Wine architecture
Wine Architecture is the design of surface and underground buildings , the production (eg. As cellars ) and presentation of wines (z. B. wine shops ) are used. In addition to the functional aspect, there is also an aesthetic and creative aspect, which gave rise to profane, magnificent buildings. These include the traditional wine chateaus such as those on the Loire or in Bordelais , but also palatial high-tech production facilities in Spain or the New World . This interaction between function and form has always set the planning imagination free for master builders and architects . In addition to the objects with global appeal, there are also structural designs for smaller businesses, which were triggered, for example, by new ownership, customer requests or production conditions and which have implemented the changes in an impressive way.
The term wine architecture, made up of the two words wine and architecture , does not describe the design, i.e. the way wine is made, but has established itself as a term in German-language specialist literature for the architectural aspect. The thousand-year-old cultural assets of wine and architecture form a special form of architecture that can itself have cult status . Wine architecture in the broader sense could designate all structures that have to do with wine and architecture, including simple, functional bottling halls and the like. However, the term wine architecture only describes buildings in a narrower sense that stand out from the crowd due to their special architectural design.
history
Turn of times to the Middle Ages
The history of wine architecture in Europe can be traced back to the high culture of the Romans. The manors they built were mostly designed as Villa Rustica in portico construction with two frontal corner risers and an outside staircase. These farm buildings, mostly made of stone, had barrel vaults in the basement for storing supplies and wine. Plans for an optimal construction method can be found in Vitruvius' main work De architectura libri decem (33 and 22 BC). In the 6th book he wrote about the layout of private houses: “Habeatque coniunctam vinariam cellam habentem ab septentrione lumina fenestrarum; cum enim alia parte habuerit, quae sol calfacere possit, vinum, quod erit in ea cella, confusum ab calore efficietur inbecillum. "The Villa Diomede in Pompeii or the Villa Adriana in Tivoli showed through archaeological finds that the recommendations had been followed exactly, for there were Roman wine vessels there. In these cellars only the pressing and further treatment of the must as well as the filling in amphorae should have taken place, the actual wine storage took place in tunnels, which were probably created by the dismantling of the building materials for the villa.
The uniform temperature, which is essential for longer storage, was also the necessary condition that led to the construction of the cellars in the slate slopes on the Moselle and the cellar system in the limestone of Saint-Émilion . 2000 years later, these cellars are still being used for the same purpose. The kilometer-long catacombs in the champagne- growing area are particularly impressive . The cellars of Pommery alone are 30 meters underground and 18 km long. Some of the tunnels that are still used there today date from Gallo-Roman times .
In the early Middle Ages, essential impulses for wine culture - and thus also for wine architecture - came from the monasteries. Generous room planning for wine presses, barrels and cooper's equipment, but also devices for brewing and distilling beer naturally belonged to every monastery. The building arrangement of the St. Gallen monastery is considered ideal , where in the 9th century the wine cellar (cellarium) was arranged exactly in the center of the entire monastery district, just west of the cloister, between the kitchen, dining room and pilgrims' hostel. This had a size of 10 × 40 m. But many other monasteries also had a similar structural arrangement.
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Starting with Burgundy , the Benedictines were the pioneers in terms of wine culture, and from the 11th century onwards, the Cistercians too. With their founding monastery Cîteaux and the numerous branch monasteries, they succeeded in spreading the faith and viticulture as well as the wine architecture. Eberbach Monastery was founded in 1136 just one generation after its constitution . In the 16th century, Eberbach was the largest wine business in the world. Eberbach is still lived today as the Hessische Staatsweingüter Kloster Eberbach , because viticulture is still practiced there - since 1803 as a state viticulture domain . Many other monasteries and hospitals in Central Europe, as well as the second largest winery in Germany, the Juliusspital winery , with its castle-like block of buildings in the old town of Würzburg has contributed to the maintenance of wine culture and thus also the wine architecture.
From the 14th century onwards, the secular rulers no longer built their courts and castles for the most part, but more representative, always with facilities for making and storing wine. Depending on the region and the "vinophilicity" of their owners, wine castles or princely manors such as the Saxon Hoflößnitz were built ; Magnificent buildings that were surrounded by vineyards and focused on them. The term wine castle or chateau is used very differently - also within France, the origin of these houses. In the Bordelais alone , where this name came up in the 16th century, there are over 4000 châteaux, which are almost exclusively owned by bourgeois and / or rural owners. Especially in Bordeaux , the world's largest contiguous wine-growing region in the world, a chateau describes a vineyard ( cru ); the associated building or even its reputation is irrelevant for the use of the term.
