Olympic Tower
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Olympic Tower
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| Basic data | |||||||||
| Place: | Munich | ||||||||
| Country: | Bavaria | ||||||||
| Country: | Germany | ||||||||
| Altitude : | 508 m above sea level NHN | ||||||||
| Coordinates: 48 ° 10 ′ 28 ″ N , 11 ° 33 ′ 13 ″ E | |||||||||
| Use: | TV tower , telecommunications tower , observation tower , restaurant | ||||||||
| Accessibility: | TV tower open to the public | ||||||||
| Tower data | |||||||||
| Construction time : | 1965-1968 | ||||||||
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| Operating time: | since 1968 | ||||||||
| Last renovation (tower) : | 1999 | ||||||||
| Total height : | 291.28 m | ||||||||
| Total mass : | 52,500 t | ||||||||
| Data on the transmission system | |||||||||
| Last modification (antenna) : | April 2005 | ||||||||
| Last modification (transmitter) : | August 2005 | ||||||||
| Waveband : | FM transmitter | ||||||||
| Radio : | VHF broadcasting | ||||||||
| Send types: | DVB-T2 HD , DAB , amateur radio service | ||||||||
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| Position map | |||||||||
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Location of the Olympic Tower in Munich |
The Olympiaturm is a television tower in Munich and one of the landmarks of the state capital and the eponymous Olympic Park , in the eastern part of which it is located. At 291 meters, it is Bavaria's second tallest structure after the Nuremberg television tower . It was built in the late 1960s and also serves as a lookout tower for visitors . The Olympic Tower also houses a tower restaurant . By the end of 2018, over 43 million visitors had climbed the tower since it opened in 1968.
history
History and planning
In 1957, Deutsche Post installed a 50-meter-high antenna carrier, the telecommunications tower of the Munich Oberpostdirektion , which was later increased by 50 meters, to provide broadcasting to Munich . The progressive expansion of the telecommunications network in Munich and the need for improvement in the broadcasting power of the radio and television programs made the construction of a telecommunications tower necessary. Therefore, it was decided to build a tower that should meet the increased requirements. At the beginning of the deliberations, it was already clear that the television tower would also be made accessible to the public via a visitor platform.
The Olympic Tower is the second pre-Olympic building in the Olympic Park , alongside the Olympic Ice Sports Center . The Oberwiesenfeld was chosen as the location because the proximity to the center was good. On January 29, 1964, the Munich City Council decided with the Deutsche Bundespost to build the telecommunications tower. For this purpose, the Münchner Sportpark GmbH was founded as a property developer. At this point it was not yet certain that the XX. The Summer Olympics will be held in Munich, the decision was not made until April 26, 1966.
The Deutsche Bundespost as the developer and the state capital Munich could not agree on a concept for the tower design; That is why two tower baskets were planned: The lower pulpit carries telecommunication devices, the upper one houses the viewing platform and the revolving restaurant with 230 seats at a height of 181 meters.
construction
After the foundation work on June 1, 1965, the foundation stone was laid on August 10, in the presence of the then Federal Post Minister Richard Stücklen , the Lord Mayor Hans-Jochen Vogel and the second mayor Georg Brauchle . A time capsule with coins, newspapers and a certificate was built into the foundation stone. She closes with the words:
"May this great technical work, the tallest tower in Germany, at the same time the tallest reinforced concrete tower in Central Europe, a new focal point in the city skyline, be spared from destruction by nature or human violence, in an age in which man is preparing to move more and more into that To advance all and to explore and conquer other planets. "
After the work on the foundation, the tower shaft grew at a rate of two meters a day and in December 1965 reached a height of 151 meters, so that the girders of the post office could be brought in. The entire construction period of 533 days was accident-free. The construction work was the responsibility of the construction company Alfred Kunz GmbH & Co , founded in 1882 and insolvent since 1996 , which had also built the Zugspitzbahn tunnel .
After the International Olympic Committee had awarded the 1972 Summer Olympics to Munich on April 26, 1966, the tower, which was already under construction, was subsequently integrated into the concept of the "Olympic Games in the Green" and chosen as the landmark of the Olympic Park. Technological optimism and freedom of the press should be symbolized by the tower, which should underline the concept of the games, which are based on the ideals of democracy. With the commissioning, the telecommunications tower of the Munich Oberpostdirektion was replaced as the basic network transmitter. Some of its directional radio equipment was installed at the Olympic Tower for the Olympic Games in order to establish television and telephone connections in the direction of Frankfurt, Nuremberg, Salzburg and for Italy to the Zugspitze.
