European Athletics Championships 1938

2. European Athletics Championships
city	Paris (men) Vienna (women)
Stadion	Stade Olympique (men) Praterstadion (women)
Competitions	32
World records	1
More European records	1
opening	September 3, 1938 (M) September 17, 1938 (F)
Closing ceremony	September 5, 1938 (M) September 18, 1938 (F)
timeline
← Turin 1934	Oslo 1946 →

Olympic Stadium in Paris 1924

Prater Stadium on an aerial photo, 1932

Medal table  (final score after 32 decisions)
space	country
1	German Empire	12	11	9	32
2	Finland	5	3	3	11
3	Great Britain	4th	2	2	8th
4th	Sweden	3	4th	6th	13
5	Poland	2	3	1	6th
6th	Netherlands	2	2	4th	8th
7th	Italy	1	4th	3	8th
8th	France	1	1	1	3
	Hungary	1	1	1	3
10	Estonia	1	-	-	1
Complete medal table

The 2nd European Athletics Championships in 1938 took place on different dates in two different locations. The men's competitions were held in Paris from September 3rd to 5th, and those of the women on September 17th and 18th in Vienna .

The venue is Vienna

Due to the aggressive politics of the National Socialists and the so-called annexation of Austria that followed , the venue in Vienna was now - until the end of the Second World War - in Germany .

Competitions

As with the first European championships, the men offered the almost complete competition calendar, which, except for walking, corresponded to today's competition program. Then there was also the 3000 meter obstacle course .

The range of competitions for women included the long jump and the shot put , two more disciplines than at the Olympic Games two years earlier in Berlin and six years earlier in Los Angeles . However, there were significantly fewer competitions for women than for men. Only three individual runs were held - the longest over 200 meters - and the 4 x 100 meter relay . In addition, there were two jumping competitions with the high jump and long jump and three disciplines from the field of jogging / throwing with the shot put, discus and javelin throw.

Athletic performance

The highlights were the world record over 80 meters hurdles by the Italian Claudia Testoni in 11.6 s and the European record over 110 meters hurdles by the British Don Finlay in 14.3 s.

The most successful nation was Germany , which profited greatly from the special promotion of sport under the National Socialist regime with its propaganda goals. It should not be forgotten that, regardless of their ability to perform, Jewish athletes were completely sidelined and subjected to the same reprisals as the Jewish population in Germany as a whole. Germany had twelve European champions, followed by Finland with five, Great Britain with four and Sweden with three European Championship titles.

• There were three athletes who could win more than one gold medal in these championships:
  • Stanisława Walasiewicz ( Poland ) - 100 meters, 200 meters, and silver in the long jump and in the 4 x 100 meter relay
  • Martinus Osendarp ( Netherlands ) - 100 meters , 200 meters
  • Rudolf Harbig (Germany) - 800 meters , 4-by-400-meter relay
• The following three title holders from 1938 had already won gold at the first European Championships in 1934 :
  • Ilmari Salminen (Finland) - 10,000 meters , repetition of its 1934 success
  • Wilhelm Leichum (Germany) - long jump, repetition of his success from 1934
  • Matti Järvinen (Finland) - javelin throw , repetition of his 1934 success

Results men - in Paris

100 m

Final run over 100 meters ( from left to right ): Arthur Sweeney, Orazio Mariani, Wil van Beveren, Lennart Strandberg, Martinus Osendarp, Bernard Marchand

→ Main article : European Athletics Championships 1938/100 m men

space	athlete	country	Time (s)
1	Martinus Osendarp	NED	10.5
2	Orazio Mariani	ITA	10.6
3	Lennart Strandberg	SWE	10.6
4th	Wil van Beveren	NED	10.6
5	Arthur Sweeney	GBR	11.0
6th	Bernard Marchand	SUI	11.2

