Clermont-Ferrand
| Clermont-Ferrand | ||
|---|---|---|
.svg)
|
|
|
| region | Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes ( prefecture ) | |
| Department | Puy-de-Dôme | |
| Arrondissement | Clermont-Ferrand | |
| Canton |
Main town of Clermont-Ferrand-1 Clermont-Ferrand-2 Clermont-Ferrand-3 Clermont-Ferrand-4 Clermont-Ferrand-5 Clermont-Ferrand-6 |
|
| Community association | Clermont Auvergne Métropole | |
| Coordinates | 45 ° 47 ' N , 3 ° 5' E | |
| height | 321-602 m | |
| surface | 42.67 km 2 | |
|
Inhabitants - Unité urbaine |
143,886 (January 1, 2017) 467,178 |
|
| Population density | 3,372 inhabitants / km 2 | |
| Post Code | 63000 | |
| INSEE code | 63113 | |
| Website | http://www.ville-clermont-ferrand.fr | |
|
||
Clermont-Ferrand ( [ klɛʁ.mɔ fe.ʁɑ ] ; Occitan Clarmont-Ferrand or Clarmont d'Auvèrnhe ) is the capital of the French department of Puy-de-Dôme in the region Auvergne Rhône-Alpes with 143,886 inhabitants (1st January 2017) (Unité urbaine: 467 178 inhabitants) the largest city in the department. The prefecture also administers the Arrondissement of Clermont-Ferrand ; it consists of 25 cantons .
The residents are called Clermontois or Clermontoises .
geography
location
Clermont-Ferrand is located in the center of France about 425 kilometers (driving distance) south of Paris and about 170 kilometers west of Lyon in the valley basin of the river Allier ( Limagne plain), which flows past the city about ten kilometers east. The city is dominated by the Puy de Dôme , a high, extinct volcano in the Massif Central , which gave the department its name. Clermont-Ferrand is located on the Tiretaine river .
climate
| Clermont Ferrand | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Climate diagram | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Average monthly temperatures and rainfall for Clermont Ferrand
Source: Météo-France
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
coat of arms
A golden cross in blue, covered with a red cross, in each of the four corners a golden lily .
history
The city of Clermont was first mentioned in the Roman Empire when, as the Augustonemetum, it was the administrative seat of the Gallo-Roman Civitas of the Arverni . Previously, the Arverni had defeated the Romans near Gergovia , which is a little south of Clermont and whose ruins can still be visited today ( Maison de Gergovie ) (52 BC). But 50 BC After the Roman victory at Alesia , the Arverni had to admit defeat under their leader Vercingetorix . The Arvernerland became a Roman province . A Mercury temple was built on the Puy de Dôme .
Clermont has been a bishopric since the 4th century . The most important incumbent in the 5th century was Sidonius Apollinaris , mainly because of his literary work. In the Middle Ages, the city experienced its heyday as Mons clarus : It continued to grow and important craft businesses settled there.
In 1095 the synod took place under Pope Urban II . At the last meeting of this synod, on November 28th, Urban called for the first crusade in front of 13 archbishops, 315 bishops, and abbots and a large number of nobles and common people . The crowd acknowledged his speech with the enthusiastic exclamation “ Deus lo vult ”, whereupon the crusade began under the leadership of the Bishop of le Puy, Ademar .
To oppose the episcopal city with its own foundation, the Counts of Auvergne had the city of Montferrand built in 1120 .
In 1248 the construction of the Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption ( Assumption ) cathedral began.
On April 15, 1630, King Ludwig XIII decided. in the Edict of Troyes (first unification edict) the amalgamation of Clairmont (then spelling) with Montferrand, the 1731 of Louis XV. (second edict of unification) it was confirmed that Clermont will be united with the neighboring city of Montferrand and will be called Clermont-Ferrand from this point on . There were repeated attempts by Montferrand to break away from this union (1789, 1848 and 1863), but these were unsuccessful.
In the course of industrialization, Aristide Barbier and Édouard Daubrée founded a factory for rubber products and agricultural machinery, which then developed into the tire company Michelin , which set up its headquarters on Place des Carmes in 1889 and is still the city's largest employer.
In 1920 Clermont-Ferrand crossed the 100,000-inhabitant limit. 1942–1944 the city was occupied by the Germans. Director Marcel Ophüls addressed this time with his documentary Das Haus nextan - Chronicle of a French city during the war using the city as an example. After the war there was a further expansion of the infrastructure u. a. through the construction of the airport, the motorway connection and the establishment of garden cities.
From 1964 to 2015, Clermont-Ferrand was the seat of the regional prefecture and from 1972 of the regional council of Auvergne, which earned it the status of regional capital, until 2016 the Auvergne region in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region with the capital Lyon.
