Conservation under National Socialism

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Section 2 of the Reich Nature Conservation Act of 1935

The Nature Conservation in National Socialism began in 1933 with the DC circuit of the conservation organizations and the exclusion of Jewish members from the clubs. Comprehensive new legal regulations in the years 1933 to 1935 of the Nazi regime in the field of nature and environmental protection , above all the Reich Nature Conservation Act (RNG), regulated for the first time compensation after private interventions and introduced the less protected landscape protection areas as a new category in addition to the nature reserves . However, major state projects such as traffic engineering or military interventions were excluded. Institutionally , nature conservation was subordinated to the Reich Forest Office under Reich Interior Minister Hermann Göring with the “Reichsstelle” established in 1936 . Ideologically , nature conservation was linked to a national concept of homeland , the striving for self-sufficiency and a blood-and-soil ideology , which found its clear expression in landscape planning in Eastern Europe according to the General Plan East .

In practice, the Nazi regime did not stick to the path of comprehensive nature conservation that was initially prescribed by law. After taking on responsibility for the four-year plan , Hermann Göring placed self-sufficiency policy over nature conservation. In many places, nature was destroyed, for example through amelioration , the construction of motorways , intensification of forest use, construction of industrial and military facilities (see also armament of the Wehrmacht ). The cultivation of wasteland operated by the Reich Labor Service has just been criticized by conservationists.

Starting position

In the 19th century (see Romanticism ), the ethnic movement and the Heimat movement transfigured German nature and established in parts a concept of Heimat based on ethnic origins. An ideological nationalism let the national identity of the Germans emerge increasingly earlier in the medieval or even Germanic past ( Arminius cult ). There were ideal, personal and organizational overlaps between the broader Heimat- and Nature Conservation Movement and the Völkische Movement. Extreme representatives of a "national homeland security" demanded, among other things, a Germanization of Christianity or recourse to a pre-Christian popular belief (see also Neopaganism , German Christians , Accommodation (religion) , National Socialist Christmas cult ). One of the early anti-Semites was the well-known “heath poet” Hermann Löns , who in 1906 called for “race protection” on the Lower Saxony Day of Nature Conservationists.

After the defeat in the First World War , racial biological anti-Semitism became an interpretative model for many conservationists . The idea of ​​an undisturbed nature was transferred to the healthy and pure “folk body”. The xenophobic attitude allowed anti-Semitic ideas to flow into an ideological conglomerate of Darwinist ideas, neo-romanticism and anti-modernism . Conservation of nature and homeland were interpreted as the basis of an “unmistakable völkisch peculiarity and ability to survive”, which was often associated with the emphasis on völkisch superiority.

National Socialist Nature Conservation Policy and Ideology

In the Nazi regime and in Nazi propaganda , topoi such as nature , home and German forest became elements of Nazi ideology . The maintenance of the landscape was included in nature conservation and linked with terms such as species-appropriate Germanic-German cultural landscape with blood-and-soil ideas. The symbolic policy was followed by the organizational and personal interdependence, nature conservation and landscape maintenance were subordinated to the Reich Forestry Office of the Reich Forestry Master Hermann Göring , the sub-department head there Heinrich Wiepking-Jürgensmann was also the special representative for landscape design and landscape maintenance in Heinrich Himmler's Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Volkstum . However, for racist and economic reasons, the focus of the National Socialist nature conservation efforts was primarily on the “blood” and less on the “soil”. On the contrary, it should be used as intensively as possible for agriculture.

Nature and homeland conservationists such as Paul Schultze-Naumburg , Walther Schoenichen and Hans Schwenkel developed anti-Semitic interpretations of nature conservation before 1933, which were openly politically recognized after the transfer of power to the National Socialists. Representations of the Jew "who takes everything and has everything, but who cannot love home because he does not have home" culminate in the utopia of a 'pure' environment and its "correspondence in the idea of ​​a Jewish-pure world".