Final: September 3rd

200 m

→ Main article : European Athletics Championships 1938/200 m men

space	athlete	country	Time (s)
1	Martinus Osendarp	NED	21.2 CR
2	Jakob Scheuring	GER	21.6
3	Alan Pennington	GBR	21.6
4th	Julien Saelens	BEL	21.7 NRe
5	Gyula Gyenes	HUN	22.1
6th	Kenneth Jenkins	GBR	22.1

Final: September 4th

400 m

→ Main article : European Athletics Championships 1938/400 m men

space	athlete	country	Time (s)
1	Godfrey Brown	GBR	47.4 CR
2	Karl Baumgarten	NED	48.2
3	Erich Linnhoff	GER	48.8
4th	János Görkói	HUN	48.9
5	Aarne Tammisto	FIN	49.1
6th	Bertil von Wachenfeldt	SWE	50.0

Final: September 4th

The British European Champion Godfrey Brown had won silver at the Olympic Games in 1936 ( Photo right: Olympic Final 1936, Brown far left )

Rudolf Harbig - clear winner over 800 meters

800 m

→ Main article : European Athletics Championships 1938/800 m men

space	athlete	country	Time (min)
1	Rudolf Harbig	GER	1: 50.6 CR / NR
2	Jacques Lévèque	FRA	1: 51.8 PB
3	Mario Lanzi	ITA	1: 52.0 SB
4th	Sjabbe Bouman	NED	1: 52.3 NO
5	Bertil Andersson	SWE	1: 53.0 SB
6th	Tauno Peussa	FIN	1: 55.5 PB
7th	Paul Faure	FRA	NT
8th	Lennart Nilsson	SWE

Final: September 4th

1500 m

→ Main article : European Athletics Championships 1938/1500 m men

space	athlete	country	Time (min)
1	Sydney Wooderson	GBR	3: 53.6 CR
2	Joseph Mostert	BEL	3: 54.5 PB
3	Luigi Beccali	ITA	3: 55.2 SB
4th	Niilo Hartikka	FIN	3: 56.5 PB
5	Toivo Sarkama	FIN	3: 56.7 PB
6th	Jan Staniszewski	POLE	3: 58.4 PB
7th	Jim Alford	GBR	4: 03.0
8th	Ingvar Haglund	SWE	4: 08.2

Final: September 5th

5000 m

→ Main article : European Athletics Championships 1938/5000 m men

space	athlete	country	Time (min)
1	Taisto Mäki	FIN	14: 26.8 CR
2	Henry Jonsson	SWE	14: 27.4 PB
3	Kauko Pekuri	FIN	14: 29.2 PB
4th	Jack Emery	GBR	14: 46.2 PB
5	Jozef Noji	POLE	14: 47.8 PB
6th	George Morrison Carstairs	GBR	14: 51.3 PB
7th	András Csaplár	HUN	14: 52.4 PB
8th	Roger Rochard	FRA	14: 55.6 SB

Date: September 4th

Finnish dominance on all long distances , over 5000 meters through Taisto Mäki ( photo right )

10,000 m

→ Main article : European Athletics Championships 1938 / men's 10,000 m

space	athlete	country	Time (min)
1	Ilmari salt mines	FIN	30: 52.4 CR
2	Giuseppe Beviacqua	ITA	30: 53.2 NO
3	Max Syring	GER	30: 57.8 PB
4th	Jenő Szilágyi	HUN	30: 58.6 NO
5	Thore Tillman	SWE	31: 06.6 PB
6th	János Kelen	HUN	31: 16.6 PB
7th	Giuseppe Lippi	ITA	31: 51.6 PB
8th	André Sicard	FRA	32: 09.6 PB

Date: September 5th

After his Olympic victory in 1936 , Ilmari Salminen also repeated his EM success from 1934 .