On May 12, 1967, the maximum tower height of the reinforced concrete part was reached at a height of 248 meters, and the topping-out ceremony was celebrated.
Since opening
On February 22, 1968, the Olympic Tower was inaugurated with the opening of the revolving restaurant. Its total construction costs amounted to 22 million German marks , in which the Deutsche Bundespost participated proportionally. She was granted a permanent right of use, and she was responsible for the expenses for maintenance and operation. At the time of its completion it was the highest television tower in the Federal Republic of Germany and, after the Moscow Ostankino television tower and the Berlin television tower, the third-tallest reinforced concrete tower in the world.
The tower was primarily used for broadcasting the greater Munich area with the second and third television programs. The transmitters for this were put into operation by the Bundespost in April and May 1968. This gave the Munich television tower the special importance of becoming a star point in the television line network. A special eight-tube cable was also used to connect the tower's post office to the Freimann television studio of Bayerischer Rundfunk. It took over its full function as the hub of the radio relay network in southern Germany at the beginning of 1970. During the 1972 Summer Olympics, all sporting events worldwide were broadcast from the Olympic Tower.
At the beginning of 1969, a Wienerwald restaurant with a view of the Olympic lake opened on the ground floor . In the so-called atrium building, up to 240 guests could be entertained and with the adjoining terrace a further 300 seats were available. The cafeteria in the viewing basket and the tower restaurant at a height of 181 meters, which was run by restaurateur Friedrich Jahn , also belonged to the Wienerwald chain . Jahn's idea to put a Wienerwald logo on the tower, however, failed because of the necessary approval.
In 1999 the tower was closed for three months for extensive renovations. Among other things, the revolving restaurant was redesigned, the elevators modernized, new sprinkler systems installed and the grid on the open platform renewed.
Since 2004 the Olympic Tower has housed the Rock Museum Munich and a photo studio.
On April 5, 2005, the tip was replaced in order to supply the greater Munich area with DVB-T with a new antenna . The tower grew by 1.75 meters. The new antenna is 19.2 meters high and weighs 6.2 tons. The GRP cylinders were transported to the top in several stages by a Kamow Ka-32 -T transport helicopter . In the same year, the antenna carrier of the Nuremberg telecommunications tower was replaced and slightly raised, so that since then the Olympic tower has been positioned just behind the Nuremberg telecommunications tower in terms of its total height.
In 2006 the revolving restaurant was taken over by Arena One GmbH , redesigned and reopened in August 2007 under the name Restaurant 181 . From 2009 to 2014 Otto Koch was appointed patron of the catering company, and the restaurant was awarded a Michelin star.
description
Location and surroundings
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The Olympic Tower is located in the eastern part of the Munich Olympic Park , the 1972 venue for the XX. Olympic Summer Games and is part of the Oberwiesenfeld , which is located around five kilometers north of the city center.
To the west of the tower are the Olympic Hall and the swimming pool . The ice rink and Sea Life Munich are in the eastern neighborhood . The artificial Olympic lake runs just a few meters south of the Olympic Tower . The busy Georg-Brauchle-Ring runs along the north side, separating the Olympic area from the BMW Welt car museum and bridged by a footbridge for cyclists and pedestrians.
Architecture and construction technology
The plate-shaped foundation extends to a depth of 12 meters, is 40 meters wide and weighs 12,500 tons. The Olympic tower is built using the sliding formwork method. Establishing lifted hydraulic lifting devices, the formwork hour to 10 cm to 20 cm. The center of gravity of the tower is 50 meters high due to the slim shape and the thinning walls. At the base of the tower, east of the tower, is a rectangular basic building in the form of an atrium with an inner courtyard. In addition to a restaurant and a souvenir shop, there is access to the public there. In addition, the heating center, the high-voltage power supply, the ventilation equipment, a battery and rectifier room, sanitary rooms, storage rooms, three company apartments and offices are housed in the atrium. After the checkout area, a covered corridor leads from this base building to the elevator system in the tower itself.
The tower shaft has a diameter of 16.50 meters at the base, which tapers to 8.60 meters up to a height of 145 meters. The wall thickness of the shaft tapers from 1.22 to 0.30 meters in the foot area.
