Heinrich Wiepking-Juergensmann

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Heinrich Friedrich Wiepking-Jürgensmann (born March 23, 1891 in Hanover ; † June 17, 1973 in Osnabrück ) was a German landscape architect and university professor . He only used the suffix “Jürgensmann”, which goes back to his wife Helene Jürgensmann until 1945.

Life

Heinrich Wiepking learned from 1907 to 1909 in the city gardening company in Hanover. That he - as he always maintained - actually studied in 1910 and 1911 in England and France cannot be proven. The biographer Ursula Kellner writes that “in later official processes, the gardener's assistant examination remains the only registered examination” .

In 1912 he broke off his architecture studies at the Technical University of Hanover , which he had started in the same year, and began an internship with the renowned horticultural entrepreneur Jacob Ochs in Hamburg with financial support from his father . From 1912 to 1922 he worked there. From 1922 he was a freelance architect for gardening and urban planning in Berlin, then in Cologne. Wiepking prevailed in 1934 - after Erwin Barth had committed suicide in 1933 - against Gustav Allinger in the application for the professorship for garden and landscape design at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin . "His appointment probably goes back to [Konrad] Meyer, who was significantly involved in the appointment procedure as a consultant in the Prussian Ministry of Culture in 1934". Here he determined the training of German landscape planners during the National Socialist era .

As early as July 1945, he tried to get a job as head of a new course to be set up in Lower Saxony . In 1947 he opened a provisional teaching company in Sarstedt , and in 1948 the University of Horticulture and Regional Culture officially began , which in 1952 was affiliated to the Technical University of Hanover as Faculty IV for Horticulture and Regional Culture . Here he worked until 1958 as a professor for land maintenance, gardening and landscape design.

Act

Wiepking introduced landscaping into training that his predecessor Erwin Barth had left out. On January 31, 1938, he applied for the institute to be renamed the Institute for Landscape and Garden Design . But it was only after the outbreak of war that the institute was renamed on November 28, 1939. Wiepking won Gerhard Hinz as an assistant in 1934 .

Like his successor as professor at the Technical University of Hanover, Konrad Meyer , he was of the opinion that the design of a landscape should be based on the aspects of usefulness and that knowledge from aesthetic considerations should be included in the planning. He promoted a corresponding landscape design, "a healthy, rural cultural landscape in which the soil, the water, the entire fruit stand, the forest and the homes of the people are of the best quality" . His strong interest in “Germanism” in the history of nations flowed into his plans again and again.

At an early stage he called for, among other things, hedges with the function of wind and frost protection, bird protection plantings to preserve biodiversity and forest strips as protective plantings , whereby he wanted to use only native trees and shrubs in the open landscape, while his opinion was in the garden and park design after exotic species could also be used.

In 1936 Wiepking was a member of the architectural community of Walter and Werner March with Georg Steinmetz, responsible for the landscaping of the Olympic village in Dallgow-Döberitz .

Under Heinrich Himmler , Wiepking was appointed special representative of the Reich Commissioner for the Consolidation of German Volkstum (RKF) in 1941 . He was responsible for the landscaping and landscape maintenance of the conquered eastern areas on the general plan east developed in the RKF . Among other things, he developed concepts of a "defense landscape". According to Himmler's ideas, the landscape should first be "scanned" from a military point of view to ensure that it has "eternal value " if the existing structure is properly maintained . For strategic reasons, among other things, protective plantings should be created, which form an “insurmountable obstacle for tanks too” . Rivers should have a foreign and a friend side, i.e. banks that act as an open side that offers cover. The “fortified villages” propagated and strictly organized by Himmler , in which “full-fledged national comrades” should live, should then be embedded in the planned landscapes .

