Chelyabinsk

The title of this article is ambiguous. Further meanings are listed under Chelyabinsk (disambiguation) .

city Chelyabinsk Челябинск flag coat of arms Federal district Ural Oblast Chelyabinsk Urban district Chelyabinsk Inner structure 7 districts mayor Stanislav Moscharow Founded 1736 City since 1787 surface 486  km² population 1,130,132 inhabitants (as of Oct. 14, 2010) Population density 2325 inhabitants / km² Height of the center 220  m Time zone UTC + 5 Telephone code (+7) 351 Post Code 454xxx License Plate 74, 174 OKATO 75 401 Website www.cheladmin.ru Geographical location Coordinates 55 ° 9 ′  N , 61 ° 24 ′  E Coordinates: 55 ° 9 ′ 0 ″  N , 61 ° 24 ′ 0 ″  E

Situation in Russia

Location in Chelyabinsk Oblast

List of cities in Russia

Tscheljabinsk [ t͡ʃɛlʲˈjabɪnsk ] ( pronunciation ^{? / I} , Russian Челябинск , scientific transliteration Čeljabinsk ) is a major Russian city ​​in the Urals with 1,198,858 inhabitants (2017) and thus the seventh largest city in Russia . It is the administrative seat of the Chelyabinsk Oblast .

location

The city lies on the border between the Middle and Southern Urals, not far from the eastern foot of the mountains on the Miass River , a tributary of the Isset in the Ob river basin .

history

Chelyabinsk was founded in 1736 as a fortress on the right bank of the Miass River and part of the Orenburg fortification line . The name of the city probably comes from the regional Ural Turkic languages , where Chelyabi means "the noble ones".

In 1743, Chelyabinsk became the administrative center for the Isset Province and in 1787 received city status. From 1781 to 1796 Chelyabinsk belonged to the Ujesd Yekaterinburg , a sub-administrative unit in the Perm governorate . After that, Yekaterinburg moved to the Orenburg governorate .

At the end of the 18th century the city was a regional administrative center and also the scene of the clashes during the uprising of the peasant leader Jemeljan Pugachev against Catherine the Great .

Chelyabinsk remained a small town until the 19th century. The first major economic development spurt came from 1891 on the railway connection to Yekaterinburg and the commissioning of the Trans-Siberian Railway , which started in Chelyabinsk. Chelyabinsk became the most important traffic and trade center in the Urals and the main hub for tea and grain. As a result, numerous companies for processing trade goods such as oil mills and tanneries settled.

After the outbreak of the October Revolution and the Russian Civil War , the city was occupied by Admiral Kolchak's White Guards . After a Czechoslovak soldier died in the so-called "Chelyabinsk Incident" on May 14, 1918 and this led to protests, the new Soviet Russian War Commissioner Leon Trotsky ordered the disarmament of the Czechoslovak legions and the march out of Russia. Thereupon there was an uprising and the legions, under Sergei Vojcechovský's command , conquered the city twice. It was not until July 24, 1919, that the Red Army succeeded in retaking the city.

In 1919 the Chelyabinsk Governorate was formed as part of the Russian SFSR , which only existed until 1923. Chelyabinsk then came to the Ural Oblast , after its dissolution in 1934 the Chelyabinsk Oblast , which still exists today, was formed.

In the 1930s, the second economic boom followed with industrialization. Heavy industrial companies in particular were settled. During the Second World War, around 60 industrial plants were relocated from the western parts of the country to Chelyabinsk, which now produced armaments. In the field of tank production, the city took the top position within the Soviet Union. The tractor plant (today Chelyabinsky Traktorny Sawod  - URALTRAK), founded in 1933 to manufacture chain tractors, became an important producer of armaments for the Red Army during World War II . In addition to rocket launchers (" Stalin organs "), the plant mainly manufactured armored tracked vehicles such as the KW-1 and T-34 tanks and self-propelled guns of the types SU-152 / ISU-152 . During the German-Soviet War , the city was given the name Tankograd  - " Tank City ".

Chelyabinsk was a location within the Soviet gulag system. The Chelyabinsk ITL (corrective labor camp) existed from November 1941 to October 1951. Up to 15,400 people were imprisoned who were used in the construction of a steel works, in industrial, road, civil and housing construction as well as in the extraction of mineral resources.

In addition, the POW camp 68 for German prisoners of war of the Second World War was located in Chelyabinsk. Seriously ill people were cared for in the POW Hospital 5882 . About 12 km east of the city there was a mass prisoner of war grave.

Chelyabinsk has made great strides in the field of culture since the mid-1970s. This development was supported by a central sculpture mile in Kirow Street, which was redesigned into a pedestrian zone in 2004. In the new Russia, military production was displaced in favor of a stronger emphasis on civil production - today's URALTRAK plant mainly produces construction vehicles.

In August 2007, the major maneuver “Peace Mission 2007” took place at the surrounding military bases as part of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization , in which not only Russia but also armed forces from Kazakhstan , Tajikistan , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan and the People's Republic of China took part.