The viewing basket with a diameter of 28.30 meters has five floors. These are structured as follows, starting from the bottom:
- T: (178 m) - operating floor with revolving construction for the restaurant above.
- A1: (182 m) - revolving restaurant. The revolving restaurant rotates 360 degrees in 53 minutes. When the wind speed exceeds 80 km / h, the rotating mechanism is automatically switched off.
- A2: (185 m) - viewing platform with the Rockmuseum Munich , a permanent exhibition with many rare collectibles from rock history. From autumn to spring the rock museum regularly organizes concerts in the tower.
- A3: (189 m) - Open viewing platform. The window cleaning gondola, which is hydraulically lifted over the grille during use, is also located on this level.
- A4: (192 m) - Two outside stairs lead from A3 to the top platform.
The tower is equipped with a company elevator for the transport of people and goods, which travels at a speed of 4 m / s and has a load capacity of 8090 Newtons . In addition, two visitor elevators are installed in the tower, which travel at a speed of 7 m / s and can accommodate up to 30 people per cabin. Both are equipped with a modern communication system and a speedometer for guests. The ride with a visitor lift to the viewing platform at a height of 185 meters takes about 32 seconds. In addition to the elevators, the tower can also be climbed using the stairwell. The staircase consists of 1,230 steps up to the platform at a height of 185 meters, which, however, are only accessible for special events and otherwise only serve in emergencies or for maintenance.
Below the viewing basket is the so-called “post basket” as a structurally and stylistically independent tower basket. It has a diameter of 21.10 meters and has four floors, which are between 147.25 meters and 167.70 meters. It houses the operating rooms for the radio relay service as well as reception facilities for television and radio transmissions. Three antenna platforms protrude from the pulpit with a projection of 3.60 meters and a mutual distance of 7.90 meters. The operating rooms and antenna platforms at the Munich Olympic Tower are located below the visitor's pulpit, because otherwise an excessive installation height of the antennas would lead to overreaches and thus disruptive influences on the radio relay network. The platforms offered space for over 40 horn, shell and parabolic antennas. Due to the changed technical possibilities, these technical transmission paths are being used significantly less, so that the mail basket now only has a few antennas.
Fire protection equipment
The fire protection devices have been continuously expanded over the past twelve years. The trigger for this was the tower fire in Moscow on August 27, 2000. For example, around 180 doors in the Olympic Tower were replaced by fire protection doors with fire resistance class T90, and many walls were torn down and rebuilt to be fireproof. Sectors within the tower were created by fire-retardant tarpaulins to slow down the spread of the fire. A smoke extraction system was dispensed with, as this would lead additional fresh air to the source of the fire. Instead, the air in the tower is under a slight excess pressure. All flammable floor and wall coverings were removed and a high-pressure extinguishing system was installed. The extinguishing system produces a fine water mist at 50 bar pressure, which is supposed to extinguish fires quickly and effectively when there is little water required.
Reception and use
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The different functional approaches of the two tower baskets and the division of the architectural design resulted in two uneven units. The company basket was designed by the architect of the Munich Post Office; the upper visitor basket by the architect Sebastian Rosenthal from the building department of the city of Munich. In the early days, this difference was somewhat masked by a large number of directional antennas. In the meantime, the widely differing architectural approaches can be clearly recognized. Erwin Heinle and Fritz Leonhardt , the "fathers of the modern television tower", criticized this inhomogeneity in the building appearance and even did not name it according to the status of a state capital.
The Olympic Tower was presented by the Deutsche Bundespost in the same year as part of the first block edition of the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich . The postage stamp ( MiNr. 726) with a circulation of 7,865,000 received the highest face value of the block with 70 pfennigs plus 35 pfennigs surcharge and shows a graphic of the tower, which is part of an aerial view of the Olympic site.
The Munich-based section of the Lions Club , founded in 1979, bears the official name of the Lions Club Munich-Olympiaturm .
In addition to being used for tourism and as a telecommunications and telecommunications tower, the total of 1,230 steps in the Olympic Tower have been used since 1993 for an annual staircase competition , the Olympic Tower , which takes place in October . Due to a lack of sponsors, it took place for the last time in 2011 and is currently not carried out.