Kellner describes Heinrich Wiepking as a person with an “irrational worldview anchored in myth, in which the relationship between man and his environment was fixed and no questions about conditions under changing social influences arise. In this sense, science, as Wiepking practiced it, was more of a systematization of myths. ” By transferring his völkisch worldview, which reflected the national consciousness and the flaring racism of the turn of the century, to the environment or landscape , he naturalized a folk idea here. His reason for this was:

“The landscape is always a shape, an expression and a characterization of the people living in it. It can be the noble countenance of his spirit and his soul as well as the grimace of the demon, of human and spiritual depravity. (...) The landscapes of the Germans also differ in all their characteristics from those of the Poles and Russians - like the peoples themselves (...) The murders and atrocities of the Eastern peoples are razor-sharp into the grimaces of their traditional landscapes. "

Wiepking-Jürgensmann hardly harmed his work during the National Socialist era . He got a chair again, was a member of academies and received numerous honors as a conservationist. The German Horticultural Society donated 1,961 a Heinrich Wiepking Prize for outstanding dissertations, awarded until 1994 under this name. Its president, Lennart Bernadotte , honored him in 1971 as a “champion of green human rights” . Wiepking, who "in 1943 [...] had supervised Max Fischer's thesis on the green planning of Auschwitz" , wrote in 1952 "an expert opinion on the landscaping of the memorial of the former concentration camp Bergen-Belsen". In 1959 he was awarded the Federal Cross of Merit.

meaning

According to the assessment of various authors who have dealt with the role of landscape architects in the Third Reich , Wiepking was entangled in National Socialist politics in the “new settlement areas” in Poland and Russia. Gröning and Wolschke-Bulmahn describe him as a “pioneer of National Socialist ideas in garden and landscape architecture. Alongside Alwin Seifert , he was the leading garden architect during the Nazi era. [...] During the Second World War, he significantly supported the National Socialist policy of expelling and exterminating the Poles and Russians. ”In 1984, using Wiepkings and his mentor Konrad Meyer as an example, Milchert showed “ that leading landscape planners of the time were not little followers, but propagandists of the Nazi state. "

Kellner emphasizes its importance for the entire department: “As the only professor before the war and professor at one of the few training centers after the war, Wiepking shaped several generations of university graduates by passing on his worldview and the associated technical models. His understanding of land care on the basis of his völkisch worldview was - since his students internalized the values ​​he taught - multiplied and carried into the institutions, implemented in the planning and was thus able to maintain [...]. ” After the war he cleared his language of clearly racist vocabulary, but in his statements "their origins in folk ideas remain clear" .

Altdöbern castle complex
Birklehof near Hinterzarten

Gardens

Publications

  • Garden and house - the house in the landscape , Verlag der Gartenschönheit, Berlin-Westend 1927
  • The Landscape Primer , Deutsche Landbuchhandlung, Berlin 1942
  • Handling trees , BLV, Basel, Munich, 1963

