Hellerau Festival Hall

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Festspielhaus Hellerau in 2013; in the foreground two of the original teacher's houses

The Festspielhaus Hellerau created in 1911 in the style of reform architecture in today Dresden belonging garden city Hellerau . The architect was Heinrich Tessenow . It is considered a major work of 20th century architecture.

The festival hall was built as a school building for the "Education Institute for Music and Rhythm of Émile Jaques-Dalcroze ". The educational establishment was a boarding school. Accordingly, boarding schools and teachers' apartments were built in the immediate vicinity of the main building, so that a building ensemble was formed. Colloquially, when using the term “Festspielhaus Hellerau”, no distinction is made between the actual festival hall itself and the festival hall area with its other buildings. The name "Festspielhaus" came up after the first festivals held there. This name was officially used only in the second half of the 20th century.

architecture

Festival hall

The Festspielhaus is an axially symmetrical building. Its main axis is oriented from north to south. The area of ​​the building is 53 × 47 meters. With a ridge height of 36 meters, the central building with the ballroom towers over the side wings by 16 meters. A four-meter-deep portico with square pillars is built in front of this central building on the north and south sides. A gable in the shape of an isosceles triangle rises above the pillars , in the tympanum of which the symbol of the educational institution, a yin-yang sign, is attached. The spaces between the pillars reveal the windows and entrance doors. The pillars and corners of the portico are clad with sandstone . The dormer windows repeat the shape of the pointed gable. Two two-storey side wings each enclose a single-storey skylight hall in a U-shape. The entire building is unadorned and provided with a lime plaster of a light ocher color . All parts of the building can be traced back to basic geometric figures such as square, rectangle and triangle. Tessenow created his own system of proportions for this building and applied it down to the details.

The large hall extends, if you can see from the single-storey entrance hall, which is built 9 meters deep into the hall, over the entire central building. It is 45 meters long, 16 meters wide and 12 meters high and has large windows on all four sides. The ceiling is open. The lighting bridges are located between the roof beams. The northern end of the hall forms the stage. The playable area measures 16 × 20 meters with the usual amphitheatrical seating. To the right and left of the hall there are smaller side stages that can be opened to the hall if necessary. A mobile panel floor system is installed in the middle of the floor in front of the stage. By lowering these floors, an orchestra pit can be made possible. The mobile seating system, which offers a maximum of 400 seats, is stowed in the basement via this opening when not in use.

The single-storey and 17 × 8 meter large skylight halls now serve as variable event rooms. They are connected to all the surrounding rooms through doors in their four walls. Wall pieces by Nancy Spero from 1998 have been preserved in the western skylight room . In addition to the stairwells, the side wings of the festival hall house many rooms that can be used flexibly, as the sanitary facilities and changing rooms originally built by Tessenow for school operations were not restored. On top of that, the offices for the administration of the house were moved to the "West side building".

Teachers' residences

Opposite the Festspielhaus on the south side of the Festspielhausplatz are the four teacher's houses. They were intended for the head teachers of the educational establishment. The four houses were identical. Single-storey with a converted attic, the roof protrudes over the front. These canopies were connected with a pergola between each two houses . On the garden side, these pension houses have a veranda on the ground floor and a balcony on the top floor. When building the houses, Tessenow used the Tessenow wall patented by him for the first time. After serving as officers' houses, the buildings were renovated in an extremely gentle way from 1992 onwards. Today the four houses are the seat of the Cultural Foundation of the Free State of Saxony .

Side building

Jaques-Dalcroze Educational Institute (1912)

Originally, four single-storey student residences were built on the sides of Festspielhausplatz, the proportions of which were based on the teacher's residences. There were two each on the east and west side, so that the square had an open character. After the Festspielhaus premises were taken over into state ownership, these student residences were demolished and two barracks were built in their place, which still seal off the square today. The two-story barracks buildings have a ridge height of 13 meters. The roof structure of the two buildings is each a listed Ludwig Kroher roof structure. The west wing of the barracks was refurbished and is now used as an administration building, visitor center and home for various associations under the name of "Seitengebäude West". There are also 10 artist apartments in it. With the exception of the roof, the east wing of the barracks has not yet been renovated. Further artist accommodations are to be built there.