The conglomerate of nature and homeland protection, landscape conservation including the care of the German cultural landscape, blood-and-soil ideology and racism and anti-Semitism in the "General Arrangement No. 20 / VI / 42" - About the design of the landscape in the incorporated eastern territories , which Reichsführer SS Himmler issued in December 1942 in connection with the General Plan East . In an introduction to this ordinance, the administrative lawyer and landscape planner Erhard Mäding classified agriculture, state culture as well as landscape maintenance and design under the concept of state maintenance. He wrote:

“The landscape rules of the Reichsführer SS are a decisive milestone in German agriculture and German national culture. For the first time in the long history of German land maintenance, comprehensive guidelines have been issued for the entire area of ​​landscape maintenance and design, which are based on the entire area and have its function and shape in mind. "

These landscape rules, co-created by Mäding and Heinrich Wiepking-Jürgensmann and signed by Himmler, were based on planning ideas shaped by racial ideology. They proceeded from a "species and race political" understanding of the environment. In the objectives of the order it is stated:

“The landscape in the incorporated eastern regions is largely neglected, desolate and devastated by overexploitation due to the cultural inability of foreign people. (...) For Germanic-German people, however, dealing with nature is a profound need for life. (...) If the new habitats are to become the home of the settlers, the planned and natural design of the landscape is a decisive prerequisite. It is one of the foundations for the consolidation of German nationality. So it is not enough to settle our ethnicity in these areas and eliminate foreign ethnicity. Rather, the rooms must be given a character that corresponds to our nature, so that Germanic-German people feel at home. "

Landscape maintenance, nature conservation, grassland planning and garden architecture are summarized here under land management for an idea according to which the Germans “are the first occidental people to shape their spiritual environment in the landscape”. As a “national community”, they take on the “cultural tasks of the present”. Ideologically, the expropriation of the resident, initially Jewish, population in the so-called integrated eastern areas is embellished and the expansion of agricultural production is glorified under the term Reichsnährstand . In addition, the ordinance shows the high status of the “German cultural landscape” as an “indissoluble connection between an expansive spatial policy and an aggressive race policy”.

State organization

From 1936 onwards, nature conservation and landscape management were subordinate to the Reich Forestry Office under Hermann Göring, who was the “highest representative for nature conservation”. The Nature Conservation Department ( Supreme Nature Conservation Authority ) was expanded into the “Department for Nature Conservation and Landscape Management” in accordance with the Nature Conservation Act. For advisory and coordination purposes, the “Reich Agency for Nature Conservation”, which had replaced the State Agency for the Preservation of Natural Monuments in Prussia , was set up in parallel . Walther Schoenichen headed it until November 1938 , after which it was subordinate to the natural scientist and co-author of the Nature Conservation Act, Hans Klose .

In 1942 the Supreme Nature Conservation Authority was divided into the following subject areas

  • “Leadership of nature conservation work” under the zoologist and animal researcher Lutz Heck
  • "Legislation and Law" under Dr. Wrede
  • "Local nature protection" under the forester Richard Lohrmann ,
  • "Species protection" (Heumann)
  • "Landscape conservation group I" under the monument conservator Hans Schwenkel ,
  • "Landscape Management Group II - General Regulations, Landscape Protection and Landscape Design in the New Settlement Areas" under Heinrich Wiepking-Jürgensmann .

The Landscape Conservation Group II was at the same time based on an agreement with Heinrich Himmler, the Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Volkstum , assigned to the respective "Reich Governors" and "General Advisers for Landscape Conservation", Wiepking-Jürgensmann was accordingly also special commissioner for landscape design and landscape conservation in Himmler's Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of the German Volkstum . The task of the Reichskommissariat was to let the occupied territories in the east become “German”. The landscape should "be transformed into a species-appropriate Germanic-German cultural landscape by eliminating foreign folk"

legislation

Memorial plaque in Berlin to Benno Wolf (born September 26, 1871 in Dresden , † January 6, 1943 in Theresienstadt )

In the first years of their rule, the imperial government passed several environmental and nature conservation laws. In doing so, she was able to build on existing legal regulations such as state laws and police regulations of the states as well as on draft laws from the time of the Weimar Republic in the areas of nature, environmental and animal protection. One of the motives is seen to meet popular nature conservation issues with the population's approval for their own politics.

1934 was from Kurt coat commented Reich forest destruction law adopted as the first range of the standard Forstgesetzgebung 1934 was followed by the Reich Jagdgesetz (RJG) including a Hege bid . The Reich Nature Conservation Act (RNG) passed in 1935, formulated by Hans Klose using templates from the nature conservationist, cave explorer and former Jewish colleague Benno Wolf , was the normative continuation of the conservation of natural monuments . Landscape conservation is included in this law as a part of nature conservation. The RNG is not regarded as a Nazi law in the narrower sense, but the ideological orientation of nature conservation under National Socialism is named in its preamble : “The 'preservation of natural monuments' that emerged around the turn of the century was only partially successful because essential political and ideological prerequisites were lacking; Only the transformation of German people created the preconditions for effective nature conservation ”.