The erstausgestrahlte on May 7, 2006 630. Crime Scene Episode casualties plays the Olympic Tower in different parts. In addition to the restaurant as a scene, the elevator got stuck at a height of 80 meters. The Bayerische Rundfunk shot the film in large part on the tower itself.
Transmitters
Radio and television
Due to the height of the structure, the transmission area of the Olympic Tower is very large. It extends to the southern Upper Palatinate, to Lower Bavaria and Bavarian Swabia. In the Austrian Tyrol and Salzburg region, the transmitter can be received with good antennas. You can even receive programs broadcast from the Olympic Tower in the South Tyrolean Alps. In total, the broadcast area of the Olympic Tower covers six million viewers.
The FM radio programs of the Olympic Tower have a low transmission power, but due to the antenna height they can be heard at a distance of over 100 kilometers even in slightly elevated conditions.
Frequencies and Programs
Analog radio (FM)
In the case of directed radiation, the main radiation directions are given in degrees in the antenna diagram .
|
Frequency (in MHz) |
program | RDS PS | RDS PI | region |
ERP (in kW) |
Antenna pattern round (ND) / directional (D) |
Polarization horizontal (H) / vertical (V) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 89.0 | Radio 2Day | 2DAY__89 | 101D | - | 0.32 | ND | H |
| 92.4 |
Radio Horeb Radio Lora CRM Radio Feierwerk Münchner Kirchenradio Radio Munich |
_Radio__ / _Horeb__ / _Leben__ / mit_Gott _LORA___ __CRM___ FEIERWRK MUENCHEN |
D01C D01D D01D D01D |
- | 0.32 | ND | H |
| 93.3 | Energy Munich | _ENERGY_ | 101A | - | 0.32 | ND | H |
| 95.5 | 95.5 Charivari | _CHARI__ | 101B | - | 0.32 | ND | H |
| 96.3 | Radio gong 96.3 | GONG96.3 | 101E | - | 0.32 | ND | H |
| 101.3 | Antenna Bavaria | ANTENNA_ | D318 | - | 0.32 | ND | H |
| 107.2 | Classic radio | CLASSIC_ | D75B | Bavaria | 1 | ND | H |
Digital radio (DAB +)
DAB + is broadcast with other transmitters in vertical polarization and in single-frequency mode (also SFN for the English term Single Frequency Network ).
Digital television (DVB-T2)
The DVB-T2 broadcasts on the Olympic Tower have been running since March 29, 2017 and are in single-frequency operation with other broadcasting locations.
| channel |
Frequency (in MHz) |
Multiplex | Programs in multiplex |
ERP (in kW) |
Antenna diagram round (ND) / directional (D) |
Polarized organization horizontal (H) / vertical (V) |
Modulation method |
FEC |
Guard interval |
Bit rate (in Mbit / s) |
SFN |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 26th | 514 | Freenet TV Bavaria | 100 | ND | V | 64-QAM | 2/3 | 1/16 | 27.6 | Wendelstein ( Bayrischzell ), Munich Olympic Tower | |
| 30th | 546 | ARD regional (BR) | 100 | ND | V | 64-QAM | 3/5 | 19/128 | 21.56 | Wendelstein ( Bayrischzell ), Munich Olympic Tower | |
| 31 | 554 | ARD Digital (BR) | 100 | ND | V | 64-QAM | 3/5 | 19/128 | 21.56 | Wendelstein ( Bayrischzell ), Munich Olympic Tower | |
| 34 | 578 | ZDFmobil | 100 | ND | V | 64-QAM | 3/5 | 19/128 | 22nd | Wendelstein ( Bayrischzell ), Munich Olympic Tower | |
| 35 | 586 | Freenet TV Bavaria | 100 | ND | V | 64-QAM | 2/3 | 1/16 | 27.6 | Wendelstein ( Bayrischzell ), Munich Olympic Tower | |
| 48 | 690 | Freenet TV Bavaria |
|
100 | ND | V | 64-QAM | 2/3 | 1/16 | 27.6 | Wendelstein ( Bayrischzell ), Munich Olympic Tower |
1) rbb Berlinoutside the regional times ofBR television
With the exception of Bible TV HD , HSE24 HD and QVC HD, the television channels on Freenet TV's channels are broadcast in encrypted form and can only be received for a fee.