Large pension house

In 1911 the architect Carl Sattler built a large boarding house in the south of the Festspielhaus area. The building should not only be used for living, but also offer opportunities for gathering. In order for the house to fit in with Tessenow's designs, Sattler planned a two-story building with an extended roof and basement . Below were the utility rooms including the kitchen and living rooms for the employees. On the mezzanine floor, several common rooms as well as student accommodation surrounded the central dining room with access to the terrace and garden. Further boarding rooms were in the attic.

After the educational institution's decline due to the war, the pension house stood empty from 1915. In 1920 Carl Theil opened the "New School Hellerau" in this building. Between 1921 and 1924, Alexander S. Neill mainly used this building with his “International Free School”. From 1925 the Mathilde Zimmer Foundation rented the pension house, which it later bought. She ran a daughters' home there, in which girls were “prepared for their work, marriage and family responsibilities”.

With the conversion of the Festspielhaus premises into a police barracks, the Mathilde Zimmer Foundation was expropriated and the building was used as a canteen. From 1945 it was an officers' mess. After the military withdrew in 1992, the building stood empty again for a long time. The Mathilde Zimmer Foundation got the property restituted and sold it in 2011 to a real estate developer who renovated the large pension house and built apartments in it.

Outdoor facilities

The Festspielhausplatz originally had four column-shaped fountains, which were installed in the four corners of the square. With the conversion to barracks these were dismantled. On the outside staircase to the main entrance of the festival hall, two lanterns were installed on stands, which provided the only lighting for the square. Their whereabouts are unclear. The festival hall area was partitioned off with walls between the student houses and the festival hall facing the square. There were light and air baths on both sides of the main building behind the walls. These disappeared when they were rededicated as barracks. For this purpose, buildings for garages and workshops were built in the northwest. The real existence of the square playground behind the festival hall drawn in Tessenow's plans cannot be proven.

history

1909-1914

Schoolgirls on a meadow in front of the Festspielhaus, 1912

Based on the idea of life reform , people in the garden city of Hellerau should not only live and work. The residents should also have the opportunity to receive arts education. As early as 1907, the “Hohe Warte” cultural magazine published a “Plan for the musical organization of the garden city of Hellerau” by the Prague musicologist Karl Batka. The magazine was published by Joseph August Lux , at the time head of the vocational school of the "Deutsche Werkstätten für Handwerkskunst GmbH Dresden and Munich" in Dresden. In his plan, Batka suggests, among other things, that the Hellerau children from the age of six should learn according to the “Jaques-Dalcroze method” , which is adapted to German conditions . Later the children should learn to play an instrument and even later an orchestra from Hellerauern should often play music in public.

In October 1909, Émile Jaques-Dalcroze and his Geneva students gave a demonstration of his method in Dresden as part of a Germany tour . Wolf Dohrn was present that evening. The following day he and Karl Schmidt suggested that the music teacher move his institute to Hellerau. Karl Schmidt preferred a cautious approach and wanted to build wooden structures that could be expanded as the number of students grows. Nor did he want to give up the plan for a Volkshaus still to be built on the market in Hellerau. On this he agreed with Richard Riemerschmid , who as chief planner of the garden city supervised the overall architectural picture. Wolf Dohrn, on the other hand, wanted to build the Dalcrozesche Institute on a large scale from the start. He was of the opinion that modern man was "de-rhythmized" due to technical development, which prevented him from developing. So Dohrn was enthusiastic about the concept of rhythm and wanted with Jaques-Dalcroze to raise the rhythm "to the height of a social institution", which in 1913 led to a rift between the garden city founders.

From the spring of 1910, Émile Jaques-Dalcroze began working out the concept for the educational institution together with Adolphe Appia , Alexander von Salzmann and Heinrich Tessenow. Wolf Dohrn tried to get funding. To this end, the “Committee for the Establishment of a Musical Education Institute Jaques-Dalcroze” was constituted on May 30, 1910 in Dresden, chaired by Nikolaus Graf von Seebach , to which soon over a hundred Dresden personalities belonged. However, the committee did not succeed in convincing the city of Dresden to provide funding. A GmbH was founded to support the educational institution. The ten-year contract between her and Émile Jaques-Dalcroze as an employed manager was signed on July 7, 1910. In September 1910 the cash contribution of the "Educational Institute for Music and Rhythm of Émile Jaques-Dalcroze GmbH" amounted to 295,000 marks . More than half of the money came from the private fortunes of Wolf and Harald Dohrn . The property with an area of ​​35,000 m², which the "Gartenstadtgesellschaft Hellerau mbH" brought in as a co-partner, was also among the deposits .

