in Dublin ).
The American Lon Myers , a well-known runner in the 1880s, ran the 440 yards for the first time under 50 seconds (49 1/5 s) on September 20, 1879 in New York and improved his record to 48 4/5 s by 1885 .
Because of the ban on so-called brush shoes , several best times on sprint courses were not recognized as world records in 1968. These include the 44.0 s (44.06 s) of the eventual Olympic champion Lee Evans on September 14, 1968 in Echo Summit . The time of the runner-up, Larry James (44.1 s), USA , on the other hand, became an official world record.
A month later, Lee Evans ran a world record with conventional, permitted spikes at the Olympic Games that lasted for almost 20 years - longer than any other since the beginning of the statistics. The new world record, set by Butch Reynolds with 43.29 seconds in Zurich on August 17, 1988 , was over half a second below the old one. Only Emerson Spencer had achieved such a great record improvement in 1928 (from 47.6 s to 47.0 s).
Comments on the table:
- y: Time was registered as a 440- yard world record (402.34 m) and is included here if it was below the following 400-meter world record.
- Brackets: Automatically stopped time
| Time (s) | Surname | date | place | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hand-timed times | ||||
| 47 4/5 y |
.svg){kind=small} Maxie Long
|
29th September 1900 | New York City | |
| 48.2 |
Charles Reidpath
|
July 13, 1912 | Stockholm | |
| 47 2/5 y |
Ted Meredith
|
May 27, 1916 | Cambridge (USA) | |
| 47.6 |
 Eric Liddell
|
July 11, 1924 | Colombes | |
| 47.0 |
Emerson Spencer
|
May 12, 1928 | Palo Alto | |
| 46.4 |
Ben Eastman
|
March 26, 1932 | Palo Alto | |
| 46.2 (46.28) |
Bill Carr
|
August 5, 1932 | los Angeles | |
| 46.1 |
Archie Williams
|
June 19, 1936 | Chicago | |
| 46.0 |
.svg){kind=small} Rudolf Harbig
|
August 12, 1939 | Frankfurt am Main | |
| 46.0 |
Grover Klemmer
|
June 6, 1941 | Philadelphia | |
| 45.9 (46.00) |
.svg){kind=small} Herb McKenley
|
July 2, 1948 | Milwaukee | |
| 45.8 |
George Rhoden
|
22nd August 1950 | Eskilstuna | |
| 45.4 (45.68) |
Lou Jones
|
March 18, 1955 | Mexico city | |
| 45.2 |
Lou Jones
|
June 30, 1956 | los Angeles | |
| 44.9 (45.07) |
Otis Davis
|
September 6, 1960 | Rome | |
| 44.9 |
Mike Larrabee
|
September 12, 1964 | los Angeles | |
| 44.9 |
.svg){kind=small} Carl Kaufmann
|
September 6, 1960 | Rome | |
| 44.5 |
Tommie Smith
|
May 20, 1967 | San Jose | |
| 44.1 (44.19) |
Larry James
|
September 14, 1968 | Echo Summit | |
| Electronically timed times | ||||
| 43.86 |
Lee Evans
|
October 18, 1968 | Mexico city | |
| 43.29 |
Harry Reynolds
|
17th August 1988 | Zurich | |
| 43.18 |
Michael Johnson
|
August 26, 1999 | Seville | |
| 43.03 |
 Wayde van Niekerk
|
August 14, 2016 | Rio de Janeiro | |
Women
The earliest 400 meter times of women are known from Finland from the beginning of the 20th century. For Hilja Heinonen , a time of 1:47 min4 / 5 s was set on July 25, 1900; Finnish women improved this time to 67.1 s by 1911. From 1917 onwards, 400-meter runs by women athletes from France , Ireland , Great Britain and Russia are known.
The international women's sports organization FSFI has registered world records for the 440-yard course (402.34 m) since 1922. The international athletics federation IAAF only set world records with the approval of the 400-meter run at international high points, the first in 1957.
In the period before that, the best performance was mainly owned by runners from Great Britain and Eastern European countries, three times also by Ursula Donath from the GDR.
From 1955 to 1962, the Soviet runner Marija Itkina set five world records (initially unofficial). Another dominant 400-meter runner of this time, the Australian Betty Cuthbert , never set a 400-meter world record, but instead four 440-yard records (1959 to 1963, not listed here).