marathon

→ Main article : 1938 European Athletics Championships / men's marathon

space	athlete	country	Time (h)
1	Väinö Muinonen	FIN	2:37:29 CR
2	Squire Yarrow	GBR	2:39:03 SB
3	Henry Palmé	SWE	2:42:14 PB
4th	Maurice Waltispurger	FRA	2:44:28 PB
5	Erich Puch	GER	2:45:09 PB
6th	Eugene Bertsch	GER	2:45:21 PB
7th	Désiré Leriche	FRA	2:48:22 PB
8th	Umberto De Florentis	ITA	2:49:30 PB

Date: September 4th

110 m hurdles

→ Main article : European Athletics Championships 1938/110 m hurdles of men

space	athlete	country	Time (s)
1	Don Finlay	GBR	14.3 ER
2	Håkan Lidman	SWE	14.5
3	Reinds brasser	NED	14.8
4th	John Thornton	GBR	14.8
5	Karl Kumpmann	GER	15.3
6th	Werner Christians	SUI	15.4

Final: September 4th

Don Finlay, who could look back on a long sports career, became European champion with a new European record.

400 m hurdles

→ Main article : European Athletics Championships 1938/400 m hurdles for men

space	athlete	country	Time (s)
1	Prudent Joye	FRA	53.1 CR
2	József Kovács	HUN	53.3
3	Kell Areskoug	SWE	53.6
4th	Georg Glaw	GER	54.2
5	Friedrich-Wilhelm Hölling	GER	54.6
6th	Werner Kellerhals	SUI	55.0

Final: September 4th

3000 m obstacle

→ Main article : European Athletics Championships 1938/3000 m obstacle men

space	athlete	country	Time (min)
1	Lars Larsson	SWE	9: 16.2 CR
2	Ludwig Kaindl	GER	9: 19.2 PB
3	Alf Lindblad	FIN	9: 21.4 PB
4th	Kalle Tuominen	FIN	9: 28.6 PB
5	Roger Cuzol	FRA	9: 42.2 PB
6th	Gaston Tinard	FRA	9: 43.0 PB
7th	Ferdinando Migliaccio	ITA	9: 45.2 PB
8th	Waclaw Soldan	POLE	9: 58.4 PB

Date: September 5th

4 × 100 m relay

→ Main article : European Athletics Championships 1938/4 × 100 m men

space	country	Athletes	Time (s)
1	German Empire	Manfred Kersch Gerd Hornberger Karl Neckermann Jakob Scheuring	40.9 CR
2	Sweden	Gösta Klemming Åke Stenqvist Lennart Lindgren Lennart Strandberg	41.1
3	Great Britain	Maurice Scarr Godfrey Brown Arthur Sweeney Ernest Page	41.2
4th	Italy	Tullio Gonnelli Gianni Caldana Edoardo Daelli Orazio Mariani	41.3
	Netherlands	Martinus Osendarp Wil van Beveren Tjeerd Boersma Heinz Baumgarten	DNF
	Switzerland	Fritz Seeger Jean Studer Bernard Marchand Paul Hänni	DSQ

Final: September 5th

4 × 400 m relay

→ Main article : European Athletics Championships 1938/4 × 400 m men

space	country	Athletes	Time (min)
1	German Empire	Hermann Blazejezak Manfred Bues Erich Linnhoff Rudolf Harbig	3: 13.7 CR
2	Great Britain	Jack Barnes Alfred Baldwin Alan Pennington Godfrey Brown	3: 14.9
3	Sweden	Lars Nilsson Carl Hendrik Gustafsson Börje Thomasson Bertil von Wachenfeldt	3: 17.3
4th	France	Joseph Bertolino André Gardien Jacques Lévèque Prudent Joye	3: 18.3
5	Italy	Angelo Ferrario Gioacchino Dorascenzi Otello Spampani Mario Lanzi	3: 19.7
6th	Hungary	Gyula Gyenes Ferenc Temesvári József Vadas János Görkói	3: 22.9