In October 1910, Jaques-Dalcroze and his family settled in Hellerau. With him came his closest colleague, Nina Gorter, and 45 students who had already started their lessons in Geneva. On April 22, 1911 the foundation stone of the educational institution was ceremonially laid. The large boarding house was built and in November 1911 classes were held in the west wing of the half-finished festival hall. Until then, through the mediation of Nikolaus von Seebach, Jaques-Dalcroze had used the premises in the old state house in Dresden.

Jaques-Dalcroze Educational Institute (1912)

In 1912 the educational establishment was completed. Instead of the planned 450,000 marks, the construction costs ended up being around 1.5 million marks.

At the end of the school year in June 1912 and 1913 there were school festivals lasting several days in which the students demonstrated their acquired skills. These festivals attracted a great deal of attention and established the educational institution's reputation as a festival venue. Many well-known representatives of the European art avant-garde of the time therefore traveled to Hellerau.

The educational institution had a high financial requirement, for which contemporaries blamed the high costs for the lighting system in the large hall. Wolf Dohrn applied for institutional funding from the city of Dresden in vain. A theater company should establish a profitable theater company for cross-financing. The first result came on October 5, 1913, the play "Mariä Verkendung" by Paul Claudel in the translation by Jakob Hegner for its world premiere. Émile Jaques-Dalcroze himself did not take part in the production, as his “Method Jaques-Dalcroze” had nothing to do with theater. Members of the student body were there as contributors. In the school year 1913/14 there were 495 students at the educational institution.

On February 4, 1914, Wolf Dohrn died in a skiing accident in the Alps. His younger brother Harald Dohrn as co-owner took over responsibility for the educational establishment. He was supported by Nina Gorter. During the summer vacation, Jaques – Dalcroze stayed in Geneva, where he staged the self-composed festival play “Fête de Juin”. Because of the war that had broken out in the meantime , he could not leave his country in the direction of Hellerau. The summer courses were canceled and the educational institution closed for the duration of the war. At the end of September, Jaques-Dalcroze and other Swiss artists signed the “Geneva Protest” against the bombardment of Reims Cathedral by German troops. Thereupon he, like the co-signer Ferdinand Hodler in the German Reich, was covered with a chauvinistic press campaign, which made it impossible for him to return and fulfill his current contract as head of the educational institution. In addition to all foreign teachers and students, Alexander von Salzmann also had to leave the country. In November, a “committee to found an association for the preservation of the Jaques-Dalcroze method in Germany” was formed from among the German teachers and students who remained in Hellerau.

1915-1925

In March 1915, the “Education Institute for Music and Rhythm of Émile Jaques-Dalcroze GmbH” had to file for bankruptcy. As part of the bankruptcy proceedings, which were ended by a compulsory settlement with the creditors, there were changes in the GmbH. From 1915 , it traded under the name Bildungsanstalt Hellerau GmbH and limited itself to real estate management on the Festspielhaus grounds. Harald Dohrn remained managing partner.

In the summer, the committee formed in November founded an "Association for Rhythmic-Musical Education Hellerau" made up of teachers, students and friends of the Jaques-Dalcroze method. With his help, the “New School for Applied Rhythm”, which existed until 1918, was founded on October 1, 1915, under the direction of Kurt Böckmann.

In 1919 the festival hall was empty. In order to liven up the area, Harald Dohrn settled the craft community founded by Tessenow in the student houses. In the same year, the former Dalcroze students Valeria Kratina , Christine Baer-Frisell and Ernst Ferand-Freund opened their “New School for Rhythm, Music and Physical Education”. In the spring of 1920, under the sponsorship of the newly founded “Schulverein Hellerau eV”, the reform pedagogical “New School Hellerau” led by Carl Theil was set up on the premises of the educational establishment as a conventional private school . In March 1921 Bruno Tanzmann organized the “First Germanic Farmers University Day” in the Festspielhaus. Throughout September, sample courses organized by the "German Farmers' College Hellerau" took place in the Festspielhaus von Tanzmann.

Also in September 1921, the British reform pedagogue AS Neill started working as an English teacher at the "New School" in Hellerau. Together with Baer-Frisell, he worked out the plans for an “International School Hellerau”. Already at the end of 1921 Neill advertised his new founding, even if it was administratively only a department of the "New School". Even so, 1921 is the official founding date for the Summerhill Democratic School .