From 1936 on, nature conservation lost its support for those in power. The armament of the Wehrmacht and the strengthening of industry and its self-sufficiency had priority. After serious damage to natural resources had occurred, the specialist authorities for nature conservation urged a remedy in 1941 and worked out drafts for a water and forest law. Due to the war situation, this legislative work did not get beyond the draft stage.

All laws survived the end of the Nazi regime and continued to apply after the establishment of the Federal Republic of Germany on May 23, 1949.

Conservation associations

The Federation for Bird Protection welcomed the NSDAP's seizure of power in 1933 with the words: “Love of home and nature are one of the strongest roots from which Germany can draw strength. (...) We happily stand behind the Führer, vowing to use all our strength for his lofty goal. ”In 1934, by order of the Reich Forestry Office, the name was changed to Reichsbund für Vogelschutz (RfV) together with an amendment to the statutes, according to which only“ German citizens of German or related blood ”could become members. In 1935 the federal government was subordinated to the Reich Forestry Office. Due to a decree of the Reichsforstmeister Hermann Göring from September 24, 1938, no other bird protection associations besides this unitary association were permitted.

The founder of the bird protection association Lina Hähnle submitted to the National Socialist framework, although she was not a sympathizer of National Socialism. She welcomed the announced increase in the importance of nature conservation and overlooked the instrumentalization of her activities. According to Wöbse, the Hähnle example shows how "National Socialism instrumentalized nature conservation and used it as a gateway into a milieu that was sometimes quite skeptical". After the consolidation of the association as the only authorized bird protection organization in 1937, Hähnle withdrew and in 1938 ceded the chairmanship to the National Socialist Reinhard Wendehorst .

Theodor Künkele, forest scientist and party member (1934–1938), and Hans Hohenester, print shop owner and bearer of the Blood Order (1938–1945) led the Federation of Nature Conservation in Bavaria . Künkele said at a nature conservation conference in Kaiserslautern in 1935:

“In the end, the Third Reich no longer strives for what is technically or economically 'expedient', but rather the organic. The economy is no longer the ultimate goal of politics, but the maintenance of the health of the sources of people's power. These sources are blood and soil, people and homeland, man in the midst of mother nature. [...] The reawakening of the German soul also determines the fate of the environment. German people are beginning to rediscover the old and forever young wells of power that have been buried and lost in the past decades. "

The Volksbund Naturschutz , in which several functionaries of Jewish origin were active, introduced the Aryan paragraph in 1936 under the chairman Hans Klose .

The transnational German and Austrian Alpine Club , in which Alpine protection played a role alongside sport, was transferred to the Nazi Reichsbund for physical exercises as a specialist section in 1938 . The associated association for the protection of alpine plants and animals continued to operate until 1942.

The socialist friends of nature were immediately banned in 1933 and their houses were expropriated.

Fields of action

Highway construction

Four-lane motorway curve in a forest landscape, picture from 1939

3,650 kilometers of the Reichsautobahn were built from January 1934 to the end of 1941 and, with their land consumption, meant major changes in the landscape. As a representative of a nature-loving landscape architecture, Alwin Seifert , "Reichslandschaftsanwalt der General Inspector für das Deutschen Straßenwesen", advocated a landscape-related placement of bridges and crossings and a general "experience" of the German landscapes during the construction of the Reichsautobahn. The specifications for integrating this central infrastructure and propaganda project into the topography and the creative implementation were based, among other things, on the American model of the United States Highways . When planting the motorways, Seifert advocated planting “native” species, using the rhetoric of National Socialism.

Waterway construction and drainage

In the 1930s there was a discussion about the American Dust Bowl , a landscape desertification caused by soil drying out. Alwin Seifert made himself an advocate for slower soil drainage in the German Reich. So he stood unsuccessfully against the straightening of the Leipziger Luppe and the Westphalian Ems .

forestry

The “German nature” and the “German forest” became codes for modernity-critical, nationalistic , racist and biological thought patterns. This included the “ holistic nature of the forest” as a counter-image to progress and the big city , the forest as home, as a Germanic sanctuary and “racial source of strength”. The Germans were seen as the original "forest people" following the Teutons, while the stigmatization of the Jews as "desert people" was intended to justify their discrimination and persecution. The destruction of forests was also equated with the destruction of the people. The research work Wald und Baum in the Aryan-Germanic intellectual and cultural history , initiated by Heinrich Himmler's SS-Ahnenerbe , wanted to prove the existence of an early "tree and forest religion" based on the assumed "forest origin" of the Germanic culture To establish “native” National Socialist beliefs.