Date: September 5th

50 km walk

→ Main article : European Athletics Championships 1938/50 km men's walk

space	athlete	country	Time (h)
1	Harold Whitlock	GBR	4:41:51 CR
2	Herbert Dill	GER	4:43:54
3	Edgar Bruun	NOR	4:44:35
4th	Fritz lead white	GER	4:45:24
5	Antonio De Maestri	ITA	4:53:56
6th	Evald Segerström	SWE	4:54:06
7th	Giuseppe Gobbato	ITA	4:56:20
8th	Antonius Toscani	NED	4:58:36

September 4th

Harold Whitlock ( photo right ) won by more than two minutes.

high jump

→ Main article : 1938 European Athletics Championships / men's high jump

space	athlete	country	Height (m)
1	Kurt Lundqvist	SWE	1.97 PB
2	Kalevi Kotkas	FIN	1.94 SB
3	Lauri Kalima	FIN	1.94 PB
4th	Åke Ödmark	SWE	1.90 SB
	Erik Stai	NOR	1.90
6th	Jean Moiroud	FRA	1.85 PB
	Hubert Stubbs	GBR	1.85 PB
8th	Janós Cserna	HUN	1.85 PB

Date: September 5th

Pole vault

European champion Karl Sutter - here at his competition in Paris

→ Main article : 1938 European Athletics Championships / men's pole vault

space	athlete	country	Height (m)
1	Karl Sutter	GER	4.05 CR
2	Bo Ljungberg	SWE	4.00 SB
3	Pierre Ramadier	FRA	4.00 PB
4th	Wilhelm Schneider	POLE	4.00 PB
5	Mario Romeo	ITA	4.00 PB
6th	Aulis Reinikka	FIN	3.90 PB
7th	Richard Webster	GBR	3.80 PB
8th	Richard Kiipsaar	EST	3.70 PB

Date: September 3rd

Long jump

Wilhelm Leichum defended his EM title from 1934

→ Main article : 1938 European Athletics Championships / men's long jump

space	athlete	country	Width (m)
1	Wilhelm Leichum	GER	7.65 CR
2	Arturo Maffei	ITA	7.61 PB
3	Luz Long	GER	7.56 SB
4th	István Gyuricza	HUN	7.27 PB
5	Ruudi Toomsalu	EST	7.24 SB
6th	William Breach	GBR	7.16 PB
7th	Jean Studer	SUI	7.14 PB
8th	Jean Baudry	FRA	7.11 PB

Date: September 3rd

Triple jump

→ Main article : 1938 European Athletics Championships / men's triple jump

space	athlete	country	Width (m)
1	Onni Rajasaari	FIN	15.32 CR
2	Jouko Norén	FIN	14.95 PB
3	Karl Kotratschek	GER	14.73 PB
4th	Ioannis Palamiotis	GRE	14.70 NO
5	Vittorio Turco	ITA	14.64 PB
6th	Lennart Andersson	SWE	14.56 SB
7th	Franco Bini	ITA	13.96 PB
8th	Jean Nichil	FRA	13.88 NO

Date: September 4th

Shot put

Aleksander Kreek surprised the German favorites with his victory

→ Main article : 1938 European Athletics Championships / men's shot put

space	athlete	country	Width (m)
1	Aleksander Kreek	EST	15.83 CR
2	Gerhard Stock	GER	15.59 SB
3	Hans Woellke	GER	15.52 SB
4th	Sulo Bärlund	FIN	15.07
5	Gunnar Bergh	SWE	14.92 PB
6th	Jaroslav Vítek	TCH	14.77 PB
7th	Angiolo Profeti	ITA	14.67 SB
8th	Witold Gerutto	POLE	14.41

Date: September 4th

Discus throw

→ Main article : 1938 European Athletics Championships / men's discus throw

space	athlete	country	Width (m)
1	Willy Schröder	GER	49.70 SB
2	Giorgio Oberweger	ITA	49.48 PB
3	Gunnar Bergh	SWE	48.72 PB
4th	Kalevi Kotkas	FIN	48.63 PB
5	Adolfo Consolini	ITA	48.02 SB
6th	Jenő Kulitzy	HUN	47.19 PB
7th	Jules Noël	FRA	46.65 PB
8th	Reidar Sørlie	NOR	46.36 PB