Chelyabinsk is known beyond the borders of Russia through an ARD report for the children's and youth prison, in which around 120 children from 11 to 16 years are incarcerated for a wide variety of crimes from theft to murder. Despite schooling in this facility, around 90% of children relapse.

On February 15, 2013, a meteor fell over the city , injuring several hundred people.

Population development

year	Residents
1897	19,998
1925	59,200
1939	273.116
1959	689.049
1970	875.210
1979	1,029,522
1989	1,141,777
2002	1,077,174
2010	1.130.132

Note: census data

economy

Shopping center at Chelyabinsk Central Station

In the pedestrian zone of Chelyabinsk

Chelyabinsk was insignificant before the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway . In 1896 the two Chelyabinsk- Ob lines (1432 km) and the Yekaterinburg- Chelyabinsk railway line (226 km) were completed. The industrial boom came with the railway. Chelyabinsk is an armaments, industrial, transport and cultural center of national importance. The metallurgical combines are among the largest in Russia and Europe in the production of:

• Iron alloys, abrasives, electrodes, stainless steels
• Wire, large pipes (up to 1220 mm diameter)
• Heavy machinery and equipment construction: machine tools, road construction machines, production of diesel and electric cranes, irrigation systems, clocks (for example the company Molnija ), radios, heating devices, measuring instruments
• Chain tractors and construction machinery from the Chelyabinsky Traktorny Zavod
• Goods of the chemical and light and food industries

The city operates several thermal power plants, forms a railway and transport hub and has an airport. An oil pipeline flows into the city or the city has a gas pipeline that comes from Samotlor . In the area there are deposits of lignite with a content of around 1.5 billion tons. There is also white marble at Balandino and Kojelga as well as “Mochalin Log”, a deposit for minerals from which rare earth metals can be extracted.

The secret “ Chelyabinsk 70 ” nuclear test zone is located near Chelyabinsk . The existence of the test area became publicly known in 1992.

traffic

Window in the restored Chelyabinsk Central Station

Local transport

The Chelyabinsk Metro has been under construction since 1992, but the opening of the first section has been postponed repeatedly, mainly due to a lack of funding. Completion is not yet in sight. The main burden of local public transport is currently borne by a system of trolley buses , trams and ordinary bus routes. Scheduled taxis also play an important role in public transport.

Airport

The Chelyabinsk airport offers regular services to Moscow , Saint Petersburg and in the Siberian cities.

railway station

The Chelyabinsk train station ( HAFAS : Cheliabinsk ) was voted the best train station in Russia in 2005 and is still a central transport hub of national importance. This is where the west-east railway line crosses all of Russia from Moscow to Vladivostok and the main line from Yekaterinburg southwards to Karagandy in Kazakhstan . Chelyabinsk could be reached from Germany with a weekly through car connection from Berlin without changing and with a travel time of 72 hours and 18 minutes; this connection was canceled with the 2013 timetable change. The city is the administrative seat of the Regional Directorate South Urals of the Russian State Railways . The directorate not only operates all railway lines and the associated infrastructure in the Chelyabinsk area, but also a rail network that is over 8,000 kilometers long.

Trunk roads

Chelyabinsk is connected to the European part of Russia via the federal trunk road M5 . This is where the R254 trunk road begins , which runs via Omsk (on the Irtysh River that gives it its name ) to Novosibirsk . At the same time, the city is the starting point for the A310 junction , which leads south to the Kazakh border.

environmental pollution

A problem associated with the high concentration of heavy industry is the exorbitant pollution in Chelyabinsk and smog . In addition to the high level of air pollution, there are often uncontrolled, huge garbage dumps. A citizens' initiative, mainly women, brought together demonstrations of several thousand people and the signatures of 160,000 people who were against mining, which they believed threatened the drinking water supply. Older women first came into contact with the state machinery when they were arrested and said: "That doesn't change our minds."

Demographics

In 1928, about 60,000 people lived in Chelyabinsk, in 2004 the city had 1,071,000 inhabitants and is divided into 7 districts:

• Kalininsky Rajon - 203,200 inhabitants
• Kurchatovsky district - 182,400 inhabitants
• Leninsky Raion - 189,100 inhabitants
• Metallurgy district - 142,200 inhabitants
• Sowjetski Rajon - 112,200 inhabitants
• Traktorozavodsky district - 157,600 inhabitants
• Central Raion - 84,300 inhabitants

88.5% of the population are ethnic Russians.

Education and culture

Opera house in Chelyabinsk

There are at least 23 research institutes, 23 technical centers, 4 theaters, 1 philharmonic hall, a picture gallery, a local museum and a television center in the city. In addition to a large number of universities with numerous courses, there is a specialized university of education.

There are more than a dozen colleges in Chelyabinsk. The most important universities are the South Urals State University, Chelyabinsk State University and Chelyabinsk Medical Academy. The oldest is the Chelyabinsk State Pedagogical University, founded in 1934. In addition to the well-known theater on Revolutionsplatz there is another theater, an opera house with ballet and a puppet theater in the center.