Shin Kim Dan
Shin Kim Dan from North Korea achieved five best performances (1960: 53.0 s to 1964: 51.2 s). North Korea was not yet recognized by the IAAF at that time, but an achievement on October 23, 1962 was still registered as a world record. With a time of 51.9 seconds, Shin Kim Dan undercut Marija Itkina's mark by 1.5 seconds - the largest world record improvement in the history of the 400-meter run. This world record lasted for almost seven years (September 18, 1969: Colette Besson ( France ), 51.7 s). Betty Cuthbert came very close to him in her 1964 Olympic gold medal in Tokyo , when 52.01 s were electronically stopped.
1970s and 1980s
Since 1972, the world record has mainly been owned by GDR female athletes (9 of 14 records since 1972). The outstanding runner mid-1970s was the Pole Irena Szewińska with three world records and the first run under 50 seconds (1974). From 1978 onwards, Marita Koch set seven world records, the last with 47.60 s (1985). It is still the current best time and the second oldest existing track and field world record for Olympic disciplines (as of August 18, 2016). Only the 800-meter world record set by Jarmila Kratochvílová ( Czechoslovakia ) in July 1983 is older . Two weeks after this record, she interrupted Marita Koch's world record series: besides Koch, Kratochvilová is the only woman who has a 400-meter run under 48 seconds succeeded (47.99 s on August 10, 1983).
Table of world records
Comment:
- y: World records for 440 yards, mentioned here for comparison with the first 400 meter world record that was registered later
| Time (s) | Surname | date | place | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hand-timed times | ||||
| 57.0 y |
Marlene Mathews
|
January 6, 1957 | Sydney | |
| 57.0 y |
 Marise Chamberlain
|
February 16, 1957 | Christchurch | |
| 56.3 y |
Nancy Boyle
|
February 24, 1957 | Sydney | |
| 55.2 |
.svg){kind=small} Polina Lazareva
|
May 10, 1957 | Moscow | |
| 54.0 |
Marija Itkina
|
June 8, 1957 | Minsk | |
| 53.6 |
Marija Itkina
|
July 6, 1957 | Moscow | |
| 53.4 |
Marija Itkina
|
September 12, 1959 | Krasnodar | |
| 53.4 |
Marija Itkina
|
September 14, 1962 | Belgrade | |
| 51.9 |
 Shin Kim Dan
|
October 23, 1962 | Pyongyang | |
| 51.7 (51.77) |
Nicole Duclos
|
18th September 1969 | Athens | |
| 51.7 (51.79) |
Colette Besson
|
18th September 1969 | Athens | |
| 51.0 (51.02) |
 Marilyn Neufville
|
July 25, 1970 | Edinburgh | |
| 51.0 (51.08) |
Monika Zehren
|
4th July 1972 | Colombes | |
| 49.9 |
.svg){kind=small} Irena Szewińska
|
June 22, 1974 | Rome | |
| Electronically timed times | ||||
| 50.14 |
 Riitta Salin
|
4th September 1974 | Rome | |
| 49.77 |
Christina Brehmer
|
May 9, 1976 | Dresden | |
| 49.75 |
Irena Szewińska
|
June 22, 1976 | Bydgoszcz | |
| 49.29 |
Irena Szewińska
|
July 29, 1976 | Montreal | |
| 49.19 |
Marita Koch
|
2nd July 1978 | Leipzig | |
| 49.03 |
Marita Koch
|
19th August 1978 | Potsdam | |
| 48.94 |
Marita Koch
|
August 31, 1978 | Prague | |
| 48.89 |
Marita Koch
|
July 29, 1979 | Potsdam | |
| 48.60 |
Marita Koch
|
4th August 1979 | Turin | |
| 48.16 |
Marita Koch
|
September 8, 1982 | Athens | |
| 47.99 |
 Jarmila Kratochvílová
|
August 10, 1983 | Helsinki | |
| 47.60 |
Marita Koch
|
October 6, 1985 | Canberra | |
World best list
Men
All runners with a time of 44.29 seconds or faster. A = time achieved under altitude conditions.
