Hammer throw

The hammer throw (also hammer throwing ) is a discipline of athletics or heavy athletics in which a "throwing hammer", today a metal ball on a steel wire, has to be thrown as far as possible.
The athlete has a 2.135 meter diameter (7 English foot) circle available for swinging. He uses this to first rotate the hammer with both arms in order to accelerate it as much as possible before throwing it.
The men's sling hammer, including the handle, weighs 16 pounds (7.26 kilograms ) and four kilograms for women. It has the same weight as the shot put in the shot put .
The hammer throw as a modern sport originated in Scotland and Ireland in the 19th century , where originally a weight with a wooden handle was thrown.
Hammer throw has been part of the program of the Olympic Games for men since 1900 . For women it has been held in international competitions since 1997 and in the Olympic Games since 2000 .
The best hammer throwers reach distances of 85 meters (world record: 86.74 m) for men and 80 meters (world record: 82.98 m) for women.
history
Competitions in throwing a forge hammer are documented from the Middle Ages of Ireland and Scotland. The first throws of a weight with a rigid “handle” are known from England and Ireland from the first half of the 19th century.
The rules for hammer throwing were written in England in 1887 . While the mass of the weight was set at 16 English pounds (7.257 kg) at an early stage, the type of dropping changed several times. Initially, it was allowed to take a run of any length and to cross the throwing line after the throw.
Later it was thrown out of a circle: the diameter was set at 7 English feet (2.135 m) in England in 1878, from 1887 to 1909 it was also thrown out of a 9-foot circle (2.73 m).
Likewise, the length of the wire on which the weight hangs has changed. It wasn't until the 20th century that the final length of 4 feet (1,219 m) was established. The hammer used by men today was introduced in 1912.
In Germany, the first hammer throw competition took place in Berlin in May 1893 with a 12 pound hammer. Until the beginning of the 20th century, hammer throw was hardly noticed in Germany; official German records were not registered until the mid-1920s. The first significant German hammer thrower was Max Furtwengler (* 1881), who threw with one arm and only half a turn. He increased the German best performance from 29.84 m in 1909 to 43.05 m in 1926.
Competition rules
In the competition, the best eight hammer throwers have six attempts. The largest distance decides on victory and places, with the same distance the next best attempts decide.
After the throw, the circle may only be left after hitting the hammer and only to the rear and from a safe position, so that the throw is considered valid.
In contrast to the other throwing disciplines, the hammer thrower may wear gloves or wrap individual fingers with bandages.
A throw is only valid if the hammer hits a marked, acute-angled sector. As with the shot put and discus throw, this has an opening of 34.92 °. This “non-round” value results from a triangle that has two sides of 20 meters and 12 meters to easily mark the throwing sector.
To protect people in the stadium from misguided throws, the hammer throw circle is surrounded by a protective cage that is only open at the top and in the direction of the throwing sector. It has a height of seven meters, in some places ten meters. It is at least 3.50 meters away from the center of the throwing circle. The mesh of the protective cage can consist of ropes or metal wire and must withstand a hammer speed of 32 meters per second (115 km / h).
The rules for hammer throw competitions are set out in rules 187, 191 and the IAAF technical competition regulations.
Physics of hammer throw
- Take-off speed: For a 75-meter throw, a take-off speed of around 27 to 28 meters per second (m / s) is necessary. If this speed is increased by five percent, around 1.4 m / s, this leads to a gain in distance of around seven meters with the same take-off angle. The take-off speed is therefore much more important than the take-off angle.
- Take-off altitude: Your influence on the distance is very small. A higher take-off altitude leads to an equal gain in distance. For example, if the hammer is dropped from a height of 1.60 meters instead of 1.40 meters, that brings about 19 centimeters (based on a take-off speed of 24 m / s). A tall athlete has only minor advantages over a smaller one with the same application of force and the same technique.
- Departure angle: The throwing hammer describes a ballistic curve ( trajectory parabola , oblique throw ), which has the best possible departure angle of 45 °. However, since the hammer is thrown from an elevated position ( law of crooked throw ), the actual best take-off angle is only around 44 °. A deviation of two degrees, around five percent, worsens the throwing distance by about sixty centimeters.