literature

  • Ursula Kellner: Finding aid for the inventory of the Wiepking estate, Dep. 72. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1980. (= publications of the Lower Saxony archive administration, inventories and smaller publications of the state archive in Osnabrück .)
  • Jürgen Milchert: Landscape planning and National Socialism. In: Garten + Landschaft , year 1984, issue 8, pp. 5–7.
  • Gert Gröning, Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn : The love of the landscape. Part 3: The urge to the east. For the development of land maintenance during National Socialism and during the Second World War in the 'integrated eastern regions'. (= Work on social science-oriented open space planning , volume 9.) Minerva, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-597-10535-1 .
  • Imma Schmidt: Denied and suppressed. In: Garten + Landschaft , year 1994, issue 11, p. 20.
  • Bärbel Pannoscha: Wiepking-Jürgensmann. "Pioneer of landscape planning". A critical look at his scientific work from 1934-1945. Diploma thesis, Technical University of Berlin, Department of Theory and History of Landscape Development, 1995.
  • Gert Gröning, Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn: Green biographies. Biographical handbook on landscape architecture of the 20th century in Germany. Patzer, Berlin / Hannover 1997, ISBN 3-87617-089-3 , pp. 415-418.
  • Ursula Kellner: Heinrich Friedrich Wiepking (1891–1973). Life, teaching and work. Self-published, o. O. 1998. (also dissertation, University of Hanover 1997.)
  • Niels Gutschow : mania for order. Architects plan in the 'Germanized East' 1939–1945. (= Bauwelt-Fundamente , Volume 115.) Bertelsmann, Gütersloh / Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-7643-6390-8 , p. 35ff.
  • Clemens Alexander Wimmer: The library of the Berlin Institute for landscape and open space planning and its predecessors since 1929. In: Fritz Heinrich (Hrsg.): Twelve essays for Vroni Heinrich on garden art and landscape planning. Universitätsverlag of the TU Berlin, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-7983-2142-7 , pp. 29–46. (= Landscape Development and Environmental Research , Volume S 21).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ursula Kellner: Heinrich Friedrich Wiepking (1891–1973). Life, teaching and work. Selbstverlag, o. O. 1998. (also dissertation, University of Hanover 1997), p. 31.
  2. ^ Gert Gröning, Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn: The love of the landscape. Part 3: The urge to the east. For the development of land maintenance during National Socialism and during the Second World War in the 'integrated eastern regions'. (= Work on social science-oriented open space planning , volume 9.) Minerva, Munich 1987, ISBN 3-597-10535-1 , p. 43.
  3. ↑ Ursula Kellner: Heinrich Friedrich Wiepking (1891–1973). Life, teaching and work. Selbstverlag, o. O. 1998. (also dissertation, University of Hanover 1997), p. 311.
  4. ^ Heinrich Friedrich Wiepking-Jürgensmann: The landscape primer. Berlin 1942. (Quoted from: R. Piechocki et al.: The Vilmer theses on “Heimat” and nature conservation. ) In: Reinhard Piechocki, Norbert Wiersbinski (edit.): Heimat und Naturschutz. The Vilmer theses and their critics. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn-Bad Godesberg 2007, pp. 9–18.
  5. ^ Niels Gutschow: Ordnungswahn. Architects plan in the 'Germanized East' 1939–1945. (= Bauwelt Fundamente , Volume 115.) Bertelsmann, Gütersloh / Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-7643-6390-8 , p. 37.
  6. ^ Gert Gröning, Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn: Green biographies. Biographical handbook on landscape architecture of the 20th century in Germany. Patzer, Berlin / Hannover 1997, ISBN 3-87617-089-3 , p. 415.
  7. ^ Gert Gröning, Joachim Wolschke-Bulmahn: Green biographies. Biographical handbook on landscape architecture of the 20th century in Germany. Patzer, Berlin / Hannover 1997, ISBN 3-87617-089-3 , p. 418.
  8. ↑ Jürgen Milchert: Landscape planning and National Socialism. In: Garten + Landschaft , year 1984, issue 8, p. 6.
  9. ↑ Ursula Kellner: Heinrich Friedrich Wiepking (1891–1973). Life, teaching and work. Selbstverlag, o. O. 1998. (also dissertation, University of Hanover 1997), p. 311.
  10. ↑ Ursula Kellner: Heinrich Friedrich Wiepking (1891–1973). Life, teaching and work. Selbstverlag, o. O. 1998. (also dissertation, University of Hanover 1997), p. 121.
  11. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Garden and House - The House in the Landscape , Verlag der Gartenschönheit, Berlin-Westend 1927
  12. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  13. ↑ http://www.bilderbuch-koeln.de/Denkmale/873
  14. ↑ Jürgen Tietz: The Tannenberg National Monument. Architecture, history, context. Dissertation TU Berlin, Verlag Bauwesen, Berlin 1999, ISBN 3-345-00673-1 .
  15. ↑ South terrace of Stolberg Castle
  16. ↑ http://www.ostenwalder-jagdtage.de
  17. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  18. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  19. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  20. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  21. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  22. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  23. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  24. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  25. ↑ Deutsche Bauhütte 2/1934
  26. ↑ Germanism and floral splendor - a park as an ideological space
  27. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  28. ↑ Entry in the Berlin State Monument List
  29. ↑ Modern designs . Issue 1/1938
  30. ^ A country estate in the Rhineland in: Glasforum 2/1957
  31. ↑ Building in Germany 1945-1962 BdA, Hamburg 1963
personal data
SURNAME Wiepking-Juergensmann, Heinrich
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Wiepking-Jürgensmann, Heinrich Friedrich (full name); Wiepking, Heinrich (abbreviated form after 1945)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German landscape architect and university professor
DATE OF BIRTH March 23, 1891
PLACE OF BIRTH Hanover
DATE OF DEATH 17th June 1973
Place of death Osnabrück