Hermann Göring, responsible for forestry, glorified the forest: “ If we [sc. Germans] walking through the forest […], the forest fills us with […] an immense joy in God's wonderful nature. That distinguishes us from that people who think themselves chosen and who can only calculate the solid cubic meter when they walk through the forest. "

When Göring took over the four-year plan and the agricultural and forestry policy in 1936, nature conservation stagnated. The logging and thus the burden on the forests were significantly increased. As early as 1935, forestry had to subordinate itself to the National Socialists' self-sufficiency efforts. From October 1935, logging was ordered for the state forest, which exceeded the annual increase by 50%. From 1937, this also applied to community and private forests over 50 ha.

Agriculture

Darré at a rally in Goslar in 1937

An important motive of the agricultural policy between 1933 and 1945 was the National Socialist self-sufficiency. In addition, agriculture was ideologically highly transfigured. Walther Darré , Minister of Food and Agriculture from 1933 to 1942, emphasized the blood-and-soil ideology and fought for the preservation of peasantry. With his remarks on the superiority of Nordic blood and the need to keep it pure, to secure the future of the Germanic race through the central role of a healthy German peasant class, he exerted great influence on Heinrich Himmler. His writings served the ideological legitimation of the policy of conquest and extermination in the east.

In so-called production battles called out by Darré , productivity increases in agriculture were sought. The so-called Ten Commandments of the production battle meant severe impairments for nature conservation as a result of the intensification of agriculture, for example through increased fertilization, amelioration , conversion of so-called wasteland into farmland, peatland colonization and land consolidation . The National Socialists' striving for self-sufficiency ultimately ensured that nature conservation in agriculture had no prospects of success.

Animal welfare

Animal welfare was an important propaganda topic of National Socialism .

aftermath

Although the practical nature conservation policy had only continued traditions from the Weimar Republic, the nature conservation movement after 1945 was often considered to be Nazi-polluted. Despite the high ideological importance, the real influence of nature conservationists was small, however much they offered themselves to the Nazi regime. In the post-war period, environmental and nature conservation associations continued their work largely in accordance with guidelines that had been developed during National Socialism. Even the existence of a hereditary burden is denied or denied that there are still consequences to be drawn for today's theory and practice of nature conservation.

The regulations of the natural and environmental laws of the Nazi regime are not to be classified as Nazi laws, so that they remained in force after 1945. A violation of the legal requirements of the Allied Military Government (Art. II of Law No. 1) was not seen. However, according to a ruling by the Federal Constitutional Court of October 14, 1958, the Reich Nature Conservation Act (RNG) of 1935 did not continue to apply in the Federal Republic of Germany as federal law, as it went beyond the competence of the federal government as a whole, but as state law . The regulations of the RNG were the basis of the legislation of the states that were responsible for nature conservation under the new constitution of the Basic Law until the early 1970s. The RNG and its history bore clear traits of the authoritarian regime in which it was created. Paragraph 24 of the RNG provided for the possibility of an unlawful expropriation without compensation for the designation of nature reserves or natural monuments. This was confirmed by a number of court rulings in the 1950s.

In the GDR, the political integration and objectives of nature conservation changed. The most influential planners like Georg Pniower or Reinhold Lingner were politically unencumbered and loyal to the SED. Neither an aesthetic exaggeration of nature nor an emphasis on ethnic racism played a role in the construction of a socialist state. However, this changed little in the practical work of landscape planning. The tasks remained the same. The model continued to be the intensification of land use. In terms of personnel, specialists from the time of National Socialism, including members of the NSDAP, were used; some came from Alwin Seifert's circle; In the countries of the Soviet occupation zone and the early GDR, numerous nature conservation commissioners who had been in office until 1945 became active again, including a number of former NSDAP members.

In West Germany, too, the staff of the nature conservation authorities continued to work. Leading people from the time of National Socialism held high positions after 1945. Heinrich Wiepking-Jürgensmann received a professorship at the University of Horticulture and Regional Culture in Hanover, which was founded at the time. Konrad Meyer taught from 1956 to 1968 as a professor for regional planning and spatial planning at the University of Hanover . Erhard Mäding became an appraiser and member of the board of the municipal joint agency for administrative simplification (KGSt) as well as the department head for landscape design at the German Municipal Association .