- Wind : Air resistance plays a minor role in hammer throwing, so wind only has a minor influence on the distance. A wind speed of 5 m / s affects an 80-meter throw by about one percent. Tailwind leads to a gain in distance of about 90 centimeters, headwind reduces the distance of a throw by about 80 centimeters.
Milestones
Men:
- First registered width: 27.74 m, (16-pound hammer with wooden handle), Adam Wilson ( GBR ), May 10, 1828 in Hunter's Tryst
- First registered width according to today's rules (2.135 meter circle): 30.12 m, Edmund Baddeley ( GBR ), April 15, 1878
- First official world record: 57.77 m, Pat Ryan ( USA ), August 17, 1913 (first improvement of the world record on August 27, 1938 by Erwin Blask ( GER ) with 59.00 m)
- First distance over 60 meters: 60.34 m, József Csermák ( HUN ), July 24, 1952
- First distance over 70 meters: 70.33 m, Hal Connolly (USA), August 12, 1960
- First distance over 80 meters: 80.14 m, Boris Saitschuk ( URS ), July 9, 1978
Women:
- First registered width: 17.03 m, Lucinda Moles ( ESP ), June 29, 1931 in Madrid
- First distance over 40 meters: 41.99 m, Carol Cady (USA), April 10, 1982
- First distance over 50 meters: 53.65 m, Carol Cady (USA), April 28, 1984
- First distance over 60 meters: 61.20 m, Aya Suzuki ( JPN ), April 30, 1989
- First official world record: 66.84 m, Olga Kusenkowa ( RUS ), February 23, 1994
- First distance over 70 meters: 71.22 m, Olga Kusenkowa (RUS), June 22, 1997
- First distance over 80 meters: 81.08 m, Anita Włodarczyk ( POL ), August 1, 2015
Most successful athlete
Men:
- Triple Olympic Champion: John Flanagan (USA) ( 1900 , 1904 , 1908 )
- Two-time Olympic champion:
- Pat O'Callaghan ( IRL ) ( 1928 , 1932 )
- Jurij Sedych (URS) ( 1976 , 1980 ), also Olympic second in 1988 , world champion 1991 and world championship second in 1983
- Two-time world champion:
- Sergei Litvinow (URS) ( 1983 , 1987 ), also Olympic champion in 1988 and second in 1980
- Andrei Abduwalijew ( TJK ) ( 1993 , 1995 ), also Olympic champion in 1992
Women:
- Anita Wlodarczyk ( POL ): two-time Olympic champion ( 2012 and 2016 ) and three-time world champion ( 2009 , 2015 and 2017 ), plus World Championship runner-up in 2013
- Yipsi Moreno ( CUB ): three-time world champion ( 2001 , 2003 and 2005 ) as well as Olympic champion 2008 and Olympic runner-up in 2004
- Olga Kusenkowa (RUS): Olympic champion 2004 , Olympic runner-up in 2000 , three times World Cup runner-up ( 1999 , 2001 , 2003 )
statistics
Olympic Games medalist
Men
Women
year | gold medal | Silver medal | Bronze medal |
---|---|---|---|
2000 |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
2004 |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
2008 |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
2012 |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
2016 |
![]() |
![]() |
![]() |
World Championships medalist
Men
Women
See also
- Olympic medalist
- Medalist at world championships
- Olympic medalists
- Medal winners at world championships