Date: September 5th

Hammer throw

→ Main article : European Athletics Championships 1938 / men's hammer throw

space	athlete	country	Width (m)
1	Karl Hein	GER	58.77 CR
2	Erwin Blask	GER	57.34
3	Oscar Malmbrandt	SWE	51.23 PB
4th	Gosta Hannula	FIN	49.84 PB
5	Joseph Wirtz	FRA	48.75 PB
6th	Silvio Nido	SUI	46.68 PB
7th	Jussi Anttalainen	FIN	44.59 PB
8th	Robert Saint-Pé	FRA	42.61 PB

Date: September 4th

The two Germans Karl Hein ( photo right ) and Erwin Blask clearly dominated this competition.

Javelin throw

→ Main article : 1938 European Athletics Championships / men's javelin

space	athlete	country	Width (m)
1	Matti Järvinen	FIN	76.87 CR
2	Yrjö Nikkanen	FIN	75.00
3	József Várszegi	HUN	72.78 NO
4th	Gustav Sule	EST	70.50
5	Friedrich Issak	EST	70.23 SB
6th	Lennart Atterwall	SWE	68.58 SB
7th	Gerhard Stock	GER	65.34 SB
8th	Oskar Ospelt	LIE	58.83 SB

Date: September 3rd

Matti Järvinen ( photo right ) was one of the most successful javelin throwers of his time and was European champion for the second time.

Decathlon

Olle Bexell made himself the king of athletes with his performance here

→ Main article : 1938 European Athletics Championships / Men's Decathlon

space	athlete	country	P - official value.	P - 85 value.
1	Olle Bexell	SWE	7214 CR	6687
2	Witold Gerutto	POLE	7006 PB	6459
3	Josef Neumann	SUI	6664 PB	6228
4th	Rudolf Glötzner	GER	6492 PB	6173
5	Raymond Anet	SUI	6118 PB	5918
6th	Jerzy Pławczyk	POLE	5946 PB	5656
7th	Jean Balezo	FRA	5503 PB	5360
8th	Hervé Mahé	FRA	5346 PB	5138

Date: September 4th / 5th

The scoring was based on the 1934 points table.

For orientation and classification of the performances, the scores achieved in 1985 according to the current rating system are also listed for comparison. After that, nothing would have changed in terms of the placements.

Of course, these comparisons are only indicative, because the different standards of the time must apply as a basis.

Results women - in Vienna

100 m

→ Main article : European Athletics Championships 1938/100 m women

space	Athlete	country	Time (s)
1	Stanisława Walasiewicz	POLE	11.9 CRe
2	Käthe Krauss	GER	12.0
3	Fanny Blankers-Koen	NED	12.0
4th	Dorothy Saunders	GBR	12.1
5	Ida Kühnel	GER	12.3
6th	Emmy Albus	GER	12.4

Final: September 17th

Stanisława Walasiewicz ( photo on the right ) won both sprint courses . She later emigrated to the United States and continued her career there under the name Stella Walsh.

200 m

→ Main article : European Athletics Championships 1938/200 m women

space	Athlete	country	Time (s)
1	Stanisława Walasiewicz	POLE	23.8 CR
2	Käthe Krauss	GER	24.4 DR
3	Fanny Blankers-Koen	NED	24.9
4th	Ida Kühnel	GER	25.0
5	Dorothy Saunders	GBR	25.0
6th	Lillian Chalmers	GBR	25.0

Final: September 18th

80 m hurdles

→ Main article : European Athletics Championships 1938/80 m hurdles for women

space	Athlete	country	Time (s)
1	Claudia Testoni	ITA	11.6 WRe
2	Lisa Gelius	GER	11.7
3	Kitty ter Braake	NED	11.8
4th	Annemarie Westphal	GER	12.0
5	Agatha Doorgeest	NED	12.0
6th	Anny Spitzweg	GER	12.1

Final: September 17th

Claudia Testoni ( photo on the right ) set the existing world record of the German Ruth Engelhard in her victory over the 80 meter hurdles .