In February 1922, Neill founded the non-profit "Neue Schule Aktiengesellschaft" as a school authority. It was made easier for him that, as an Englishman, he had a hard currency in times of inflation . The "Neue Schule AG" took over the sponsorship of the "Neue Schule" in the summer of 1922. Carl Theil left Hellerau. Since Neill was not accepted as headmaster by the school authorities because of incomparable qualifications, the structure of the school administration had to be changed again. The new headmaster was the reform pedagogue Harless from the Odenwald School .

The three school units under the umbrella term "New School", the rhythm department, the German department and the foreigners department, cooperated very closely in those years. They shared the large boarding house as well as the east wing of the festival hall. The craft lessons took place in the workshops of the craft community. The connection to the “Deutsche Werkstätten” was never broken. Nevertheless, the schools were permanently in an economically desolate situation.

In 1923, Alois Schardt came to Hellerau as the new headmaster . As a result of the Ruhr crisis , Neill's “International School” had difficulties with the German authorities because of the foreign children being taught there. Due to the political unrest in Saxony, the German department of the “New School” was already suffering from a lack of students. When the Reichswehr marched into Saxony on October 23 and carried out the execution of the Reich , Neill and his remaining students left Hellerau forever. The "International School" officially closed in 1924.

During his time in Hellerau, Schardt worked on an exhibition of expressionist painting, which he presented in the summer of 1925, accompanied by lectures on art history that he held himself, at the Hellerau Festival Hall. The "New School Hellerau" had to close due to the poor general economic situation in autumn 1925 and Schardt moved away. The “New School for Rhythm, Music and Physical Education” moved to Laxenburg near Vienna because of the economic crisis and moved out of its previous premises in June. On July 1, 1925, the Mathilde Zimmer Foundation opened her daughter's home in the large pension building. This house was named "Rietschel-Schilling-House".

1926-1938

From 1926 onwards, a “seminar for women's education” in the east wing of the festival hall under the direction of Elisabeth Hunaeus offered training as a kindergarten teacher . Otherwise the building served as a warehouse. The Catholic “ Landheim Hellerau” was set up in one of the student residences . The space was available because the Tessenow craftsmen's community dissolved in 1926. Only Jakob Hegner remained with his printer and his publishing house in the rented student residence, which Tessenow had converted according to his needs. In 1928 the Bundestag of the Kronach Federation met in the Festspielhaus . In 1929 Else Ulich-Beil opened a state welfare school for the Saxon State Welfare Foundation , at which Elisabeth Rotten also taught from 1929 to 1934 . In 1930 all Jakob Hegner's companies went bankrupt. With his subsequent departure from Hellerau, the house he was using also became vacant. In 1931 Dora Menzler rented rooms in the Festspielhaus for her "school for gymnastics, designed movement and music education".

From 1932 onwards, Alfred Reucker tried to revive the Festspielhaus as a musical performance venue. The house was used as a rehearsal stage for the Dresden State Opera . The performance of the opera Iphigenie in Aulis by Christoph Willibald Gluck under the direction of Alexander Schum and the musical direction of Fritz Busch was a great success . In 1933 Gluck's opera Alceste followed . With the ouster Reuckers by the Nazis permanent use of the Festspielhaus failed by the State Opera. Also in 1933, the “Seminar for Women's Education” left the premises. Dora Menzler was forced to transfer her school to her employee Hildegard Marsmann, who gave up the rooms in the Festspielhaus. The Bildungsanstalt GmbH rented rooms to the German Air Sports Association until 1936 . The festival hall was empty.

In 1934 the Festspielhaus was the venue for the First Reich Theater Week. It was Handel's opera Julius Caesar given. The "State Welfare School Hellerau" had to close in 1935 by order of the state. In the same year, Harald Dohrn sold his shares in the “Bildungsanstalt Hellerau GmbH” to the co-partner “Gartenstadtgesellschaft Hellerau mbH” and left Hellerau. The Gartenstadtgesellschaft did not succeed in revitalizing the site either, and sales negotiations began in 1937. In February 1938 the state bought the site for 430,000 Reichsmarks .