Attractions

Chelyabinsk, Theater on Revolution Square

Historical architecture prior to the 19th century is scarce in the city. The most important attractions are the theater on Revolution Square, built in 1903, and the Alexander Nevsky Church, built in 1915 , which is now a concert hall, primarily for organ concerts. The city's pedestrian zone (Kirov Street) begins at the Revolution Square with a picturesque old gate, at the edge of which there is a popular sculpture mile with naturalistically designed, life-size figures. Here is a center of Chelyabinsk nightlife with restaurants, casinos, bars and clubs.

The city is criss-crossed by numerous wide boulevards, often dead straight for kilometers, with up to four lanes in each direction. There are numerous lakes with sanatoriums in the area. Excursions can be made to the “Ilmenski Sapowednik ” nature reserve and the nearby Ural Mountains.

freetime and sports

The city is home to the HK Traktor Chelyabinsk and HK Metschel Chelyabinsk ice hockey clubs . Traktor plays in the Continental Hockey League for the 2008/2009 season . Metschel represents the city in the second highest Russian league . Worth mentioning as a center of sport is a monumental ice rink, built for the two clubs after the millennium, which is also a center for figure skating and speed skating for the Ural region. Other well-known sports teams in the city include a high-class women's volleyball and a women's basketball team. The football club FK Chelyabinsk takes part in the game of the third highest Russian league .

The European Judo Championships took place from April 26th to 29th, 2012 in Chelyabinsk in the ice rink, and the World Judo Championships from August 25th to 31st, 2014 . The competitions of the Taekwondo World Championships 2015 were also fought in the ice sports arena Traktor . The 2015 European speed skating all-around championship was held in the Uralskaya Molnija ice rink .

Large leisure facilities apart from sports are a central amusement area in Pushkin Park, another in the Culture Park and the Chelyabinsk Circus.

Town twinning

Chelyabinsk lists the following seven twin cities :

city	country	since
Columbia	South Carolina, United States	1995
Harbin	Northeast China, People's Republic of China	2012
Nottinghamshire county	England, UK	2000
Kazan	Volga, Russia	2002
Omsk	Siberia, Russia	2002
Ramla	Israel	2000
Ufa	Volga, Russia	1999
Urumqi	Northwest China, People's Republic of China	2004

Climate table

Chelyabinsk
Climate diagram
J F. M. A. M. J J A. S. O N D.     21st   -11 -21     15th   -8th -19     15th   -1 -12     24   10 -1     43   18th 6th     61   23 12     86   25th 14th     54   22nd 11     39   16 6th     35   6th -1     27   -2 -9     23   -8th -17 Temperature in ° C ,  precipitation in mm Source: Roshydromet

Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Chelyabinsk Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Max. Temperature ( ° C ) −10.8 −8.1 −0.6 10.2 18.4 22.8 24.5 21.5 15.9 6.4 −1.9 −8.2 O 7.6 Min. Temperature (° C) −20.5 −19.3 −12.2 −0.8 6.2 11.5 14.2 11.4 6.4 −1.0 −9.3 −16.9 O −2.4 Precipitation ( mm ) 21st 15th 15th 24 43 61 86 54 39 35 27 23 Σ 443 Rainy days ( d ) 6th 4th 4th 5 7th 9 10 9 7th 8th 7th 7th Σ 83 Source: Roshydromet

sons and daughters of the town

→ Main article : List of sons and daughters of the city of Chelyabinsk

Web links

Wiktionary: Chelyabinsk  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Commons : Chelyabinsk  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

• Chelyabinsk on mojgorod.ru (Russian)
• City portrait with short video
• Photos of the city
• German-language film from the sculpture mile
• Penalty camps in the Soviet Union - location and description of the penal camps in the Soviet Union

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Itogi Vserossijskoj perepisi naselenija 2010 goda. Tom 1. Čislennostʹ i razmeščenie naselenija (Results of the All-Russian Census 2010. Volume 1. Number and distribution of the population). Tables 5 , pp. 12-209; 11 , pp. 312–979 (download from the website of the Federal Service for State Statistics of the Russian Federation)
2. ↑ Сосуществование старых и новых административно-территориальных единиц in 1917–1923 гг. (soot.)
3. ↑ Первая советская реформа, укрупнение единиц административно-территориального деления in 1923. (soot.)
4. ↑ Tscheljabinsker-ITL in the Internet portal GULAG des Memorial Deutschland e. V.
5. ↑ Maschke, Erich (Ed.): On the history of the German prisoners of war of the Second World War. Verlag Ernst and Werner Gieseking, Bielefeld 1962–1977
6. ↑ Spiegel Online : Ural Province of Chelyabinsk: Hundreds of people injured in meteor rain in Russia on February 15, 2013
7. ↑ Record route: Berlin-Novosibirsk rail connection is discontinued , Berliner Morgenpost , November 12, 2013
8. ↑ "forum post D1249 Berlin-Saratov timetable change" with links to Russian-language media
9. ^ 'We struggle to breathe in this city'. BBC News, December 8, 2016, accessed December 8, 2016 . 
10. ^ Third ring , Novaya Gazeta, on Martini November 11, 2017
11. ↑ Sister cities ǀ Администрация г. Челябинска. Retrieved May 10, 2019 .