4 × 100 m relay

→ Main article : European Athletics Championships 1938/4 × 100 m women

space	country	Athletes	Time (s)
1	German Empire	Josefine Kohl Käthe Krauss Emmy Albus Ida Kühnel	46.8 CR
2	Poland	Jadwiga Gawrońska Barbara Książkiewicz Otylia Kałuża Stanisława Walasiewicz	48.2
3	Italy	Maria Alfero Maria Apollonio Rosetta Cattaneo Italia Lucchini	49.4
4th	Hungary	Ilona Balla Anna Lörinczi Sarolta Fehér Rózalia Nagy	50.8
5	Norway	Ella Undli Aashild Brandvold Solveig Wennewold N. N.	51.1
	Great Britain	Lillian Chalmers Audrey Brown Dorothy Saunders Betty Lock	DSQ

Date: September 18

Olympic champion Ibolya Csák also won the European Championship title in a high-class competition

high jump

→ Main article : 1938 European Athletics Championships / women's high jump

space	Athlete	country	Height (m)
1	Ibolya Csák	HUN	1.64 CR / NO
2	Nelly van Balen-Blanken	NED	1.64 CR / NO
3	Feodora to Solms	GER	1.64 CR / PB
4th	Dorothy Cosnett	GBR	1.58 PB
5	Dora Gardner	GBR	1.58 PB
6th	Ilsebill Pfenning	SUI	1.55 PB
7th	Karin Färnström	SWE	1.55 PB
8th	Wanda Nowak	GER	1.50

Date: September 18

Originally, Dora Ratjen was the official winner of the competition with the new world record height of 1.70 m. However, after it was established that Ratjen was actually a man, the title was stripped of him / her. His real name was Heinrich Ratjen.

Wanda Nowak, who placed eighth, was actually an Austrian athlete, who changed her citizenship after Austria was annexed by Germany.

Long jump

Irmgard Praetz also defeated the sprint queen Stanisława Walasiewicz

→ Main article : 1938 European Athletics Championships / women's long jump

space	Athlete	country	Width (m)
1	Irmgard Praetz	GER	5.88 CR
2	Stanisława Walasiewicz	POLE	5.81 PB
3	Gisela Voss	GER	5.47 PB
4th	Ethel Raby	GBR	5.44 PB
5	Veronika Kohlbach	GER	5.41 PB
6th	Vedder Schenck	GBR	5.34 PB
7th	Inge Schmidt-Nielsen	THE	5.27 PB
8th	Henryka Słomczewska	POLE	5.15 PB

Date: September 17th

The four first-placed shot putters ( from left to right ): Wanda Flakowicz, Gisela Mauermayer, Hermine Schröder, Helma Wessel

Shot put

→ Main article : 1938 European Athletics Championships / women's shot put

space	Athlete	country	Width (m)
1	Hermione Schröder	GER	13.29 CR
2	Gisela Mauermayer	GER	13.27 SB
3	Wanda Flakowicz	POLE	12.55 PB
4th	Helma Wessel	GER	12.55 PB
5	Bevis Reid	GBR	12.10 PB
6th	Pūce Aldzere-Lavīze	LAT	11.70 PB
7th	Genowefa Cejzik	POLE	11.68 PB
8th	Irja Lipasti	FIN	11.64 PB

Date: September 17th

Discus throw

→ Main article : 1938 European Athletics Championships / women's discus throw

space	Athlete	country	Width (m)
1	Gisela Mauermayer	GER	44.80 CR
2	Hilde Sommer	GER	40.95 PB
3	Paula Mollenhauer	GER	39.81 PB
4th	Birgit Lundström	SWE	38.11 PB
5	Genowefa Cejzik	POLE	36.51 PB
6th	Gabre Gabric	ITA	35.53 SB
7th	To sneeze	NED	35.48 SB
8th	Bevis Reid	GBR	34.19 PB