1939-1991

This was followed by the demolition of the four student houses and the erection of the barracks in the same place. In the festival hall, major alterations were made to adapt it to barracks operations. Among other things, the originally two-storey side platforms were provided with false ceilings and crew accommodation was installed under the roof. A garage complex was built in the northwest of the site. The police moved into the barracks as early as June 1939 and set up the Hellerau Police School on the premises, and from August 1943 the Hellerau I Police Weapons School.

Western staircase 2015

After the end of the war , the area was taken over by the Red Army and used as a hospital and barracks. The great hall was a sports hall. In 1979, the stairwells in the foyer, which are still preserved today, were painted by members of the 189th Medical Battalion of the 11th Guards Armored Division of the Soviet Army stationed there . In the same year the festival hall was entered in the Central Monument List of the GDR.

In 1990 a “Friends' Association for a European Workshop for Art and Culture Hellerau e. V. “The founding members included Michael Faßhauer, Annette Jahns , Werner Ruhnau and Johannes Heisig . Detlev Schneider was elected as chairman of the board.

1992-2003

In 1992, the military use of the site ended. It was initially administered by the Federal Property Office and in the same year it became the property of the Free State of Saxony. The Dresden State Theater organized “Fest I” together with the “European Workshop Support Association”. It took place on the forecourt, as due to the ruinous condition entering the festival hall was forbidden by the building authorities . In the summer, the Wüstenrot Foundation began renovating the two former teachers' houses in the east. In 1993 there was a “Fest II” with a focus on performance art.

In February 1994 the association received a preliminary briefing about ownership of the site. In spring, the German Foundation for Monument Protection financed an emergency roof made of white plastic film for the central part of the festival hall. For “Fest III” the large hall could be used again for the first time. The director Carsten Ludwig staged "A Month in Dachau" by Wladimir Sorokin with the involvement of a field railway , the rails of which were laid from the forecourt along the large hall to behind the building. The band Laibach gave an open-air concert in front of the Festspielhaus .

In 1995 the structural renovation began with the help of 30 ABM workers under the leadership of the architect Fabian Zimmermann. The most important construction project was the repair of the roofs of the festival hall. Parallel to the construction work, the sponsoring association organized a game operation that gradually revitalized the house. In the summer, the Wüstenrot Foundation held a symposium on the future of the site in the Festspielhaus. Various artists also settled on the site. A carpenter's workshop began to manufacture furniture in the garages and the art award winner Peer Alexander von Martens opened a canteen in the west side building. In July 1995 Ilya Kabakov showed his work "The Boat of my Live" in the great hall.

In 1996, the renovation of the southern portico and the outside staircase began with funds from the “J. Paul Getty Trust ”. The festival hall was included in the UNESCO list of buildings worthy of protection. The “ Deutsche Werkbund Sachsen e. V. ”and the Cultural Foundation of the Free State of Saxony .

In 1997, the foyer with the adjoining stairwells were renovated in accordance with historical monuments. At the end of the year a "Festspielhaus Hellerau gGmbH" was founded. The shareholders were the Cultural Foundation of the Free State of Saxony, the Heinrich Tessenow Foundation and the "Friends of a European Workshop for Art and Culture eV". From 1998 it served as the general operator of the site. The canteen and the carpentry workshop closed in the same year.

In 1999 the fundamental renovation of the roof and the renovation of the two western pension houses began. A provisional heating system enabled year-round use again. In the summer of 2000 an international Dalcroze symposium took place. The Cynetart media art festival took place in the Festspielhaus Hellerau for the first time in November this year. In 2001 the roof renovation of the main building was completed for 5 million euros . The west wing of the barracks was renovated. Christine Straumer founded an "Institut Rhythmik Hellerau" on the Festspielhaus premises. In November, Detlev Schneider, chairman of the board of the "European Workshop eV", was not re-elected after ten years and was dismissed as artistic director of the Festspielhaus.

In 2002, the Trans-Media Academy and the municipal “Dresden Center for Contemporary Music” settled on the site. The renovated western pension houses were moved into by the Kulturstiftung Sachsen. The dance theater DEREVO , which has been active in Dresden for years , moved to the Festspielhaus grounds in 2003.

2004 - today

Festspielhaus Hellerau 2013

On January 1, 2004, the "Dresden Center for Contemporary Music" was converted into the " European Center for the Arts Hellerau ". Udo Zimmermann was the founding director of this new center, which, as a supporting facility, was supposed to ensure that the festival hall was run instead of the Festspielhaus Hellerau gGmbH. On the same day, the city took over responsibility for the entire site. Later that year a contract was signed with “ The Forsythe Company GmbH” to let their ballet company of the same name work and perform in the Festspielhaus for 3 months a year.

