Nowolineiny rajon

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The Novolineiny rajon ( Russian Новолинейный район ) was an extension of the Russian Empire south and southeast of the Urals , i.e. consistently on the Asian side of Russia. Most of the area is now part of Chelyabinsk Oblast and also covers two Rajons of Orenburg Oblast . The total area roughly corresponds to Switzerland .

history

prehistory

Situation before the Russian settlement around 1720

Since the Mongol storm under Genghis Khan from 1206, the area has been populated by nomadic Turkic peoples who predominantly farmed cattle there. The partially forested steppe ( Kazak steppe ) with various watercourses and lakes offered good conditions. The numerous mineral-rich waters were also valued. Some of the valuable salt was extracted and traded with it.

Occasionally there were clashes between the Buddhist ( Kalmyks ) and the Islamized ethnic groups when hiking areas overlapped. However, the wide areas offered sufficient alternatives. Only the Bashkirs and Kazakhs were in long-term conflict, attacking each other, stealing cattle and taking prisoners.

Russian settlement

Even before the beginning of the 18th century there were numerous skirmishes and a new border line was established along the Ilek River .

In the second quarter of the 18th century, Russian settlers showed increasing interest in the area, which was well suited for agriculture. For the time being, areas in a region south of the Urals were taken over, sometimes by force, in order to extend a "new line" to the Ilek. This colonization was also supported by the Russian crown. Nevertheless, it was settlers in a foreign, inhabited area who were not welcome to the inhabitants. The Bashkirs and Kazakhs who lived here were subject to tribute or were radically ousted. As a result, there were frequent attacks by the nomads on the immigrants because they took away their habitat. The first Russian settlers therefore always had to fight against attacks by the natives. This also prevented a quick settlement of the area, although new settlers were granted a number of privileges and generous credits.

In order to stop the attacks on the border line, the Russian government decided at the beginning of the 19th century to extend the existing border line from the upper reaches of the Jaik (Яик, then name of the Ural River) and Ui (Уй) into the Kazak steppes by 100–150 werst ( approx. 106–160 km) to the southeast and thus finally to separate the Bashkirs and Kazakhs. There was also military support, mostly from Cossacks. The 200,000 to 400,000 locals were largely driven out or subjugated. Fortified military settlements emerged, such as Imperial, Pavlovsky, Naslednizki, Atamanovskoye, Andreevskoye, Knjaschenskoje, Nikolajewski, Georgievskoye, Jeleninski, Annenskoye, Vladimirsky, Alexandrovskoye, Nataljinsky, Alexejewski. Palisades, walls and a large gate secured the places.

In the long run, however, these fortifications proved to be absolutely useless and were discontinued because of the high costs.

Organized bases

Around 1830, the Governor General of Orenburg , Count Paul van Suchtelen , had the idea of ​​straightening and shortening the border and organizing the fortifications more effectively and cheaply. His successor, Adjutant General Vasili Perowski , developed a feasible plan from this, which was later approved by Emperor Nicholas I. The decree was implemented from 1840.

The straightened section of the border was called "New Line Rajon" (Nowolineiny rajon). Thirty-two military settlements were built in strategically favorable positions and were distributed at roughly equal intervals between the fortresses of Orsk and Troitzk. Only a few bases were located near the border, because the entire area had to be secured in depth.

Initially, the settlements were listed under the item number. At the end of 1843, Orenburg Governor General Vladimir A. Obruchev (В. А. Обручеве) ordered all new Cossack settlements to be named after places where the Orenburg Cossacks were actively involved in the fighting. In the course of time, some place names were supplemented with the usual ending -kaja or -koje for rural settlements , for example Borodino became Borodinowkaja today. Others have been adapted to the usage, like Paris → Parish (Париж).

Location of posts in Nowolineiny rajon

The military posts were preferably occupied by members of the Orenburg Cossack regiments . These were 550 ( Russian ) Cossacks , 1000 Bashkirs , Nagaibaks , Kalmyks of the disbanded Stavropol Kalmyks Regiment and later resettlers from Ukrainian stanizians .

Since the Orenburg Cossacks had a high literacy rate , they mostly held management positions. Cossacks were considered brave soldiers in the army of the tsar or the Russian emperor, who patriotically followed all orders. In peacetime, however, it was a very idiosyncratic force with which there were various conflicts. When they were moved to the border area, they were given a new task and were isolated at the same time. There, too, they showed themselves to be defensive and aggressive and were feared by the previous residents because of numerous violent attacks. The Kalmyks lived separately from the Russians in the villages. Baptized according to the Orthodox rite, the Kalmyks actually remained Buddhists / Lamaists who continued to adhere to their cult undercover and were more likely to be considered outsiders.

These fortified settlements were all similarly laid out with streets arranged at right angles and the same plot size.

Locations near forest areas and bodies of water were preferred for logging, hunting, ensuring a water supply and fishing. The parallel main roads, 17 m wide, were mostly oriented from southwest to northeast. The side streets crossing at right angles were 12 m wide. The land area was 1200 m² for a house with usable space. There was also 15 hectares of arable land for every household outside the settlement. The buildings were initially built from mud bricks or as log huts, mostly from pine or larch trunks that were felled in the area. Upon completion of the house, the owner was given a basic set of tools for house and agriculture as well as seeds. In addition, they were exempt from taxes and duties for life.