Analog television
Until the switch to DVB-T on May 30, 2005, the following programs were broadcast in analog PAL :
| channel |
Frequency (MHz) |
program |
ERP (kW) |
Transmission diagram round (ND) / directional (D) |
Polarization horizontal (H) / vertical (V) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 24 | 495.25 | RTL (Munich) | 1 | ND | H |
| 27 | 519.25 | Sport1 | 1 | ND | H |
| 35 | 583.25 | ZDF | 200 | ND | H |
| 37 | 599.25 | Tele 5 | 2.5 | ND | H |
| 40 | 623.25 | RTL II | 1 | ND | H |
| 45 | 663.25 | ProSieben | 1 | ND | H |
| 51 | 711.25 | tv.munich | 1 | ND | H |
| 56 | 751.25 | Bavarian television (Swabia / Old Bavaria) | 200 | ND | H |
| 59 | 775.25 | Sat.1 (Bavaria) | 1 | ND | H |
DVB-T
Before the switch to DVB-T2 , the following programs were broadcast in the previous DVB-T standard:
| channel |
Frequency (in MHz) |
Multiplex | Programs in multiplex |
ERP (in kW) |
Antenna diagram round (ND) / directional (D) |
Polarized organization horizontal (H) / vertical (V) |
Modulation method |
FEC |
Guard interval |
Bit rate (in Mbit / s) |
SFN |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 34 | 578 | Mixed private Munich 2 (Media Broadcast) | 100 | ND | V | 16-QAM (8k mode) |
2/3 | 1/4 | 13.27 | Wendelstein (Bayrischzell), Munich Olympic Tower | |
| 35 | 586 | ZDFmobil | 100 | ND | V | 16-QAM (8k mode) |
2/3 | 1/4 | 13.27 | Wendelstein (Bayrischzell), Munich Olympic Tower | |
| 48 | 690 | ProSiebenSat.1 Media Bayern | 100 | ND | V | 16-QAM (8k mode) |
2/3 | 1/4 | 13.27 | Wendelstein (Bayrischzell), Munich Olympic Tower | |
| 52 | 722 | Mixed private Munich (Media Broadcast) |
100 | ND | V | 16-QAM (8k mode) |
2/3 | 1/4 | 13.27 | Wendelstein (Bayrischzell), Munich Olympic Tower |
|
| 54 | 738 | ARD Digital (BR) | 100 | ND | V | 16-QAM (8k mode) |
2/3 | 1/4 | 13.27 | Wendelstein (Bayrischzell), Munich Olympic Tower | |
| 56 | 754 | ARD regional (BR) southern Bavaria |
|
100 | ND | V | 16-QAM (8k mode) |
2/3 | 1/4 | 13.27 | Wendelstein (Bayrischzell), Munich Olympic Tower |
Amateur radio
There are several relay stations for the amateur radio service on the Olympic Tower , which, due to the high position of the antennas, ensure excellent connections for radio amateurs in Munich and the surrounding area, around 200 m above ground. The range is up to 130 km and extends over the whole of southern Bavaria to Austria. At 70 cm via the relays DB0EL with EchoLink , as well as via the DMR and D-STAR relays with the callsign DB0TVM, you can have conversations with the whole world.
The following installations are in operation:
| Relay type | Callsign | tape | Output frequency | Input frequency | Others |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FM relay | DB0EL | 70 cm | 439.275 MHz | 431.675 MHz | with Echolink gateway (node number: 7385) |
| FM relay | DB0EL | 23 cm | 1298.200 MHz | 1270.200 MHz | |
| APRS digipeater | DB0EL | 2 m | 144.800 MHz | ||
| D-STAR relay | DB0TVM | 70 cm | 439.575 MHz | 431.975 MHz | |
| DMR relay | DB0TVM | 70 cm | 439.800 MHz | 430.400 MHz | DMRPlus network (Hytera) |
| HAMNET location | DB0TVM | 6 cm , 13 cm | User access: 2327 MHz, 2332 MHz, 5685 MHz | Link routes to DB0ZM ( Studentenstadt Freimann ), DB0PUC ( Puchheim ) and DB0DAH (Schmarnzell) | |
In addition, the tower also emits mobile communications, u. a. one of the first E-Plus UHS systems was installed on the Olympic Tower.
literature
- Olympiapark München GmbH (Ed.): Olympiaturm & Sightseeing , Flyer for the Olympiaturm, 2014.
- Matthias Hell: München '72: Olympia-Architektur then and now , München Verlag, 2012, ISBN 978-3937090634 , pp. 54–61.