In January 2005, the renovation of the interior of the festival hall began according to the reconstruction plans of the architect Josef Peter Meier-Scupin . Also in 2005 the "Förderverein Hellerau eV" was founded with the purpose of the association to recultivate the festival grounds. In October, the provisional assignment of ownership from 1994 was terminated for the “Friends of a European Workshop for Art and Culture eV” in the form of Festspielhaus Hellerau gGmbH. In 2006 the interior restoration of the festival hall, financed by the Free State of Saxony, ended. The construction costs rose from a planned 8 million euros to 11.5 million euros. The city of Dresden was entered in the land register as the owner. At the opening ceremony in September, the work Fanfares for four trumpets by Mauricio Kagel will be performed in a version specially designed for Hellerau. The city's cultural institution was renamed " Hellerau - European Center for the Arts Dresden ". In December the city's eviction action against the now insolvent Festspielhaus Hellerau gGmbH was granted.

The Festspielhaus has been used all year round since April 2009. Udo Zimmermann's successor as director of the “European Center” was Dieter Jaenicke. In 2014 the west side wing was completely renovated and since then ten artist apartments and a rehearsal stage have been available under the roof.

Festspielhaus area from the northwest, October 2016

In April 2015, the director of the European Center quartered a Syrian refugee family in one of the artist's apartments . The Förderverein Hellerau eV began in the summer with the creation of an "intercultural garden" behind the main building for the purpose of integrating refugees on the festival hall area. After William Forsythe withdrew from active dancers in 2015, "The Forsythe Company GmbH" changed the name of their ballet company to "Dresden Frankfurt Dance Company" and continued to work in the Festspielhaus as before. The “Festspielhaus Hellerau gGmbH” and the “European Workshop for Art and Culture Hellerau eV” left the festival hall area.

In summer 2016, the roof of the east side wing was completely renovated. A two-day congress against racism and xenophobia was held in October with the President of the European Parliament , Martin Schulz , as the keynote speaker.

The DEREVO dance theater left the Festspielhaus premises in mid-2018 . The Syrian refugee family no longer lives on the site either. Carena Schlewitt has been director of the house since the 2018/2019 season .

literature

  • Marco DeMichelis: Heinrich Tessenow: 1876 - 1950; the overall architectural work . Deutsche Verlags Anstalt, Stuttgart 1991, ISBN 3-421-03009-X .
  • Ulrich Huebner u. a .: Symbol and truthfulness. Reform architecture in Dresden. Verlag der Kunst Dresden Ingwert Paulsen jun., Husum 2005, ISBN 3-86530-068-5 .
  • Karl Lorenz: ways to Hellerau . Hellerau Verlag, Dresden 1994, ISBN 3-910184-13-8 .
  • Fritz Löffler: The old Dresden. History of his buildings . EA Seemann, Leipzig 2012, ISBN 978-3-86502-000-0 .
  • Hans-Stefan Müller: Hellerau Festival Hall. Diploma thesis 1996 ( PDF ; 3.3 MB).
  • Thomas Nitschke: The history of the garden city Hellerau. Hellerau Verlag, Dresden 2009, ISBN 978-3-938122-17-4 .
  • Nina Sonntag: Space theater. Adolphe Appia's theater aesthetic conception in Hellerau. Klartext Verlag, Essen 2011, ISBN 978-3-8375-0627-3 .

Web links

Commons : Festspielhaus Hellerau  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Footnotes