As "nature conservation in the narrower sense", as Walther Schoenichen differentiated (see above), nature conservation tied in with its supposedly ideologically harmless ecological reorientation during the Nazi era. Initially, the focus was primarily on taking stock and protecting nature from humans. Up until the 1960s, it could happen that the construction of the motorway was seen as a synonym for nature conservation, since conservationists were satisfied with " planting appropriate to the location ". The consumption of space and resources by the building was not criticized. Alwin Seifert continued his work after 1945 as chairman of the Bund Naturschutz in Bayern from 1958 to 1963. He emphasized the conservation work that had been achieved during the Nazi era. At the same time, conservationists presented themselves as victims of Nazi politics.

With the increasing acceptance of nature conservation, attempts by the modern right-wing extremists and the New Right increased in the 1980s and 1990s to re-associate environmental and nature conservation with ethnic, racist and anti-Semitic content and with the ideological traditions of nature conservation, especially homeland protection, to tie in, which also seemed compatible with the National Socialists. The right-wing extremist homeland - loyal German youth referred to the National Socialist concept of home and nature . In Bavaria, the magazine Umwelt & Aktiv picks up on these lines of tradition.

reception

The cultural scientist Jost Hermand coined the term “green wing of the NSDAP” and counted among others Walther Darré , Paul Schultze-Naumburg , Rudolf Hess , Fritz Todt and Alwin Seifert . He refers to the history of the Federal Homeland Security , which in the early 1930s culminated in the Nazi ideology by chairman Schultze-Naumburg via the Kampfbund for German Culture . Another example is the development of the Artamans from the Wandervogel movement to the ethnic-influenced sentiment to early membership in the NSDAP and the SS. The Artamans were organized by Nazi agriculture minister Darré, SS leader Himmler and the Auschwitz commander Rudolf Höß. Anna Bramwell sees the NSDAP as a green party . She provokes with the claim that one does not want to recognize that the Nazi regime was the most successful pioneer of organic agriculture. David Blackbourn, on the other hand, contradicts the portrayal of a “green wing”, saying that the nature conservation policy of the National Socialists is more a reflection of the “polycratic chaos” of Nazi rule.