Many of the courtyards from the late Middle Ages that shaped the townscape in German wine-growing regions are still visible today. In addition to viticulture, the winemakers also had livestock and arable farming. Wine production was only part of the work of her yearly cycle. There were usually no press houses for winemaking , but this work took place in the barns. It was not until later centuries that the wine was pressed in the vineyards themselves in so-called press houses that were dug into the vineyards. These typical cellar lanes can still be seen in the Czech Republic as well as in Lower Austria and Burgenland. In Germany, the Kellerweg in Guntersblum in Rheinhessen is mainly known for this.
The cross-vaulted stable , which can only be found in this form and in this distribution in Rheinhessen, is a special example of wine architecture . Over 50 such buildings still exist.
Modern times
France's castle-like building ensembles are mostly "grown structures". From initially just one residence with administrative tasks, other functions, such as wine culture, developed in addition to the representative office. The change from Renaissance or late Renaissance to Baroque can not only be seen in the structural form: with the redesign of the buildings due to a different understanding of style, the facilities for wine production were also changed, supplemented and enlarged. Cooper were able to make larger barrels and that required space. Similar barrels as 220,000 liters summary Large barrel in Heidelberg Castle , one of the oldest surviving barrels from this period are likely to have been in many noble cellars.
Also Schloss Johannisberg , a former Benedictine monastery, was after the secularization nationalized and arrived soon after in the possession Prince Metternich , who had rebuilt the monastery time typical classicist. Only the barrel vaulted wine cellar with dimensions of 260 × 11.5 m remained unchanged. In addition to the well-known Riesling sparkling wine brand that is produced there today, the Bibliotheca subterranea , a kind of underground wine bottle collection that stores wine bottles from all over the world , is remarkable.
In the wine-growing regions and wine metropolises of northern Italy, aristocratic splendid buildings in a classicist style were built in the cities at the beginning of the 16th century , which made the Renaissance buildings appear old-fashioned. In the countryside, elaborate country houses had already been built in the Palladian style , which always included the omnipresent viticulture in the building concept. Continuing growing prosperity spurred building activity during this time, which can still be seen today in the density of such magnificent country estates. The highest conglomerate of this kind is in the Bordelais, but only later there. This obvious dominance of classicist references proves the importance of historicism for wine architecture.
In the 18th century, building activity on the Rhine and Moselle also flourished . Many winery owners and, from the 19th century onwards, also industrialists, such as the former owners of Lieser Castle on the Moselle, saw the production of agricultural goods as an opportunity to improve their reputation and saw archaic production as a counterbalance to their technology-based livelihood.
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In the century of the invention of the railroad and Portland cement, the construction method changed from stone and wood construction to iron supports, brick and concrete structures. A revolution also took place in cellar technology . New materials found their way into the production process, other manufacturing and filling methods prevailed. Shipping, which previously was mostly done in barrels, has now been converted into bottle and crate transport. Other operating rooms were required for this. Added to this was the changed customer taste, who - depending on the region - wanted more red or white wine or, more recently, preferred a barrique- ripened wine. For this, too, the winery needed other equipment and possibly other rooms.
Over the centuries, such a mix of different architectural styles can have emerged in a wine-growing company. A famous example is the curious architecture of Madame Louise Pommery , who selected a wide variety of construction forms and materials for her property in order to have them manifested by, in some cases, renowned master builders. The style of English country houses is predominant, perhaps because a large proportion of their customers lived in similar houses behind the English Channel themselves.
A particularly artistic example of wine architecture is the Cavahaus Codorníu in Sant Sadurní d'Anoia near Barcelona , where the Catalan architect Josep Puig i Cadafalch , colleague and companion of Antoni Gaudí , set a monument, as well as that of Gaudì's student Cèsar Martinell in 1921 Brick-built cellars of the Cooperativa Vitivinícola of Sant Cugat del Vallès . In contrast to the mostly unadorned commercial buildings from this period, these are "wine cathedrals". Another typical example is the Kupferberg sparkling wine cellar in Mainz . The building in the style of neo-Gothic and the transition to Art Nouveau , erected in 1856 and up to 50 meters below ground, bears the lettering of the industrial architecture . Red sandstone was used as building material, as is found on site and for many other buildings in the city such as the cathedral , Gautor and, as part of the city fortifications, the provisions store .