  1. ↑ For detailed descriptions of the building in its first version, see: Marco DeMichelis Heinrich Tessenow and Nina Sonntag: Raumtheater.
  2. ↑ Pictures and floor plans of the hall on the Festspielhaus website, accessed on January 25, 2019.
  3. ↑ see feminine characters, brand new and stone old in "Sächsische Zeitung" of July 9, 1998, p. 18.
  4. ↑ Weg zum Holz website , accessed on October 23, 2016; The Tessenow wall is a two-shell, inexpensive brick-wood construction.
  5. ↑ Description on the website of the Wüstenrot Foundation; accessed on October 23, 2016.
  6. ↑ see “Technische und Wirtschaftliche Rundschau”, issue 1, January 1939, p. 7 f , PDF file, size: 10 MB, accessed on October 23, 2016.
  7. ↑ see: Claudia Beger, Monika Roth, Andreas Seeliger: Gartenstadt Hellerau: Architekturführer. Deutsche Verlags Anstalt, Munich 2008. ISBN 3-421-03700-0 .
  8. ↑ Website of the real estate developer , accessed on October 23, 2016.
  9. ↑ see Das Junge Hellerau ; Hellerau Publishing House; Dresden; 3rd expanded edition; 1996; P. 13 f.
  10. ↑ Norbert Weiß , Jens Wonneberger : At the green tip and on the sand. Hellerau: literary. Neisse Verlag, Dresden 2013. ISBN 978-3-86276-085-5 . P. 30.
  11. ↑ see the speech on the laying of the foundation stone in: Wolf Dohrn: Die Gartenstadt Hellerau and other writings. , Dresden, Hellerau-Verlag, 1992, p. 47.
  12. ^ Lorenz: ways to Hellerau. 1994, p. 70.
  13. ↑ see Marco De Michelis: Heinrich Tessenow , p. 205.
  14. ↑ Wolf Dohrn was managing director of the Gartenstadtgesellschaft at the time.
  15. ↑ see Werner Durth (Hrsg.): Draft for Modernism: Hellerau: Stand Place Determination. , Stuttgart, Dt. Verl. – Anst., 1996, ISBN 3-421-03217-3 , p. 48.
  16. ↑ see FA Geissler: The Dalcroze festivals in Hellerau. in the music. Half-monthly with pictures and notes. , Volume 11, August 1, 1912, p. 155, digitized .
  17. ↑ for detailed lists of names see Hans-Jürgen Sarfert: Hellerau. The garden city and artist colony. Hellerau-Verlag, Dresden 1995. ISBN 3-910184-05-7 .
  18. ↑ see Lorenz: ways to Hellerau. , 1994, p. 32.
  19. ↑ see Thomas Nitschke: The history of the garden city Hellerau. , 2009, p. 72.
  20. ↑ very detailed on this topic see Lorenz: ways to Hellerau. , 1994, p. 125 ff.
  21. ↑ see bankruptcy regulation of 1877: compulsory comparison on wikisource.
  22. ↑ a description of the school goals see Oskar Schäfer: The new school for applied rhythm. in new paths. Illustrated monthly for education and instruction. Leipzig, 1919, Volume 30, Issue 10, pp. 308 ff. Digitized
  23. ↑ for a description of the crafts community see Marco De Michelis: Heinrich Tessenow 1876–1950. , 1991, p. 79 ff.
  24. ↑ see Thomas Nitschke: The history of the garden city Hellerau. , 2009, p. 104.
  25. ↑ on AS Neill's time in Hellerau see Johannes-Martin Kamp: Kinderrepubliken. History, practice and theory of radical self-government in children's and youth homes. , Dissertation, 2nd heavily revised edition, 2006, p. 341 ff, PDF file , 7.7 MB, accessed on October 23, 2016.
  26. ↑ Website on the topic from DHM Berlin , accessed on November 8, 2016.
  27. ↑ see Klaus-Peter Arnold: From sofa cushions to urban planning. The history of the Deutsche Werkstätten and the garden city of Hellerau. Verlag der Kunst, Dresden, Basel 1993, p. 360 f.
  28. ↑ Stadtwiki Dresden , accessed on November 8, 2016.
  29. ↑ Ludwig Liegle / Franz-Michael Konrad (ed.): Reform pedagogy in Palestine. Documents and interpretations of attempts at a 'new' education in the Jewish community of Palestine (1918-1948) , dipa-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1989, ISBN 3-7638-0809-4 , pp. 229-230.
  30. ^ Website on Dora Menzler of the Hellerau Citizens' Association, accessed on November 8, 2016.
  31. ^ Report on the Reichstheaterwoche in the Pariser Tageblatt of June 25, 1934, p. 4, on wikisource.
  32. ↑ Thomas Nitschke: The history of the garden city Hellerau. , 2009, p. 125.
  33. ↑ The stationed military unit was the "Police-Unterführer-Lehr-Bataillon Dresden-Hellerau". Since Heinrich Himmler reported to the police at that time , it is not completely wrong to attribute it as an SS barracks. However, this police barracks should not be confused with the nearby SS pioneer barracks of the "SS Pioneer Training and Replacement Battalion 1" in Hellerhofstrasse .