Last change: October 4th, 2019
- 43.03s Wayde van Niekerk , Rio de Janeiro , August 14, 2016
- 43.18s Michael Johnson , Seville , August 26, 1999
- 43.29 s Harry Reynolds , Zurich , August 17, 1988
- 43.45s Jeremy Wariner , Osaka , August 31, 2007
- 43.45s Michael Norman , Torrance , April 20, 2019
- 43.48s Steven Gardiner , Doha , October 4, 2019
- 43.50 s Quincy Watts , Barcelona , August 5, 1992
- 43.64s Fred Kerley , Des Moines , July 27, 2019
- 43.65s LaShawn Merritt , Beijing , August 26, 2015
- 43.72s Isaac Makwala , La Chaux-de-Fonds , July 5, 2015
- 43.74 s Kirani James , Lausanne , July 3, 2014
- 43.81s Danny Everett , New Orleans , June 26, 1992
- 43.86s A Lee Evans , Mexico City , October 18, 1968
- 43.87s Steve Lewis , Seoul , September 28, 1988
- 43.93 s Yousef Ahmed Masrahi , Beijing , August 23, 2015
- 43.93 s Rusheen McDonald , Beijing , August 23, 2015
- 43.94s Akeem Bloomfield , Eugene , June 8, 2018
- 43.97s A Larry James , Mexico City , October 18, 1968
- 44.01 s Machel Cedenio , Rio de Janeiro , August 14, 2016
- 44.02 s Baboloki Thebe , Lausanne , July 6, 2017
- 44.05s Angelo Taylor , Indianapolis , June 23, 2007
- 44.07s Abdalelah Haroun , London , July 21, 2018
- 44.09 s Alvin Harrison , Atlanta , June 19, 1996
- 44.09 s Jerome Young , New Orleans , June 21, 1998
- 44.10 s Gary Kikaya , Stuttgart , September 9, 2006
- 44.11s Luguelin Santos , Beijing , August 26, 2015
- 44.13s Derek Mills , Eugene , June 4, 1995
- 44.13s Nathon Allen , Eugene , June 8, 2018
- 44.14 s Roberto Hernández , Seville , May 30, 1990
- 44.15 s Anthuan Maybank , Lausanne , July 3, 1996
- 44.15s Anthony Zambrano , Doha , October 4, 2019
- 44.16 s Otis Harris , Athens , 23 August 2004
- 44.17 s Innocent Egbunike , Zurich , August 19, 1987
- 44.18s Samson Kitur , Barcelona , August 3, 1992
- 44.20 s A Charles Gitonga , Nairobi , June 29, 1996
- 44.21 s Ian Morris , Barcelona , August 3, 1992
- 44.21s Emmanuel Korir , Nairobi , June 23, 2018
- 44.22s Gil Roberts , Sacramento , June 24, 2017
- 44.23 s Kahmari Montgomery , Austin , June 7, 2019
- 44.24s Tony McQuay , Eugene , July 2, 2016
- 44.25 s Karabo Sibanda , Rio de Janeiro , August 14, 2016
- 44.25s Stewart Trevor , Austin , June 7, 2019
- 44.26 s Alberto Juantorena , Montréal , July 29, 1976
- 44.27 s Alonzo Babers , Los Angeles , August 8, 1984
- 44.27 s Antonio Pettigrew , Houston , June 17, 1989
- 44.27s Darold Williamson , Sacramento , June 10, 2005
- 44.28s Andrew Valmon , Eugene , June 19, 1993
- 44.28s Tyree Washington , Los Angeles , May 12, 2001
- 44.29 s Derrick Brew , Athens , May 16, 1999
- 44.29 s Sanderlei Parrela , Seville , August 26, 1999
- German record: Thomas Schönlebe - 44.33 s on September 3, 1987 in Rome
- Austrian record: Clemens Zeller - 45.69 s on June 3, 2010 in St. Pölten
- Swiss record: Matthias Rusterholz - 44.99 s on July 3, 1996 in Lausanne
Women
All runners with a time of 49.64 seconds or faster. A = time achieved under altitude conditions.
