Traditional architecture
The term traditional architecture (also traditional building ) describes building constructions and construction methods in which local materials and building traditions are used in order to fulfill specific building tasks.
The resulting buildings define in their entirety a recognizable regional architectural language with typical structural forms . These types of construction are often named after a region, such as the Black Forest house .
In today's parlance , the term can refer to historical structures that are no longer built in this form today. Traditional architecture is also referred to synonymously as regional architecture or vernacular architecture , which also includes today's buildings that are built in traditional architectural language. Traditionalism or regionalism can be used as further terms for buildings in traditional architecture, with traditionalism also standing as an independent stylistic term for traditionally inspired buildings since the 20th century.
character
In contrast to the architecture deliberately designed and planned by experts , which follows a defined design intent, traditional architecture often emerged from the pragmatic application of craft traditions to satisfy an acute need for space. It is strongly influenced by local conditions such as climate , environmental conditions, available building materials and the type of society. The realization is carried out by craftsmen and laypeople, often as a joint effort. In contrast to representative architecture , the construction tasks are mostly simple residential and utility buildings, often intended for agriculture with a limited budget.
In pre-modern times and in traditional cultures, traditional architecture mostly did not follow an academic architectural trend and generally did not want to consciously break new ground. The contents were rather conservative and essentially followed the principle of the tried and tested. The structure and design have been developed in small steps over many years and adapted to local conditions.
But also traditional architecture - like every tradition - is continuously developing and changing. Influences from other regions, changes in social circumstances, new materials and fashions play a role. The transitions to the professionally planned architecture are fluid, both areas have always strongly influenced each other. Even today, many architects base elements of their designs on local traditions or even deliberately build entirely in traditional architecture. Especially in holiday regions there are many examples of new buildings in traditional architecture, e.g. B. Thatched houses on the island of Ruegen . Or the mostly falun- red Stugor of Swedish design.
Demarcation
Other terms that describe similar issues
- Vernacular architecture: from the Latin vernaculus = "native" or "vernacular", this term is clearly defined in many languages and more widely used than in German.
- Architecture without architects / anonymous architecture: a book by the author Bernard Rudofsky . Anonymous architecture in the strict sense means that the draftsman is not documented or is not known to the general public / specialist public. In a broader sense, Rudofsky also used the term synonymously for traditional architecture.
- Regional architecture: a term that does not primarily describe the process but rather the result: a regionally homogeneous architectural language based on design features. It is about geographical delimitation and categorization. The definition of regional stereotypes is not without problems, and a clear delimitation is often difficult. The term is not only used in the context of building history, but also when considering and debating contemporary architecture in a region.
- Folk architecture: a term that is apparently mainly used in Bohemia and the Czech Republic .
Examples
Germany, Austria, Switzerland
Traditional thatched house in Borstel-Hohenraden
Traditional thatched houses in Altefähr on the island of Ruegen
Russian colony Alexandrowka in Potsdam : example of traditional architecture away from its place of origin
Refurbished farmhouse in the Waldviertel (Lower Austria)
Worldwide
Stone and mud houses in Nepal
Stilt houses, Cempah, Lingga Islands , Indonesia
Mud castles in Aït Benhaddou , Morocco
Country house, Kstovo , Russia
Half-timbered house in Jetřichovice (Dittersbach), Bohemian Switzerland , Czech Republic
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See also
- Homeland security architecture
- Critical regionalism
- Neo-historicism
- traditionalism
- Category: Local design
literature
- Bernhard Rudofsky: Architecture without Architects - An Introduction to Anonymous Architecture. Residenz Verlag, Salzburg & Vienna 1989, ISBN 3-7017-0565-8 .
- Natalie Belisová; Zdeněk Patzelt; Václav Sojka: Popular Monuments of Bohemian Switzerland. German language edition. Obecně Prospěšná Společnost České Švýcarsko, Krásná Lípa 2011, ISBN 978-80-87248-12-6 .
- Christian Schittich (Ed.): Traditional Building Methods - An Atlas for Living on Five Continents, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel 2019, ISBN 978-3-0356-1609-5
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ http://halbfas.org/2012/09/16/gibt-es-noch-eine-regionale-architektur Hubertus Halbfas: "Is there still a regional architecture?"
- ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original dated December 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Deutsche Bauzeitung : "Essay: Topics of contemporary architectural debates (X): Regionalism"
- ↑ Departure in the south. In: nzz.ch. February 2, 2007, accessed October 14, 2018 .
- ↑ http://www.bayerische-staatszeitung.de/staatszeitung/bauen/detailansicht-bauen/artikel/herausragende-regionale-architektur.html Bayerische Staatszeitung: "Outstanding regional architecture"
- ↑ List of publications on the topic of "Folk Architecture"