Date: September 18

Javelin throw

→ Main article : 1938 European Athletics Championships / women's javelin

space	Athlete	country	Width (m)
1	Lisa Gelius	GER	45.58 CR
2	Susanne Pastoors	GER	44.14 PB
3	Luise Kruger	GER	42.49 SB
4th	Lux boots	SUI	40.58 PB
5	Pūce Aldzere-Lavīze	LAT	40.20 PB
6th	Stanisława Walasiewicz	POLE	33.33 PB
7th	Irja Lipasti	FIN	31.93 PB
8th	Britta Awall	SWE	31.90

Date: September 18

literature

• Mirko Javala: European Athletics Championships Zurich 2014: Statistics Handbook. Organizing Committee European Athletics Championships, Zurich 2014, pp. 360–362 ( PDF )

Web links

Commons : European Athletics Championships 1938  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• European Athletics Championships - Paris 1938 from the European Athletics homepage , accessed June 11, 2017
• European Athletics Championships - Vienna 1938 from the European Athletics homepage , accessed on March 3, 2019
• Athletics European Championships Men Paris 03-05.09 / Women Vienna 17-18.09 on todor66.com, accessed on March 14, 2019
• II European Championship, Paris 1938 from trackfield.brinkster.net, accessed June 11, 2017
• 2nd European Men's Athletics Championships in 1938 in Paris, France from ifosta.de, accessed on June 11, 2017
• Results of all European Athletics Championships - 1938 on sportschau.de, accessed on June 11, 2017
• European Championship history (I): From Turin to Brussels or when I learned to run at the European Championship on Leichtathletik.de, January 6, 2018 on Leichtathletik.de, accessed on March 3, 2019
• Rudolf Harbig was way ahead of his time , review, March 5, 2004 on Leichtathletik.de, accessed on June 11, 2017

References and comments

1. ↑ After the annexation of Austria by Germany at the time of these European championships, the German flag from that time must be used as a symbol. For a limited period of time, the Republic of Austria did not exist and was part of the German Empire. In Vienna itself, the corresponding flag was waved everywhere, and it is now being used here - even if, as in all other cases, with a certain degree of discomfort.
2. ↑ reunification Alpenart , Spiegel Online 7 March 2008 on spiegel.de, accessed on June 13, 2017
3. ↑ Note on the event date: Two different dates are mentioned in the sources:
   • The official EAA homepage names September 17th ( European Athletics Championships - Vienna 1938 on the EAA homepage, accessed on March 13, 2019)
   • September 18 is shown on todor66.com ( Women 100m European Championship 1938 Vienna on todor66.com, accessed on March 13, 2019)
   The date of the EAA's official homepage is listed throughout this article.
4. ↑ Stefan Berg: Olympia 1936: Scandal about Dora . In: Der Spiegel . No. 38, September 14, 2009.
5. ↑ Note on the event date: Two different dates are mentioned in the sources:
   • The official EAA homepage names September 17th ( European Athletics Championships - Vienna 1938 on the EAA homepage, accessed on March 14, 2019)
   • September 18 is shown on todor66.com ( Women Long Jump European Championship 1938 Vienna on todor66.com, accessed on March 14, 2019)
   The date of the EAA's official homepage is listed throughout this article.
6. ↑ Note on the event date: Two different dates are mentioned in the sources:
   • The official EAA homepage names September 17th ( European Athletics Championships - Vienna 1938 on the EAA homepage, accessed on March 15, 2019)
   • September 18 is shown on todor66.com ( Women Shot Put European Championship 1938 Vienna on todor66.com, accessed on March 15, 2019)
   The date of the EAA's official homepage is listed throughout this article.