Last change: October 3, 2019
- 47.60 s Marita Koch , Canberra , October 6, 1985
- 47.99 s Jarmila Kratochvílová , Helsinki , August 10, 1983
- 48.14s Salwa Eid Naser , Doha , October 3, 2019
- 48.25 s Marie-José Perec , Atlanta , July 29, 1996
- 48.27 s Olga Bryzgina , Canberra , October 6, 1985
- 48.37s Shaunae Miller-Uibo , Doha , October 3, 2019
- 48.59 s Taťána Kocembová , Helsinki , August 10, 1983
- 48.63s Cathy Freeman , Atlanta , July 29, 1996
- 48.70 s Sanya Richards , Athens , September 17, 2006
- 48.83s Valerie Brisco-Hooks , Los Angeles , August 6, 1984
- 48.89s Ana Guevara , Saint-Denis , August 27, 2003
- 49.05s Chandra Cheeseborough , Los Angeles , August 6, 1984
- 49.07 s Tonique Williams-Darling , Berlin , September 12, 2004
- 49.10 s Falilat Ogunkoya , Atlanta , July 29, 1996
- 49.11s Olga Nazarova , Seoul , September 25, 1988
- 49.16 s Antonina Kriwoschapka , Cheboksary , July 5, 2012
- 49.19 s Marija Pinigina , Helsinki , August 10, 1983
- 49.19 s Aminatou Seyni , Lausanne , July 5, 2019
- 49.24 s Sabine Busch , Erfurt , June 2, 1984
- 49.26s Allyson Felix , Beijing , August 27, 2015
- 49.28 s Irena Szewińska , Montréal , July 29, 1976
- 49.28s Pauline Davis-Thompson , Atlanta , July 29, 1996
- 49.28 s Julija Gushchina , Cheboksary , July 5, 2012
- 49.29s Charity Opara , Rome , July 14, 1998
- 49.30 s Petra Schersing-Müller , Jena , June 3, 1988
- 49.30 s Lorraine Fenton , Monaco , July 19, 2002
- 49.32 s Shericka Williams , Berlin , August 18, 2009
- 49.33s Amantle Montsho , Monaco , July 19, 2013
- 49.40s Jearl Miles Clark , Indianapolis , June 14, 1997
- 49.41s Christine Ohuruogu , Moscow , August 12, 2013
- 49.42s Grit Breuer , Tokyo , August 27, 1991
- 49.43s Kathy Smallwood-Cook , Los Angeles , August 6, 1984
- 49.43 s A Fatima Yusuf , Harare , September 15, 1995
- 49.47 s Aelita Yurchenko , Moscow , September 4, 1988
- 49.47s Shericka Jackson , Doha , October 3, 2019
- 49.48s Francena McCorory , Sacramento , June 28, 2014
- 49.49s Olga Saizewa , Tula , July 16, 2006
- 49.52s Shakima Wimbley , Des Moines , June 23, 2018
- 49.53s Vanya Stambolowa , Rieti , August 27, 2006
- 49.56 s Bärbel Wöckel , Erfurt , May 30, 1982
- 49.56s Monique Hennagan , Sacramento , July 17, 2004
- 49.57s Grace Jackson , Nice , July 10, 1988
- 49.58 s Dagmar Neubauer , Erfurt , June 2, 1984
- 49.59s Marion Jones , Walnut , April 16, 2000
- 49.59s Katharine Merry , Athens , June 11, 2001
- 49.60 s Wadeline Jonathas , Doha , October 3, 2019
- 49.61s Ana Fidelia Quirot , Havana , August 5, 1991
- 49.61s Phyllis Francis , Doha , October 3, 2019
- 49.64s Gwen Torrence , Nice , July 15, 1992
- 49.64s Ximena Restrepo , Barcelona , August 5, 1992
- 49.64s Novlene Williams-Mills , Rieti , August 27, 2006
- 49.64s DeeDee Trotter , Indianapolis , June 23, 2007
- 49.64s Debbie Dunn , Des Moines , June 26, 2010
- German record: Marita Koch - 47.60 s on October 6, 1985 in Canberra
- Austrian record: Karoline Käfer - 50.62 s on June 18, 1977 in Klagenfurt
- Swiss record: Léa Sprunger - 50.52 on July 1, 2018 in La Chaux-de-Fonds
swell
- Eternal world best list of the IAAF, 400 m men (English)
- Eternal world best list of the IAAF, 400 m women (English)
- Athletics annual world best list up to 20th place ( Memento from July 18, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
- Progression of World best performances and official IAAF World Records, 2003 Edition, Monaco, 2003, p. 44 ff. And P. 255 ff. (English)
See also
100 m | 200 m | 400 m | 800 m | 1500 m | 5000 m | 10,000 m | Marathon | 20 km walk | 50 km walk | 100 m hurdles (women only) | 110 m hurdles (men only) | 400 m hurdles | 3000 m obstacle | 4 × 100 m relay | 4 × 400 m relay | High jump | Pole vault | Long jump | Triple jump | Shot put | Discus throw | Hammer throw | Javelin throw | Heptathlon (women only) | Decathlon (men only)