- Erwin Heinle , Fritz Leonhardt : Towers of all times - of all cultures. 3rd edition. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-421-02931-8 , p. 238.
- Franz Xaver Schneider: Wind and concrete stress measurements at the Olympic Tower in Munich from the series of publications: Contributions to the application of aeroelastics in construction , Inst. Für Bauingenieurwesen II, Techn. Univ., Munich, 1975.
- Olympiapark München GmbH (Ed.): Munich. Olympic tower 290 m , brochure on the Olympic tower, 1970s.
- Arwed Hoyer, Werner Teutschbein: Telecommunication tower Munich in: Yearbook of electrical telecommunications 1969 , Verlag für Wissenschaft und Leben Georg Heidecker, Bad Windsheim 1969, pp. 397-401.
- W. Gunzler: La tour olympique de Münich in: La Technique des Travaux , March 1969, n. 3–4 v. 45, pp. 64-69.
- Building + Living : The Olympic Tower in Munich , 22/1968, p. 4. ( online )
Web links
- Official website of the Olympic Tower
- TU Munich : Olympiaturm Munich - recording of tower movements
- Olympic Tower. In: Structurae
Individual evidence
- ↑ olympiapark.de: Data on the Olympic Tower , accessed on December 27, 2019
- ↑ Munich. Olympic Tower 290 m , p. 11
- ^ Association of German Electrical Engineers (ed.): ETZ: Elektrotechnische Zeitschrift, Volume 20 , VDE-Verlag, 1968, p. 192
- ↑ Height information on the restaurant website , accessed on February 21, 2012
- ↑ Munich. Olympic Tower 290 m , p. 13
- ↑ Munich. Olympic Tower 290 m , p. 12
- ↑ Series of images for the article Olympiaturm. Munich's giant turns 40 , Süddeutsche Zeitung , accessed on August 22, 2014
- ↑ architectural competitions, spending 6-68 , Karl Kramer Verlag, 1971, p 97
- ↑ Kai Eckart: Towards the clouds - Germany's tallest towers , Herbert Utz Verlag Munich 1997, ISBN 3-89675-902-7 , p. 40. ( Available online ( Memento from January 27, 2016 in the Internet Archive ); PDF; 2 , 1 MB)
- ↑ Hoyer, Teutschbein: Telecommunication tower Munich in: Year book of electrical remote being , p. 400.
- ↑ Munich. Olympic Tower 290 m , p. 15
- ↑ Munich. Olympic Tower 290 m , p. 17
- Jump up ↑ Waiter, Singer, Self-Marketing , Die Welt , May 16, 2007, accessed August 21, 2014
- ↑ DVB-T antenna system installed on the Olympic Tower ( memento from March 9, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), kathrein.de, April 5, 2005, accessed August 21, 2014
- ↑ abendzeitung-muenchen.de: Michelin Guide: Munich is the city of the stars
- ↑ Arwed Hoyer: Telecommunication towers and guyed masts of the German Federal Post Office , 1968, p. 29.
- ↑ Hoyer, Teutschbein: Telecommunication tower Munich in: Year book of electrical remote being , p. 398.
- ↑ a b Hoyer, Teutschbein: Telecommunication tower Munich in: Year book of electrical remote being , p. 399.
- ↑ Revolution time according to the tower operator's information on Olympiapark.de
- ↑ Hoyer, Teutschbein: Telecommunication tower Munich in: Year book of electrical remote being , pp. 398, 399.
- ↑ Fire alarm technology for Munich landmarks ( memento from March 9, 2016 in the Internet Archive ), Sicherheit.info, August 6, 2009, accessed on August 20, 2014
- ↑ Heinle, Leonhardt: Towers of all times - of all cultures. P. 238
- ↑ Official website of the Lions Club Munich-Olympiaturm , accessed on August 22, 2014
- ↑ Official website of the Olympic Tower , accessed on August 22, 2014
- ↑ Olympiaturm: A look into the heart of the giant , article from August 14, 2015 from the evening newspaper , accessed on September 4, 2016
- ↑ Olympic Tower. Munich's giant turns 40 , Süddeutsche Zeitung from February 22, 2008, dated May 17, 2010
- ↑ DB0TVM in the HAMNET IP database
- ↑ teltarif.de: E-Plus: Aiming high with UMTS