See also

literature

  • Anna Bramwell: Blood an Soil . Walther Darré and Hitler's Green Party ,. Abbotsbrook / Bourne End / Kensal Press, Buckinghamshire 1985, ISBN 0-946041-33-4 (English).
  • Franz-Josef Brüggemeier , Mark Cioc, Thomas Zeller (eds.): How Green Were the Nazis? Nature, Environment, and Nation in the Third Reich , Athens, Ohio 2006 (= Series in Ecology and History), ISBN 978-0-8214-1647-1 .
  • Franz-Josef Brüggemeier, Jens Ivo Engels (ed.): Nature and environmental protection after 1945 . Concepts, conflicts, competencies. In: History of nature and environmental protection. Volume 4. Campus, Frankfurt am Main / New York, NY 2005, ISBN 978-3-593-37731-5 (partly available as google-book ).
  • Jost Hermand : Green Utopias in Germany . On the history of ecological consciousness, Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 1991, ISBN 3-596-10395-9 .
  • Joachim Radkau , Frank Uekötter (Eds.): Nature Conservation and National Socialism , Campus, Frankfurt am Main / New York, NY 2003, ISBN 3-593-37354-8 (partly available as google-book ).
  • Joachim Radkau: The Era of Ecology. Eine Weltgeschichte , Beck, Munich 2011 ISBN 9783406613722 (esp. Pp. 92–100)
  • Frank Uekötter: The Green and the Brown. A History of Conservation in Nazi Germany. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge [and a.] 2006, ISBN 978-0-521-61277-7 .
  • Johannes Zechner: Eternal forest and eternal people . The ideologization of the “German forest” under National Socialism. Freising 2006, ISBN 3-931472-14-0 (Contributions to the cultural history of nature, 15).
  • Johannes Zechner: The green roots of our people . On the ideological career of the “German forest”. In: Uwe Puschner and G. Ulrich Großmann (eds.): Völkisch und national . On the topicality of old thought patterns in the 21st century. Wissenschaftlich Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2009. ISBN 978-3-534-20040-5 (Scientific supplements to the Anzeiger des Germanisches Nationalmuseums, 29), pp. 179–194.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Federal Agency for Nature Conservation: Hundred years of state nature conservation in Germany (PDF; 88 kB), accessed on April 1, 2010.
  2. ^ Edeltraud Klueting: The legal regulations of the National Socialist Reich government for animal welfare, nature conservation and environmental protection . In: Joachim Radkau , Frank Uekötter (Ed.): Nature Conservation and National Socialism , Frankfurt / New York (Campus Verlag) 2003, p. 104 f.
  3. ↑ Kai Detlev Sievers: Power rebirth of the people: Joachim Kurd Niedlich and the national homeland security . Verlag Königshausen & Neumann, 2007, ISBN 9783826033773 ( online )
  4. ↑ Michael Wettengel: State and Nature Conservation 1906 - 1945: on the history of the State Agency for the Preservation of Natural Monuments in Prussia and the Reich Agency for Nature Conservation . In: Historical magazine . tape 257 , 1993, pp. 355-399 ( handle.net ).
  5. ↑ Friedemann Schmoll: The defense of organic orders: nature conservation and anti-Semitism between the German Empire and National Socialism. In: Joachim Radkau, Frank Uekötter (Ed.): Nature Conservation and National Socialism, Frankfurt / New York (Campus Verlag) 2003, p. 181.
  6. ↑ Ulrich Linse: "Fundamentalist" Heimatschutz. Reinhard Falter's “natural philosophy”. In: Uwe Puschner and G. Ulrich Großmann (eds.): Völkisch und national. On the topicality of old thought patterns in the 21st century. Knowledge Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2009. ISBN 978-3-534-20040-5 , pp. 156-159.
  7. ^ Jürgen Trittin: Conservation and National Socialism. Legacy for nature conservation in a democratic constitutional state? (PDF) BMUB, archived from the original on July 5, 2007 ; Retrieved on March 30, 2014 (speech at the Nature Conservation and National Socialism Congress on July 4, 2002).
  8. ^ Karl Ditt : The beginnings of nature conservation legislation in Germany and England 1935/49. In: Joachim Radkau , Frank Uekötter (Ed.): Nature conservation and National Socialism. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt / New York 2003, p. 117.
  9. ↑ Friedemann Schmoll: The defense of organic orders: nature conservation and anti-Semitism between the German Empire and National Socialism. In: Joachim Radkau, Frank Uekötter (Ed.): Nature conservation and National Socialism. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt / New York 2003, p. 175.
  10. ↑ Erhard Mäding, rules for the design of the landscape, introduction to the general arrangement No. 20 / VI / 42, Berlin 1943, p. 16.
  11. ^ Frank Lorberg: Metaphors and Metamorphoses of the Landscape. The function of guiding principles in land maintenance , dissertation to obtain the degree of doctor of engineering, University of Kassel 2006, page 118; also as a PDF file ; see also: Hermann Behrens: Hans Klose and National Socialism . In: Gert Gröning, Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn (Ed.): Nature conservation and democracy !? CGL Studies, Volume 3, Munich, 2006, p. 231.