World record development
Men
Width (m) | Surname | date | place |
---|---|---|---|
57.77 |
![]() |
17th August 1913 | New York City |
59.00 |
![]() |
August 27, 1938 | Stockholm |
59.02 |
![]() |
July 14, 1948 | Tata |
59.57 |
![]() |
September 1949 | Katowice |
59.88 |
![]() |
May 19, 1950 | Budapest |
60.34 |
![]() |
July 24, 1952 | Helsinki |
61.25 |
![]() |
September 14, 1952 | Oslo |
62.36 |
![]() |
5th September 1953 | Oslo |
63.34 |
![]() |
August 29, 1954 | Bern |
64.05 |
![]() |
December 12, 1954 | Baku |
64.33 |
![]() |
4th August 1955 | Warsaw |
64.52 |
![]() |
September 19, 1955 | Belgrade |
65.85 |
![]() |
April 25, 1956 | Nalchik |
66.38 |
![]() |
July 8, 1956 | Minsk |
67.32 |
![]() |
October 22, 1956 | Tashkent |
68.54 |
![]() |
November 2, 1956 | los Angeles |
68.68 |
![]() |
June 20, 1958 | Bakersfield |
70.33 |
![]() |
August 12, 1960 | Walnut |
70.67 |
![]() |
July 21, 1962 | Palo Alto |
71.06 |
![]() |
May 29, 1965 | Ceres |
71.26 |
![]() |
June 20, 1965 | Walnut |
73.74 |
![]() |
4th September 1965 | Debrecen |
73.76 |
![]() |
September 14, 1968 | Budapest |
74.52 |
![]() |
15th June 1969 | Budapest |
74.68 |
![]() |
20th September 1969 | Piraeus |
75.48 |
![]() |
October 12, 1969 | Rovno |
76.40 |
![]() |
4th September 1971 | Lahr |
76.60 |
![]() |
4th July 1974 | Leipzig |
76.66 |
![]() |
September 11, 1974 | Munich |
76.70 |
![]() |
May 19, 1975 | Rehlingen |
77.56 |
![]() |
May 19, 1975 | Rehlingen |
78.50 |
![]() |
May 19, 1975 | Rehlingen |
79.30 |
![]() |
August 14, 1975 | Frankfurt am Main |
80.14 |
![]() |
July 9, 1978 | Moscow |
80.32 |
![]() |
August 6, 1978 | Heidenheim an der Brenz |
80.38 |
![]() |
May 16, 1980 | Leselidse |
80.46 |
![]() |
May 16, 1980 | Leselidse |
80.64 |
![]() |
May 16, 1980 | Leselidse |
81.66 |
![]() |
May 24, 1980 | Sochi |
81.80 |
![]() |
July 31, 1980 | Moscow |
83.98 |
![]() |
4th June 1982 | Moscow |
84.14 |
![]() |
June 21, 1983 | Moscow |
86.34 |
![]() |
3rd July 1984 | Cork |
86.66 |
![]() |
June 22, 1986 | Tallinn |
86.74 |
![]() |
August 30, 1986 | Stuttgart |
Women
Width (m) | Surname | date | place |
---|---|---|---|
66.84 |
![]() |
February 23, 1994 | Eagle |
66.86 |
![]() |
March 4, 1994 | Bucharest |
69.42 |
![]() |
May 12, 1996 | Cluj-Napoca |
69.58 |
![]() |
March 8, 1997 | Bucharest |
73.14 |
![]() |
July 16, 1998 | Poiana Brasov |
75.29 |
![]() |
May 13, 1999 | Clermont-Ferrand |
75.97 |
![]() |
May 13, 1999 | Clermont-Ferrand |
76.05 |
![]() |
August 29, 1999 | Rudlingen |
76.07 |
![]() |
August 29, 1999 | Rudlingen |
77.06 |
![]() |
July 15, 2005 | Moscow |
77.26 |
![]() |
June 12, 2006 | Tula |
77.41 |
![]() |
June 24, 2006 | Zhukovsky |
77.80 |
![]() |
August 15, 2006 | Tallinn |
77.96 |
![]() |
August 22, 2009 | Berlin |
78.30 |
![]() |
June 6, 2010 | Bydgoszcz |
79.42 |
![]() |
May 21, 2011 | Hall |
79.58 |
![]() |
August 31, 2014 | Berlin |
81.08 |
![]() |
August 1, 2015 | Cetniewo |
82.29 |
![]() |
15th August 2016 | Rio de Janeiro |
82.98 |
![]() |
August 28, 2016 | Warsaw |