Over time, the buildings got bigger and bigger through additions and extensions. Churches and two Cossack schools (male and female) were soon built in all the large settlements. The church tower was often also a watchtower and the church was used as a common shelter in the event of a defense. There was a parade and market place.

In order to encourage sedentarism and family formation, peasant families from the central and southern provinces (today Ukraine) were resettled in the territory between 1842 and 1843, sometimes not voluntarily.

Border settlements

Post of the Orenburg Cossacks
Item
№ 		Place name position In memory of Current Name (Russian; Rajon, Oblast)
1 Kassel (Кассель) 53 ° 48 '  N , 59 ° 34'  E Battle of Kassel , September 30, 1813 Kasselsky (Кассельский; Nagaibakski rajon , Chelyabinsk Oblast )
2 Ostrolensky (Остроленский) 53 ° 41 '  N , 59 ° 44'  E Battle of Ostrołęka , May 26, 1831
Polish-Russian War 1830/1831 		Ostrolensky (Остроленский; Nagaibakski rajon, Chelyabinsk Oblast)
3 Ferschampenuas (Фершампенуа́з) 53 ° 31 '  N , 59 ° 49'  E Battle of Fère-Champenoise , March 25, 1814
Wars of Liberation (1813–1815) 		Ferschampenuas (Фершампенуа́з; Nagaibakski rajon, Chelyabinsk Oblast)
4th Paris (Париж) 53 ° 18 '  N , 60 ° 6'  E Battle of Paris , March 30, 1814
Wars of Liberation (1813–1815) 		Parish (Париж; Nagaibakski rajon, Chelyabinsk Oblast)
5 Velikopetrovka (Великопетровская) 53 ° 15 '  N , 60 ° 29'  E Peter the Great in memory Velikopetrovka ( Великопетровка ; Kartalinsky rajon , Chelyabinsk Oblast)
6th Poltowa (Полтавская) 53 ° 4 ′  N , 60 ° 40 ′  E Battle of Poltava , June 27, 1709
( Great Northern War ) 		Poltawka was incorporated by Kartaly in 1939 ( Карталы ; Kartalinski rajon, Chelyabinsk Oblast)
7th Elishavetinskaya (Елизаветинская) 51 ° 46 '  N , 59 ° 45'  E Empress Elisabeth in memory
(doubtful) 		Elisavetinka (Елизаветинка; Adamowski rajon , Orenburg Oblast )
8th Trebija (Требия) 53 ° 25 '  N , 59 ° 36'  E Battle of the Trebbia , 17. – 19. June 1799
Second Coalition War (1799–1802) 		Trebijatski ( Требия́тский , Nagajbakski rajon, Chelyabinsk Oblast)
9 Katzbach (Кацбах) 52 ° 58 '  N , 59 ° 39'  E Battle of the Katzbach August 26, 1813
Wars of Liberation (1813–1815) 		Katzbach ( Кацбахский ; Kisilski rajon , Chelyabinsk Oblast)
10 Polotsk (Полоцкая) 52 ° 46 '  N , 59 ° 42'  E First battle near Polotsk , 17th - 18th centuries August 1812
Second Battle of Polotsk 18. – 20. October 1812
Napoleon's Russian campaign of 1812 		Polotskoye ( Полоцкое ; Kisilski rajon, Chelyabinsk Oblast)
11 Nowi (Нови) 52 ° 42 '  N , 59 ° 53'  E Battle of Novi , August 25, 1799
War of the Second Coalition (1799–1802) 		Nowinka (Новинка; Kisilski rayon, oblast Tscheljabinsk)
12 Rymnikski (Рымникский) 52 ° 30 '  N , 60 ° 9'  E Battle of Rimnik (Wallachia), September 22, 1789
Russian-Austrian Turkish War (1787–1792) 		Rymnikski ( Рымникский ; Bredinski rajon , Chelyabinsk Oblast)
13 Breda (Бреда) 52 ° 25 '  N , 60 ° 21'  E Liberation of Breda , in December 1813
by the French government 		Bredy (Бреды; Bredinsky Rajon, Chelyabinsk Oblast)
14th Alandskaya (Аландская) 52 ° 14 '  N , 59 ° 48'  E Conquest of the Åland Islands , 1808
Russo-Swedish War (1808–1809) 		Alandskoye ( Аландское ; Kwarkenski rajon , Orenburg Oblast)
15th Brient (Бриент) 52 ° 8 '  N , 59 ° 18'  E Battle of Brienne , January 29, 1814
Wars of Liberation 		Brient (Бриент; Kwarkenski rajon, Orenburg Oblast)
16 Kwarken (Кваркен) 52 ° 5 '  N , 59 ° 43'  E Battle of the Strait of Kvarken, 1809
Russo-Swedish War (1808–1809) 		Kwarkeno (Кваркено; Kwarkenski rajon, Orenburg Oblast)
17th Adrianople (Андрианополь) 52 ° 20 '  N , 59 ° 58'  E Peace of Adrianople , September 14, 1829
Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 		Andrianopol (Андрианополь; Kwarkensky rajon, Orenburg Oblast)
18th Kulm (Кульм) 52 ° 25 '  N , 59 ° 21'  E Battle of Kulm , 29./30. August 1813
Wars of Liberation 		Kulma (Кульма; Kwarkenski rajon, Orenburg Oblast)
19th Izmailskaya (Измаильская) 52 ° 40 '  N , 59 ° 19'  E Siege of Ismail, December 22, 1789
Russian-Austrian Turkish War (1787–1792) 		Izmailovsky ( Измайловский ; Kisilski rajon, Chelyabinsk Oblast)
20th Brailovskaya (Браиловская) 53 ° 1 '  N , 59 ° 23'  E Battle of Ściana / Brajłów  in Podolia, December 19, 1666
Polish – Cossack – Tatar War (1666–1671) 		Brailowski (Браиловский; Kisilski rajon, Chelyabinsk Oblast)
21st Nawarinka (Наваринка) 53 ° 17 '  N , 59 ° 25'  E Battle of Navarino , October 20, 1827
Greek Revolution 		Navarinka ( Наваринка ; Agapowski rajon , Chelyabinsk Oblast)
22nd Warschawskaja (Варшавская) 52 ° 51 '  N , 60 ° 20'  E Invasion of Warsaw , February 5, 1831
November Uprising 		Warschawka ( Варшавка ; Kartalinski rajon, Chelyabinsk Oblast)
23 Krasnoye (Краснинская) 53 ° 55 '  N , 59 ° 40'  E Battle of Krasnoye , 15.-18. November 1812
Napoleon's Russian campaign of 1812 		Krasninsky ( Краснинский ; Verkhneuralsky rajon , Chelyabinsk Oblast)
24 Arsi (Арси) 53 ° 45 '  N , 59 ° 53'  E Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube , 20. – 21. March 1814
Wars of Liberation 		Arsinki (Арсинский; Nagajbakski rajon, Chelyabinsk Oblast)
25th Berezinskaya (Березнинская) 53 ° 39 '  N , 60 ° 18'  E Battle of the Beresina , 26. – 28. November 1812
Napoleon's Russian campaign of 1812 		Beresinski (Березинский; Tschesmenski rayon , oblast Tscheljabinsk)
26th Borodinskaja (Бородинская) 53 ° 32 '  N , 60 ° 46'  E Battle of Borodino , September 7th, 1812
Napoleon's Russian campaign of 1812 		Borodinovka ( Бородиновка ; Warnenski rajon , Chelyabinsk Oblast)
27 Tschesma (Чесма́) 53 ° 49 '  N , 60 ° 39'  E Sea battle of Çeşme , 5. – 7. July 1770
Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 		Tschesma (Чесма́; Tschesmenski rajon, Chelyabinsk Oblast)
28 Tarutinskaja (Тарутинская) 53 ° 48 '  N , 61 ° 2'  E Battle of Tarutino , October 18, 1812
Napoleon's Russian campaign of 1812 		Tarutino ( Тарутино ; Tschesmenski rajon, Chelyabinsk Oblast)
29 Leipzig (Лейпциг) 53 ° 34 '  N , 61 ° 3'  E Battle of the Nations near Leipzig , 16. – 19. October 1813
Wars of Liberation 		Leipzig (Лейпциг; Warnenski rajon, Chelyabinsk Oblast)
30th Varna (Варна) 53 ° 23 '  N , 60 ° 59'  E Battle of Varna , July – 29. September 1828
Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 		Varna (Варна; Warnenski rajon, Chelyabinsk Oblast)
31 Kulikowo (Куликовская) 53 ° 36 '  N , 60 ° 1'  E Battle of the Kulikowo Pole , September 8, 1380 Kulikowski (Куликовский; Nagaibakski rajon, Chelyabinsk Oblast)
32 Berlin (Берлин) 54 ° 0 '  N , 61 ° 12'  E Occupations in Berlin, 1760 and 1813 Berlin (Берлин; Troitski rajon , Chelyabinsk Oblast)

Only in Berlin is there a border post that is now active again, operated by the FSB ( Russian ФСБ ).

swell

Footnotes

  1. ↑ The number of displaced people varies widely.
  2. ↑ Сухтелен, Павел Петрович
  3. ↑ Перовский, Василий Алексеевич
  4. ↑ In 1721 Peter the Great replaced the title of tsar with the title of emperor
  5. ^ Uprising against Napoléon in Kassel
  6. ↑ Елизаветинка
    The assignment is doubtful, possibly wrong. See: Description of Elizavetinka (Russian)
    According to toponyms of the Adamov district. However, names of settlements in the region point 17 / Село Елизаветинка (Russian) can be clearly assigned.
    What is striking is the naming and structure of the site, which does not correspond to the usual requirements.
  7. ↑ The Battle of Kulikovo. 1380