present
In the 20th century, there is no longer such brisk building activity as it was in previous centuries. Phylloxera , world wars and world economic crises are probably the most important reasons. It was not until the mid- 1980s that some architects emerged again: The first was the Catalan master builder Ricardo Bofill , who in 1987 implemented the design for an octagonal wine cellar in Château Lafite-Rothschild . This construction method, which is not geared towards effects, is intended to accelerate the production process, in which the approximately 2000 wine barrels have to be relocated up to four times a year. In addition, this floor plan is more energy-efficient for cooling purposes because of the almost round shape. The cellar is completely underground in order not to have to sacrifice high-quality vineyards. Only a central light shaft surrounded by 16 columns offers daylight and gives the building the appearance of a crypt. New investments were also made in neighboring Pauillac near Château Pichon-Longueville-Baron in 1980, when it was taken over by the insurance group AXA : after an architectural competition, the winery was given a fermentation cellar made entirely of stainless steel with 30 fermentation containers. The new commercial and administrative areas, including a visitor zone for 50,000 tourists annually, extend over an area of 4000 m 2 . From the outside, the new building looks rather simple. A water basin separates old and new buildings.
In 1988/89 the “Château Bordeaux” exhibition took place in the Center Pompidou in Paris, showing the people of the capital the mutual influence of viticulture and architecture. This exhibition was co-initiated by the Château de Bachen winery and its chef Michel Guérard, as well as the architect duo Patrick Dillon and Jean de Gastines, who redesigned the property there at the time.
In Italy, too, the building boom in wine architecture began again at the turn of the millennium. A good example that applies Grappa - distillery Marzadro the Trentino , designed Plaickner of the Bolzano architect Walter Maurmayr and Gunther and was inaugurated of 2005. At that time the family business was in its third generation. Every year 60,000 visitors see how the distillery process works, which has recently been running continuously in a circular, partly underground production hall. The production cycle, which lasts only 100 days a year, takes place without interruption during this time.
Spanish winegrowers proceeded most consistently : Examples are the two Catalan wineries Viñedos del Alto Aragón - better known under its brand name "Enate" - and Bodega Brugarol . The first company, which was only founded in 1991 with 500 hectares of vineyards, had to completely “stamp out” all its facilities. Contemporary art is very important to Enate . Not only are the bottle labels designed by famous artists, the house also has its own art exhibition with works by Antoni Tàpies , Eduardo Chillida , Antonio Saura and many more. The Bodega Brugarol, on the other hand, was founded in 1943 by the German couple Engelhorn and revived in 2003 by a descendant. The Engelhorns also opted for underground construction, not for reasons of cost, as was the case with Lafite-Rothschild, but for climate reasons. The best way to do the winery justice with a description is to describe it as an "extravagant object [that] sits between architecture, sculpture and landscaping".
Current situation in selected countries
Germany
There are some special features in the individual wine-growing countries. For example, since 2007, the Rhineland-Palatinate Chamber of Architects, in cooperation with the Rhineland-Palatinate Ministry of Viticulture and the German Viticulture Association, has awarded the Wine Architecture Prize , which takes into account all German wine-growing regions. In the first ten years of the new century, Baden-Württemberg generously supported investments and private-sector financings that concerned the optimization and modernization of the cellar economy. In the Franconian wine-growing region , the main focus was on hospitality and customer loyalty. Regional tourism concepts include local, private and cooperative initiatives. In Saxony , monuments such as Proschwitz Castle , the oldest re-operated private winery in the Saxony wine region , and other remarkable buildings, the restoration of which was completed between 1990 and 2010, were supported. New buildings such as the vinotheque at Wackerbarth Castle , which has also been restored, have also been built , which have themselves been awarded and are also the location for awarding architecture prizes.
Austria
Modern wine architecture in Austria goes to three federal states in particular: Lower Austria, Burgenland and Styria. Regardless of this, three wineries with historical holdings particularly stand out in terms of wine architecture: The cellar castle from the 18th century of the Wachau domain in Dürnstein , which was extensively renovated in 2006 , the Klosterneuburg monastery and the Esterházy castle winery from the 17th century with its wine museum and the new winery .