World best list
Men
All hammer throwers with a power of 81.44 meters or more. Last change: August 9, 2015
- 86.74 m Jurij Sjedych , Stuttgart , August 30, 1986
- 86.04 m Sergei Litwinow , Dresden , July 3, 1986
- 84.90 m Wadsim Dsevyatousky , Minsk , July 21, 2005
- 84.86 m Kōji Murofushi , Prague , June 29, 2003
- 84.62 m Ihar Astapkowitsch , Seville , June 6, 1992
- 84.51 m Iwan Zichan , Hrodna , July 9, 2008
- 84.48 m Igor Nikulin , Lausanne , July 12, 1990
- 84.40 m Jüri Tamm , Banská Bystrica , September 9, 1984
- 84.19 m Adrián Annus , Szombathely , August 10, 2003
- 83.93 m Paweł Fajdek , Szczecin , August 9, 2015
- 83.68 m Tibor Gécsek , Zalaegerszeg , September 19, 1998
- 83.46 m Andrei Abduwalijew , Sochi , May 26, 1990
- 83.43 m Alexei Sagorny , Adler , February 10, 2002
- 83.40 m Ralf Haber , Athens , May 16, 1988 (German record)
- 83.38 m Szymon Ziółkowski , Edmonton , August 5, 2001
- 83.30 m Olli-Pekka Karjalainen , Lahti , July 14, 2004
- 83.04 m Heinz Weis , Frankfurt am Main , June 29, 1997
- 83.00 m Balázs Kiss , Saint-Denis , June 4, 1998
- 82.78 m Karsten Kobs , Dortmund , June 26, 1999
- 82.69 m Krisztián Pars , Zurich , August 16, 2014
- 82.64 m Gunther Rodehau , Dresden , August 3, 1985
- 82.62 m Sergei Kirmasow , Bryansk , May 30, 1998
- 82.62 m Andrij Skwaruk , Konscha Saspa , April 27, 2002
- 82.54 m Vasily Sidorenko , Krasnodar , May 13, 1992
- 82.52 m Lance Deal , Milan , 7 September 1996
- 82.40 m Plamen Minew , Plovdiv , June 1, 1991
- 82.38 m Gilles Dupray , Chelles , June 21, 2000
- 82.38 m Primož Kozmus , Celje , September 2, 2009
- 82.28 m Ilja Konowalow , Tula , August 10, 2003
- 82.24 m Benjaminas Viluckis , Klaipėda , August 21, 1986
- 82.24 m Vyacheslav Korovin , Chelyabinsk , June 20, 1987
- 82.23 m Wladyslaw Piskunov , Koncha Zaspa , April 27, 2002
- 82.22 m Holger Klose , Dortmund , May 2, 1998
- 82.16 m Vitaly Alisewitsch , Pärnu , July 13, 1988
- 82.08 m Ivan Tanew , Sofia , September 3, 1988
- 82.00 m Sergei Alai , Stajki , May 12, 1992
- 81.88 m Jud Logan , University Park , April 22, 1988
- 81.85 m Wojciech Nowicki , Székesfehérvár , July 2, 2018
- 81.81 m Libor Charfreitag , Prague , June 29, 2003
- 81.79 m Christophe Épalle , Clermont-Ferrand , June 30, 2000
- 81.78 m Christoph Sahner , Wemmetsweiler , September 11, 1988
- 81.70 m Aleksandr Seleznjow , Sochi , May 22, 1993
- 81.66 m Oleksandr Krykun , Kiev , May 29, 2004
- 81.64 m Enrico Sgrulletti , Ostia , March 9, 1997
- 81.56 m Sergei Gavrilow , Rostov , June 16, 1996
- 81.56 m Zsolt Németh , Veszprém , August 14, 1999
- 81.52 m Juha Tiainen , Tampere , June 11, 1984
- 81.49 m Valeryj Svyatocha , Brest May 27, 2006
- 81.45 m Eşref Apak , Istanbul June 4, 2005
- 81.44 m Juri Tarasjuk , Minsk August 10, 1984
- Austrian record: 79.70 m Johann Lindner , Schwechat , June 24, 1987
- Swiss record: 80.51 m Patric Suter , Löffingen , September 17, 2003
Women
All hammer throwers with a power of 73.64 meters or more. A = width achieved under altitude conditions.