City name
- Nemossos (Celtic name, from ancient times to the 1st century)
- Augustonemetum (from 1st to 3rd centuries)
- Arvernis (from the 3rd century to the year 848)
- Clairmont (from 848 to 1631 or 1730)
- Clermont-Ferrand (since 1631 and 1730)
religion
The Auvergne's population is predominantly Catholic . Clermont-Ferrand is a bishopric and has been an archbishopric since 2002 . There are two major Catholic churches :
- The Romanesque basilica Notre-Dame du Port
- The black Gothic Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption cathedral
economy
traffic
Clermont-Ferrand is located at an important traffic junction: an important north-south road connection ( Paris - Barcelona ) and the east-west connection Lyon - Bordeaux intersect here . Other motorways connect the city with Milan , Geneva , Montpellier and Madrid . The travel time by train to the capital Paris is three hours.
The Clermont-Ferrand Auvergne airport offers connections within France and to Brussels , Amsterdam , Geneva and Milan .
Local transport is operated by the Société mixte des transports en commun de l'agglomération clermontoise .
On October 14, 2006, the Translohr , a so-called Tramway sur pneumatiques (tram on rubber wheels) from Lohr Industrie, opened in Clermont-Ferrand . The technology developed by the company uses a centrally embedded rail. The vehicles are bi - directional articulated vehicles that can only drive on track-guided routes. 25 vehicles run on a line with a length of 15.4 kilometers.
Established businesses
There are a total of 8,219 different establishments in the Puy-de-Dôme department, which are divided as follows:
- 629 craft and industrial businesses
- 410 construction companies, architects, etc.
- 2144 Financial service providers and insurance companies
- 5036 service companies
The most important company is the tire manufacturer Michelin , which employs a little over 30,000 people. It is the only company in the French benchmark index CAC 40 that has its headquarters outside Paris.
Public facilities
Educational institutions
Clermont-Ferrand has two universities ( Université d'Auvergne and Université Blaise-Pascal ), a private business university ( ESC Clermont Business School ), an engineering school ( SIGMA Clermont ) and an art school ( ESACM - École Supérieure d'Art de Clermont Métropole ), the only one in the Auvergne where the two higher education diplomas in arts DNAP (three-year course) and DNSEP (five-year course) can be obtained. There are also several high schools.
Further
The building of the former bus station for the Comédie de Clermont-Ferrand is being converted near the congress and cultural center .
Town twinning
Clermont-Ferrand has partnerships with the following cities:
-
Norman ( United States ) -
Oviedo ( Spain ) -
Braga ( Portugal ) -
Regensburg ( Germany ) -
Salford ( United Kingdom ) -
Aberdeen (United Kingdom)
-
Homel ( Belarus )
City structure
The city is divided into nineteen districts Champratel, Croix de Neyrat, Fontaine du Bac, Fontgiève, Galaxie, Herbet, Jaude, La Glacière, La Gauthière, La Pardieu, La Plaine, Le Brézet, Les Bughes, Les Cézeaux, Les Salins, Les Vergnes, Montferrand, Saint-Jacques and Sainte-Alyre.
It is also surrounded by 21 others, all of which are managed from Clermont-Ferrand: Aubière, Aulnat, Beaumont, Blanzat, Cébazat, Le Cendre, Ceyrat, Chamalières, Châteaugay, Cournon, Durtol, Gerzat, Lempdes, Le Cendre, Nohanent , Orcines, Pérignat-lès-Sarliève, Pont-du-Château, Saint-Genès-Champanelle, Romagnat and Royat.
Culture and sights
Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption cathedral
The High Gothic cathedral Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption (Assumption), also black cathedral called, is completely out of the dark, porous lava of Volvic built. It is the only large cathedral made from this material. Construction began in 1248. Under the direction of the two master builders Jean Deschamps (until 1295) and Pierre de Cébazat , the construction was essentially completed in the 14th century. The two spiers made of lava and the narthex behind the main portal were not built until 1866 under the direction of the architect and art historian Eugène Viollet-le-Duc in the style of the 13th century.
The cathedral follows the example of the great Gothic cathedrals from the Île-de-France . A number of small side chapels with brightly colored, luminous windows, sculptures and wood carvings, pictures and tapestries from all centuries from the 12th to the 19th century are grouped around the five-aisled main house and the choir, which is provided with an ambulatory.
The northern portal tower Tour de la Bayette with a 250-step spiral staircase is open to visitors. From its platform you have a beautiful view of the roof of the cathedral, the roofs of Clermont-Ferrand and the nearby volcanic mountains to the west of the city.
Notre-Dame-de
l'Assomption
View of Cathedral from Place de la Victoire
Towers of the cathedral
Old view of the cathedral (around 1900)
Notre-Dame-du-Port basilica
The name of the Romanesque basilica Notre-Dame-du-Port has nothing to do with a port (French port ), but probably comes from the old word por , which means swampy. The name of the church means: Holy Mother of God on the swamp .
A church built on this site in the 6th century was burned down by the Normans . The current church was built in the 11th and 12th centuries, with the narthex of the previous church being included in the construction. In the 19th century the towers and the roof covering were built from dark lava panels.
The proportions of the church show the clear, calm lines of the Auvergne Romanesque, inside and outside. Inside there are a number of masterfully designed figures on the column capitals , the affects of which are represented by means of lively gestures and facial expressions.