In Lower Austria there are only a small number of a dozen or so new buildings, starting in the Kamptal wine-growing region with the Bründlmayer winery in Langenlois around 1990. The largest single property in this state is the Krems winegrowers, one of Austria's largest winegrowers' cooperatives built a completely glass cellar with a sweeping roof structure. The Loisium in Langenlois, which was initiated by the winemaker Karl Steininger, is of course particularly eye-catching . The architect was Steven Holl . Over 100,000 guests annually experience sensory impressions relating to wine in the subterranean "world of sensuality" in the wine museum.
Burgenland is particularly noticeable for Austrian wine architecture: between 1999 and 2004 alone, more than 50 winegrowing businesses were stylistically changed, be it through conversions, additions or complete renovations of the production facilities, the aspect of special design in relation to wine was always the focus. Such pioneering achievements are the Gesellmann and Heinrich estates in Deutschkreutz and Gernot Heinrich in Gols . In the triangle Deutschkreuz-Neckenmarkt-Horitschon southwest of Lake Neusiedl, a kind of “permanent exhibition” of different wine architectures was built, which offers the flair of an open-air museum. Among them are new creations that one would not have thought possible a few years ago. The largest single object in it is the ARACHON maturing cellar of the United Winzer Blaufränkischland, who designed their refuge with 1500 m 2 for 1000 barrique barrels as a completely new building . The presentation and tasting rooms are located on the upper floor. The Blaufränkisch winery Franz Weninger in Horitschon is a milestone in the private sector . In the form of a traditional long courtyard, the new, bright and clearly structured farm building blends in harmoniously with the surroundings.
For Styria, the region around Leutschach , Gamlitz and Straden is the focus of the latest construction activity. The contrast between buildings and landscape is particularly striking here. The Neumeister winery in Straden, which is stepped to match the slope, is considered a showpiece. As with many other new buildings, this makes the winemaking process easier: the cellar uses the law of gravity, which eliminates the pumping that is negative for the wine.
Switzerland
In Switzerland, the Bündner Herrschaft deserves a special mention, whose wineries Cottinelli in Malans and Marugg in Fläsch were their pioneers in terms of new buildings. Marugg stages its wine cellar with barriques with spotlights surrounded by a clear design language, in particular the use of materials and the relationship to the location. The same special features can also be found at the Davaz winery in Fläsch.
The Schmidheiny winery in Heerbrugg am Rhein from 1904, which has been producing wine for over 100 years and co-founded the local winegrowers' cooperative, expanded its property in 1999 with a puristic, but elegantly designed tasting annex made of glass and concrete, which is in stark contrast to the lordly one Villa construction of the Wilhelminian era stands.
Italy
In Italy, compared to its importance and size as a winegrower, few construction projects have been implemented so far. The most powerful are the developments in the north-east of the country, namely in Trentino and South Tyrol. The most striking is probably that of Werner Tscholl from Morter designed Tramin winery in the South Tyrolean Tramin . In the years 2007-10, over 5500 m 2 of gross usable area (4300 m 2 of which were new buildings) were developed around the old cellar building. The cooperative from 1898 is one of the oldest in this wine-growing region. The outer shell of the two halves of the new building consists of a stylized, strong green frame made of steel support elements, which is reminiscent of the leaf structure of grapevines. This shape not only serves as an "eye catcher", but was calculated in such a way that the glass fronts behind are optimally shaded depending on the season. Cold water at 12 ° C is used from its own well to control the temperature of the rooms. Inside, there is an objective tone determined by concrete. The puristic functional design language is underlined by a uniform, rich shade of red or equipment elements in one type of wood (oak).
But there are also new projects in the north-west, in Piedmont: The headquarters of the wine cooperative Terre da Vino represents 2,500 winemakers with a total of 5,000 hectares of vineyards and in 2010 a new building in Barolo was built in a very idiosyncratic manner with a floor area of 5,000 m 2 in Barolo would rather be reminiscent of a modern production hall. In a wine region that was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in autumn 2014 , a monumental building was created here that seems to merge with the landscape.
In central Italy, the development starts from Tuscany , where the former Badia a Coltibuono abbey was first built in 1995-98 . The two cylindrical towers are impressive. It is in dialogue with the neighboring medieval monastery with its high tower with a square base. South of Livorno on the Mediterranean coast, a series of prestigious buildings were built after 2000 in a kind of competition, in which star architects were also involved. An example is the Petra winery, which was designed by Mario Botta from Ticino . Two flat side wings flank a central building, typical of the mostly symmetrical arrangement of its building ensembles.