  12. ↑ Mechthild Rössler, Sabine Schleiermacher (ed.): The "General Plan East". Main lines of the National Socialist planning and extermination policy . Writings of the Hamburg Foundation for the Social History of the 20th Century Academy -Verlag, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-05002445-3 ; see also: Hermann Behrens: Hans Klose and National Socialism . In: Gert Gröning, Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn (Ed.): Nature conservation and democracy !? CGL Studies, Volume 3, Munich, 2006, p. 231.
  13. ↑ Erhard Mäding: Rules for the design of the landscape, introduction to the general arrangement No. 20 / VI / 42. Berlin 1943, p. 51; See also documentation of General Order No. 20 / VI / 42 , accessed on March 27, 2010.
  14. ^ Klaus Fehn: Community of people and space. On the National Socialist spatial and landscape planning in the conquered eastern areas . In: Joachim Radkau, Frank Uekötter (Ed.): Nature conservation and National Socialism. Campus Verlag, Frankfurt / New York 2003, p. 213; see also: Mechthild Rössler, Sabine Schleiermacher (Ed.): The "General Plan East". Main lines of the National Socialist planning and extermination policy. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-05002445-3 .
  15. ^ Lutz Heck: The current structure of German nature conservation , Nature conservation 23, 1942, 7.74; quoted from Hermann Behrens: Hans Klose and National Socialism - Prussian civil servant? Followers? Accomplice? In: Institute for Environmental History and Regional Development eV at the Neubrandenburg University of Applied Sciences, No. 10 2005, page 28, note 26; also as PDF
  16. ^ Jürgen Trittin: Conservation and National Socialism. Legacy for nature conservation in a democratic constitutional state? Speech at the Nature Conservation and National Socialism Congress on July 4, 2002. Accessed July 16, 2017 .
  17. ↑ " Rules for shaping the landscape " of December 21, 1942 by the Reichsführer SS as Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Volkstum.
  18. ^ Edeltraud Klueting: The legal regulations of the National Socialist Reich government for animal welfare, nature conservation and environmental protection . In: Joachim Radkau, Frank Uekötter (Ed.): Nature Conservation and National Socialism , Frankfurt / New York (Campus Verlag) 2003, p. 103 ff.
  19. ^ Edeltraud Klueting: The legal regulations of the National Socialist Reich government for animal welfare, nature conservation and environmental protection . In: Joachim Radkau, Frank Uekötter (Ed.): Nature Conservation and National Socialism , Frankfurt / New York (Campus Verlag) 2003, p. 103 f.
  20. ↑ NABU homepage Followed, hung up, caught up. The Bird Protection Association under National Socialism , accessed on March 27, 2010.
  21. ↑ Anna Katharina Wöbse: Lina Hähnle and the Reich Federation for Bird Protection: Social Movement in Step. In: Joachim Radkau, Frank Uekötter (Ed.): Nature Conservation and National Socialism, Frankfurt / New York (Campus Verlag) 2003, p. 324 ff.
  22. ↑ Nature conservation (from the beginnings to the middle of the 20th century) - Historisches Lexikon Bayerns. Retrieved April 29, 2020 .
  23. ↑ Bund Naturschutz in Bayern e. V. (BN) - Historical Lexicon of Bavaria. Retrieved April 29, 2020 .
  24. ^ Richard Hölzl: Nature conservation in Bavaria from 1905-1945: the state committee for nature conservation and the federal nature conservation between private and state initiative . In: Regensburg digital texts on the history of culture and the environment . 2005, p. 117 ( uni-regensburg.de [PDF]).
  25. ↑ Third Reich. Friends of Nature in Germany, accessed on April 29, 2020 .
  26. ↑ Wolfgang Schivelbusch: Distant Relatives Fascism, National Socialism, New Deal 1933–1939 , Carl Hanser Verlag, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-446-20597-7 , overview and reviews at perlentaucher.de
  27. ↑ Thomas Zeller: All of Germany his garden: Alwin Seifert and the landscape of National Socialism . In: Joachim Radkau, Frank Uekötter (Ed.): Nature conservation and National Socialism . Frankfurt / New York (Campus Verlag) 2003, p. 277 ff.
  28. ↑ Joachim Radkau, Frank Uekötter: Nature Protection and National Socialism , editors: Joachim Radkau, Frank Uekötter, Campus Verlag, 2003, ISBN 3-593-37354-8 , ISBN 9783593373546 , p. 71.
  29. ↑ Joachim Radkau: The era of ecology: a world history . CH Beck, 2011, ISBN 978-3-406-61372-2 ( google.de [accessed on May 3, 2020]).
  30. ↑ See Johannes Zechner: "Ewiger Wald and Ewiges Volk": The ideologization of the German forest under National Socialism. Freising 2006, ISBN 3-931472-14-0 (contributions to the cultural history of nature, 15), as well as Joachim Radkau, Frank Uekötter: Conservation and National Socialism , editors: Joachim Radkau, Frank Uekötter, Campus Verlag, 2003, ISBN 3-593- 37354-8 , ISBN 9783593373546 , p. 47.