The crypt below the choir dates from the 11th century. In front of their altar is a fountain, which presumably already existed in Celtic times. The crypt is an annual pilgrimage destination. A large number of votive tablets bear witness to the intercessions of believers who pray for health recovery for themselves or for relatives.
Notre-Dame-du-Port, portal page
View of the interior
crypt
Votive tablets in the crypt
Downtown
In the winding, picturesque city center in the districts around the cathedral there are a number of public and private buildings from the 18th and 19th centuries, some of which are very nicely designed and made of the same black lava stone as the cathedral.
The short walk from the cathedral to the basilica can be combined with a stay at the Fontaine d'Amboise, a Renaissance fountain made of lava stone with delicate figures that serve as gargoyles, built in 1515 .
The Place de Jaude is a center of urban life: a large, elongated square lined with paulownia with a large shopping center, an old department store belonging to the Galeries Lafayette chain and many small shops and bistros. The name of the square probably comes from platea galli , i.e. Hahnenplatz. This suggests that it was originally the poultry market. In the square are the monuments to the Napoleonic general Louis-Charles-Antoine Desaix and the monument to Vercingetorix by Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi, inaugurated on October 11, 1903 .
Museums
The Musée Bargoin houses one of the world's richest collections of prehistoric and Gallo-Roman archeology . There you can see, for example, tools, weapons, utensils and jewelry from the Magdalenian , Neolithic , Bronze Age , and Celtic cultures, in particular Manson's bronze warehouse and finds from Gergovia and Clermont itself.
The buildings of the Musée d'Art Roger-Quilliot were designed by the architects Adrien Fainsilber and Claude Gaillard based on the model of the Guggenheim Museum in New York . The museum shows a rich collection of ancient and modern art from the 13th century to the present in chronological order.
The Musée du Tapis d'Art offers a delightful collection of carpets from the Middle and Far East.
Cultural event
The Festival du Court-Métrage de Clermont-Ferrand is a major festival for short films.
Sports
The most famous sports club in the city is the Association Sportive Montferrandaise , whose rugby union department appears under the name ASM Clermont Auvergne and is represented in the top 14 French league . The largest stadium is the Stade Marcel-Michelin . It is the home stadium of the ASM Clermont Auvergne rugby union team and has a seating capacity of 18,030.
The local football club Clermont Foot 63 plays in the second highest division of French football, Ligue 2 .
South of Clermont-Ferrand is the racetrack Circuit de Charade on which the to several times in the 1960s and 1970s Formula 1 World Championship belongs French Grand Prix was held.
sons and daughters of the town
- Charles Abi (* 2000), football player
- Richard Balandras (* 1969), racing car driver
- Sandrine Bonnaire (* 1967), actress
- Laure Boulleau (* 1986), soccer player
- Gilbert Breschet (1784–1845), anatomist and surgeon, namesake of the Breschet veins .
- Rémi Cavagna (* 1995), racing cyclist
- Roland Charrière (1926–1990), racing car driver
- Edwin Crossley-Mercer (* 1982), opera singer (baritone)
- Isabelle Delobel (* 1978), ice dancer
- Patrick Depailler (1944–1980), racing car driver
- Guillaume Despréaux (1803 – unknown), composer
- Louis Devedeux (1820–1874), genre painter
- Lolo Ferrari (1963-2000), porn actress and singer
- Paul Gayrard (1807–1855), sculptor
- Raphaël Géminiani (* 1925), racing cyclist
- Gregory of Tours (538-594), Christian saint, Bishop of Tours
- Grégoire Jacq (* 1992), tennis player
- François-Bernard Mâche (* 1935), composer
- Antoine François Marmontel (1816–1898), composer
- Émile Mayade (1853–1898), car pioneer and racing driver
- Louis Mékarski (1843–1923), designer
- Édouard Michelin (1859–1940), founder of the tire factories of the same name
- Damien Monier (* 1982), racing cyclist
- Sébastien-Roch Nicolas, known as Nicolas Chamfort (1741–1794), writer
- Maurice Nivat (1937–2017), computer scientist
- George Onslow (1784-1853), composer
- Gabriella Papadakis (* 1995), figure skater
- Blaise Pascal (1623–1662), philosopher, physicist and mathematician
- Émile Roux (1853–1933), scientist and pioneer in the field of microbiology
- Christian Sarron (* 1955), motorcycle racing driver
- Kevin Seddiki (* 1981), musician
- Gauthier de Tessières (* 1981), ski racer
- Antoine Léonard Thomas (1732–1785), rhetorician and poet of the Enlightenment
- Jean-Louis Tournadre (* 1958), motorcycle racer
One of the city's “grandsons” is the architect Auguste Ricard de Montferrand (1786-1858), whose father and forefathers came from Montferrand.
literature
- The Green Guide , Auvergne-Périgord, pp. 173–190, ISBN 2-06-000107-2 , 13-digit ISBN 978-2-06-000107-4 .
- Maximilian Ihm : Augustonemetum . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume II, 2, Stuttgart 1896, Col. 2368 f.