Last change: July 12, 2020
- 82.98 m Anita Włodarczyk , Warsaw , August 28, 2016
- 79.42 m Betty Heidler , Halle , May 21, 2011 ( German record )
- 78.51 m Tatiana Viktorovna Lysenko , Cheboksary , July 5, 2012
- 78.24 m DeAnna Price , Des Moines , July 27, 2019
- 77.78 m Gwen Berry , Chorzów , June 8, 2018
- 77.68 m Wang Zheng , Chengdu , March 29, 2014
- 77.33 m Zhang Wenxiu , Incheon , September 28, 2014
- 77.32 m Aksana Myankova , Minsk , June 29, 2008
- 77.26 m Gulfija Raifowna Chanafejewa , Sochi , May 26, 2007
- 77.13 m Oksana Kondratjewa , Schukowski , June 30, 2013
- 76.90 m Martina Hrašnová , Trnava , May 16, 2009
- 76.85 m Malwina Kopron , Taipei , August 26, 2017
- 76.83 m Kamila Skolimowska , Doha , May 11, 2007
- 76.75 m Brooke Andersen , Rathdrum , June 1, 2019
- 76.72 m Marija Bespalowa , Schukowski , June 23, 2012
- 76.66 m Wolha Zander , Minsk , July 21, 2005
- 76.63 m Jekaterina Choroschich , Schukowski , June 24, 2006
- 76.62 m Yipsi Moreno , Zagreb , September 9, 2008
- 76.56 m Alena Matoschka , Minsk , June 12, 2012
- 76.35 m Joanna Fiodorow , Doha , September 28, 2019
- 76.33 m Darja Ptschelnik , Minsk , June 29, 2008
- 76.26 m Hanna Malyschtschyk , Brest , April 28, 2018
- 76.21 m Jelena Konjewzewa , Tula , June 4, 2000
- 76.17 m Anna Bulgakowa , Moscow , July 24, 2013
- 76.07 m Mihaela Melinte , Rüdlingen , August 29, 1999
- 76.05 m Kathrin Klaas , London , 10 August 2012
- 75.73 m Amanda Bingson , Des Moines , June 22, 2013
- 75.73m Sultana Frizell , Tucson , May 22, 2014
- 75.68 m Olga Kusenkowa , Tula , June 4, 2000
- 75.43 m Janeah Stewart , Bloomington , June 22, 2019
- 75.29 m Hanna Skydan , Baku , May 16, 2017
- 75.09 m Jelena Rigert , Moscow , July 15, 2013
- 75.08 m Ivana Brkljačić , Warsaw , June 17, 2007
- 75.04m Maggie Ewen , Des Moines , July 27, 2019
- 75.02 m Luo Na , Halle , May 26, 2018
- 74.94 m Alexandra Tavernier , Vénissieux , July 11, 2020
- 74.77 m Jeneva McCall , Dubnica nad Váhom , August 21, 2013
- 74.70 m Zalina Petrivskaia , Chișinău , June 22, 2019
- 74.66 m Manuela Montebrun , Zagreb , July 11, 2005
- 74.65 m Maryja Smaljatschkowa , Stajki , July 19, 2008
- 74.54 m Sophie Hitchon , Rio de Janeiro , August 15, 2016
- 74.52 m Iryna Sekacheva , Kiev , July 2, 2008
- 74.20m Jessica Cosby , Tucson , May 22, 2014
- 74.17 m Tuğçe Şahutoğlu , Izmir , May 19, 2012
- 74.10 m Iryna Novoschylowa , Kiev , May 19, 2012
- 74.03 m Amber Campbell , Eugene , July 6, 2016
- 73.90 m Arasay Thondike , Havana , June 19, 2009
- 73.87m Erin Gilreath , Carson , June 25, 2005
- 73.74 m Jennifer Dahlgren , Buenos Aires , April 10, 2010
- 73.64 m Rosa Rodríguez , Barquisimeto , May 16, 2013
- Swiss record: 67.42 m Nicole Zihlmann , Lucerne , July 9, 2018
- Austrian record: 61.37 m Tatjana Meklau , Innsbruck , July 27, 2019
swell
- Hammer Throw All Time - Eternal world best list of the IAAF, hammer throw men
- Hammer Throw All Time - Eternal world best list of the IAAF, hammer throw women
- Athletics annual world best list up to 20th place ( Memento from July 18, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) (English)
- Progression of World best performances and official IAAF World Records. 2003 edition. Monaco, 2003, pp. 193 ff and 328 ff. (English)
See also
Web links
- Hammerthrow.wz.cz results, World Lists since 1891, records, rules ...
- Outline of the history of lawn power sport including hammer throw
- www.hammerthrow.com , the private information site of the 1956 Olympic hammer throw winner Hal Connolly
- Hammer throw, a small physics laboratory (PDF; 7.9 MB)