  31. ↑ See Bernd-A. Rusinek : forest and tree in the Aryan-Germanic intellectual and cultural history. A research project on the 'Ahnenerbe' of the SS 1937–1945 , in: Albrecht Lehmann / Klaus Schriewer (eds.): Der Wald - Ein deutscher Mythos? Perspectives of a cultural theme , Berlin and Hamburg 2000 (= Lebensformen, vol. 16) pp. 267–363.
  32. ↑ Hermann Göring quoted from Johannes Zechner: The green roots of our people. On the ideological career of the 'German forest' . In: Uwe Puschner and G. Ulrich Großmann (eds.): Völkisch und national. On the topicality of old thought patterns in the 21st century . Knowledge Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2009. ISBN 978-3-534-20040-5 , p. 182. Note: the people who think themselves chosen are the Jewish people.
  33. ↑ See Heinrich Rubner: Deutsche Forstgeschichte 1933 - 1945. Forestry, Hunting and Environment in the Nazi State, Sankt Katharinen 1985 (2nd, extended edition 1997 under ISBN 3-89590-032-X ).
  34. ^ Authors Joachim Radkau, Frank Uekötter: Naturschutz und Nationalozialismus , editors: Joachim Radkau, Frank Uekötter, Campus Verlag, 2003, ISBN 3-593-37354-8 , ISBN 9783593373546 , p. 125.
  35. ^ Walter Grottian, 1948: The crisis of the German and European wood supply.
  36. ^ Richard J. Evans: The Third Reich. Dictatorship . Volume 2 / II, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-421-05653-6 , page 511 f .; see. also the Artamanen and self-sufficiency efforts with regard to agriculture, formulated ideologically by Richard Walther Darré in his writings, for example Das Bauerntum as a source of life for the Nordic race (1929), new nobility from blood and soil (1930) or blood and soil, a basic idea of ​​National Socialism (1933 ).
  37. ^ Richard J. Evans: The Third Reich. Ascent, Frankfurt a. M. 2003, ISBN 3-423-34191-2 , p. 321.
  38. ^ Robert Proctor (1999). The Nazi War on Cancer. Princeton University Press, p. 5. ISBN 0691070512 .
  39. ↑ Joachim Radkau: Nature and Power. A world history of the environment . Munich 2002, p. 298.
  40. ↑ Franz-Josef Brüggemeier and Jens Ivo Engels use many examples to illustrate the continuities between nature conservation and homeland protection in Germany beyond 1945. They write about homeland protection after 1945: “Such (...) existential attributions of meaning referred to that once more after 1945 'Timeless' essence of the tribal and culturally differentiated 'folk'. ”Franz-Josef Brüggemeier, Jens Ivo Engels (Ed.): Nature and environmental protection after 1945. Concepts, conflicts, competencies . Campus, Frankfurt 2005, ISBN 3-593-37731-4 , p. 34; see also: Joachim Radkau, Frank Uekötter (Hrsg.): Nature conservation and National Socialism .
  41. ^ S. Hennecke, B. Schütze, A. Voigt, A. Zutz, 2004: Nature Conservation and National Socialism. Review of the book of the same name by Joachim Radkau and Frank Uekötter. ( online )
  42. ^ Edeltraud Klueting: The legal regulations of the National Socialist Reich government for animal welfare, nature conservation and environmental protection . In: Joachim Radkau, Frank Uekötter (Ed.): Nature Conservation and National Socialism , Frankfurt / New York (Campus Verlag) 2003, p. 104.
  43. ↑ Jens Ivo Engels: 'Hohe Zeit' and 'thick line': Interpretation and preservation of the past in West German nature conservation after the Second World War . In: Joachim Radkau, Frank Uekötter (Ed.): Nature Conservation and National Socialism , Frankfurt / New York (Campus Verlag) 2003, p. 388 f.
  44. ↑ cf. on the latter in particular Hermann Behrens: The history of nature conservation in Thuringia . [Lexicon of nature conservation officers, Volume 4]. Friedland. ISBN 978-3-95799-004-4 and Hermann Behrens: History of nature conservation and nature conservation officer in Berlin and Brandenburg . Edited by the Institute for Environmental History and Regional Development eV [Lexicon of Nature Conservation Commissioners. Volume 3]. Friedland 2010. 964 pp. ISBN 978-3-940101-83-9 . and with a view to former landscape lawyers Andreas Dix: After the end of the 'thousand years': landscape planning in the Soviet occupation zone and early GDR . In: Joachim Radkau, Frank Uekötter (Ed.): Nature Conservation and National Socialism, Frankfurt / New York (Campus Verlag) 2003, p. 359 f.
  45. ↑ Alexander Klose: Nature Conservation and National Socialism, report on the conference ( PDF )
  46. ↑ Thomas Jahn, Peter Wehling: Ecology from the right . Campus 1991, ISBN 3-593-34425-4 .
  47. ↑ Jost Hermand: Green Utopias in Germany. On the history of ecological consciousness . Frankfurt am Main 1991, p. 112 ff.
  48. ↑ Anna Bramwell: Blood an Soil. Walther Darré and Hitler's Green Party . Abbotsbrook 1985.
  49. ↑ Joachim Radkau: Nature and Power. A world history of the environment . Munich 2002, p. 412.
  50. ↑ David Blackbourn: "To establish nature as historical": Nature, homeland and landscape in modern German history . In: Joachim Radkau, Frank Uekötter (Ed.): Nature Conservation and National Socialism, Frankfurt / New York (Campus Verlag) 2003, p. 68.