The Mario Bisceglia winery near Lavello, designed by Hikaru Mori (* 1964) in 2001, is considered a model of southern Italian wine architecture . In the meantime she has also built the Bisceglia winery in Potenza .
France
It was only at the beginning of the 21st century that Bordeaux also began to strive to present its own values in a representative way. Elsewhere in France they are apparently not that advanced yet. However, it was well aware of its historical Bordelais legacy and it was mainly cosmetic improvements that were initially applied. The two architecture offices Mazières from the city of Bordeaux and Architects Jean de Gastines from Paris are particularly active, who together were able to realize well over 30 building projects in the first 15 years after 2000.
The facade built by Patrick Hernandez , made of meticulously geometric stone decor on Château d'Arsac in Margaux, is reminiscent of St. Petersburg feudal buildings. The cellar and visitor reception behind it was designed according to today's architecture in aluminum, wood and glass to match the other traditional buildings.
literature
- Andreas Gottlieb Hempel: Architecture & Wine: excellent wine architecture in Germany, Austria, Switzerland and South Tyrol. Callwey, Munich 2010, ISBN 978-3-7667-1854-9 .
- Dirk Meyhöfer, Klaus Frahm: Die Architektur des Wein = The Architecture of Wine, avEdition Stuttgart 2013, ISBN 978-3-89986-198-3 .
- Heinz-Gert Woschek: The history of wine architecture in: Modulør Magazin, No. 3, 2014, pp. 22–30 and 32–76.
- Michael Webb : Adventurous Wine Architecture. Images Publishing, Mulgrave 2005, ISBN 1-92074-433-9 .
- Ernst Eichler: From cellar to cult ... to (wine) building culture in Rheinhessen, in: Heimatjahrbuch 2015 Alzey-Worms district; 50th year; Pp. 57-60.
- Wine architecture. From cellar to cult; Hatje Cantz Publishing House ; ISBN 3-7757-1687-4 .
- Wolfgang Bachmann: Where the wine is tart and the architecture is conservative . In: Bauwelt ; Born in 1986, issue 19/20.
- Heinz-Gert Woschek (eds.), Denis Duhme, Katrin Friederichs: Wine and Architecture - A wine guide for architects and wine lovers. (Original title: Wine and architecture ) Edition Detail, Munich 2014 (German first edition 2011), ISBN 978-3-920034-55-3 .
Remarks
- ↑ This also includes the growing areas Rheingau , Rheinhessen , Vorderpfalz , Nahe and Ahr .
Individual evidence
- ↑ De architectura, Volume VI (Wikisource) (Latin.)
- ↑ Andrea zur Nieden: The everyday life of the monks: Studies on the monastery plan of St. Gallen. Self-published 2008, p. 298.
- ^ Formerly Schäfer winery, Armsheim ( Memento from August 6, 2007 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Information on the Rheinhessische Weingewölben ( Memento of the original from January 9, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Heinz-Gert Woschek : The history of wine architecture in: Modulør Magazin, No. 3 2014
- ↑ Bordeaux: Château-Bordeaux: histoire et renouveau des architectures de la civilization du vin, Center de création industrial, Center Georges Pompidou, 1988 (exhibition catalog)
- ↑ Marzadro homepage
- ↑ Bodega ENATE: On the path to perfection ( Memento from December 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive ), Wines from Spain / Instituto Español de Comercio Exterior (ICEX) (Engl.)
- ↑ a b c d e f Heinz-Gert Woschek (ed.), Denis Duhme, Katrin Friederichs: Wine and Architecture - A wine travel guide for architects and wine lovers. (Original title: Wine and architecture ) Edition Detail, Munich 2014 (German first edition 2011), ISBN 978-3-920034-55-3 .
- ↑ catalog WineArchitecture - The Vinery Boom, Architekturzentrum Wien Az W, 18 October 2005.
- ↑ Loisium: Mystischer Weinkeller, in: Vinum 2003, edition 11, page 6.
- ^ Website of the cooperative
- ^ Description of the winery near Falstaff , edition 2014/15
- ↑ Eco Design: la Cantina Tramin , August 3, 2011
- ^ Fabrizio Aimar: Architettura del vino: cantina Terre da Vino a Barolo (Cuneo). In: Architettura, November 24, 2014 (Italian).
- ↑ Pictures from the Monti in Chianti winery ( Memento from July 1, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) from their own website
- ↑ Interview with Hikaru Mori in architetturadipietra.it, March 10, 2009 (English)