  34. ↑ Hans-Christian Harten: The ideological training of the police in National Socialism. Ferdinand Schöningh, Paderborn 2018, ISBN 978-3-506-78836-8 pp. 336–337.
  35. ↑ Kurilkablog ( Memento of the original from August 15, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; accessed on October 27, 2016. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / kurilkablog.wordpress.com
  36. ↑ The club name was used in various abbreviations in the following years. For example, the association appeared in official documents as the Förderverein eV . Even European workshop was used often in the 1990s, although it was always the identical club.
  37. ↑ Short biography on the website of the International Heiner Müller Society , accessed on November 8, 2016.
  38. ↑ see Culture-friendly capital wanted for the Festspielhaus. in Sächsische Zeitung of April 28, 1994, p. 17.
  39. ↑ The funding amount was 200,000 DM see Hans-Stefan Müller: Festspielhaus Hellerau. , 1996, p. 14.
  40. ↑ atelier4d-architekten Berlin project website , accessed on August 14, 2016.
  41. ↑ The Wüstenrot Foundation published a conference volume after this conference: Werner Durth (Hrsg.): Draft for Modernism: Hellerau: Stand Place Determination. , Stuttgart, Dt. Verl. – Anst., 1996, ISBN 3-421-03217-3 .
  42. ↑ Constanze Treuber, A momentous experiment in Das Magazin , 1995, issue 6/95, p. 58 ff.
  43. ↑ The subsidy amount was 000 250 dollars . see domino effects desired for Hellerau. in Saxon newspaper. of December 8, 1995, p. 18.
  44. ^ Website of the Heinrich Tessenow Society, accessed on November 8, 2016.
  45. ^ Fabian Zimmermann and Christoph Hahn Das Festspielhaus Hellerau. Renovation as a balancing act between technology and harmony. in Bundesbaublatt , 2001, issue 4, p. 38 ff.
  46. ↑ Website of the institute, accessed on November 8, 2016.
  47. ↑ see Margit Springer Festspielhaus in Verein Bürgerschaft Hellerau eV: Mitteilungen für Hellerau , 50th edition, February 2002, p. 9.
  48. ^ Website of the Trans-Media-Akademie, accessed on November 8, 2016.
  49. ^ Dresden Center for Contemporary Music (DZzM) becomes the sponsor of the Festspielhaus premises in Hellerau , press release of the City of Dresden of December 15, 2003, accessed on October 30, 2016.
  50. ↑ on funding by the city see the press release of the SPD Dresden from April 26, 2014, accessed on October 12, 2016.
  51. ↑ Project website of the architect, accessed on May 18, 2018.
  52. ↑ This association is not identical to the development association founded in 1990, even if the goals are very similar. Website ( Memento of the original from November 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. of the association, accessed on November 8, 2016. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.foerderverein-hellerau.de
  53. ^ Friederike Meyer, white space for high culture. in Bauwelt , edition 37.06, October 1, 2006, p. 28 ff.
  54. ↑ City wins legal dispute over Hellerau , press release of the city of Dresden from December 22, 2006, accessed on November 8, 2016. The legal disputes over the eviction lasted until 2008. See press release of the OLG Dresden ( Memento des original from November 13 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the judgment of June 26, 2007, Az .: 5 U 138/07, accessed on November 2, 2016. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.justiz.sachsen.de
  55. ↑ Short biography on the website of the Saxon Academy of the Arts , accessed on November 8, 2016.
  56. ↑ Article from April 27, 2016 in a local news blog, accessed October 30, 2016.
  57. ↑ Related website ( memento of the original from November 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. from hellerau.org; accessed October 30, 2016. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hellerau.org
  58. ↑ Explanation ( Memento of the original dated November 13, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the website of the European Center, accessed on August 13, 2016. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.hellerau.org
  59. ↑ Congress homepage , accessed on October 30, 2016.
  60. ↑ '' Derevo dance theater starts operating at other venues '' , article in the Dresden Latest News from August 7, 2018; accessed on September 14, 2018.
  61. ↑ Carena Schlewitt takes over the management in Hellerau. In: Music in Dresden. September 23, 2016, accessed on October 16, 2019 (German).


Coordinates: 51 ° 6 ′ 49.4 "  N , 13 ° 45 ′ 11.3"  E