Lena Delta
The Lena Delta is the extensive estuary of the Siberian river Lena in the Russian Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) and is equipped with 32,000 km² the largest river delta in the Arctic .
geography
The Lena Delta is an average of just over 600 km north of the northern polar circle and extends 150 km in the Laptev Sea in, a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean (including Arctic Ocean called). To the south of the delta lie the northern foothills of the Verkhoyansk Mountains and to the southwest the Czekanowskiberge . The Lena, coming from the south, flows between the two mountains into the delta and fans out into about 150 arms. The 134 km long main arm Protoka Trofimovskaya, which carries 70% of the Lena water, makes a sharp bend to the east. Significant tributaries are the Protoka Bykovskaya (106 km) in the southeast, which is important for traffic to the port of Tiksi , the most important port in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), the Protoka Tumatskaya (149 km) in the north and the Protoka Olenjokskaja (208 km ) in the West.
Within the deltas, Lena water flows around the island first Stolb , a Härtling , by the water from Charaulachrücken was separated. In the further course, the Lena Delta is characterized by strands, lakes and over 1500 islands, which constantly change their outlines.
Geomorphologically , the delta can be divided into three terraces : the first comprises floodplains with a height level between 1 m and 12 m , which make up the main part of the eastern delta between the Protoka Tumatskaja and the Protoka Bykowskaja. This part of the delta is the youngest and was formed in the middle Holocene . The western sector between Protoka Tumatskaja and Protoka Olenjokskaja is formed by sandy islands, the largest of which is the island of Arga with a diameter of 110 km. This forms the largest part of the second terrace formed in the period from the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene with a height of 11 m to 30 m . The third terrace is formed by islands (e.g. Chardan, Kurungnach and Sobo) on the southern edge of the delta, where sandy sediments are covered by ice-rich peat- sand mixtures. Here a height level between 30 m and 60 m is reached; a maximum of the local islands Sobo are 42 m and Chardan 66 m high.
climate
The Lena Delta has an arctic continental climate with an average annual temperature of −13 ° C (January: −32 ° C, July: 6.5 ° C). The amount of precipitation is low at 190 mm per year. The ground is permanently frozen to a depth of 500 to 600 m ( permafrost ). The defrost floor is 30 to 50 cm thick in the short summer.
history
The largest indigenous people in the Lena Delta area are the Yakuts . The Cossacks Ilya Perfiryev and Ivan Rebrow were the first Europeans to reach the Lena estuary in 1634.
The Lena Delta was first described and mapped during the Second Kamchatka Expedition (also called the Great Nordic Expedition ) under the Russian explorer and polar explorer Vasily Prontschishchev (1702-1736) in August 1735.
In September 1881 two boats with shipwrecked people from the US polar expedition landed with the Jeannette in the Lena Delta. The leader of the expedition, George Washington DeLong, starved to death with eleven other men in a vain search for inhabited areas.
From 1882 to 1884 there was an arctic research station on the island of Sagastyr , which Russia had set up as part of the First International Polar Year . During the expedition to the Lena Delta at that time, the expedition leader staff captain Nikolai Jürgens (1847–1898), the doctor Alexander von Bunge (1851–1930) and the mathematician Adolph Eigner (1854–?) Made regular meteorological and geomagnetic observations.
The research station on Samoylov Island , which is also used by scientists from the Alfred Wegener Institute as part of a Russian-German cooperation, was replaced by a modern new building in 2013.
Protected areas
In the Lena Delta are the Ust-Lenski-Sapowednik (14,330 km²) and the continental part of Russia's largest nature reserve, the Lena Delta Reserve (approx. 60,000 km²). Numerous rare water birds live there.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Pavel Kazaryan: Lena River . In: Mark Nuttall (Ed.): Encyclopedia of the Arctic . tape 2 . Routledge, New York and London 2003, ISBN 1-57958-436-5 , pp. 1179–1180 (English, limited preview in Google Book Search).
- ↑ a b H. W. Hubberten, D. Wagner, EM Pfeiffer, J. Boike, AY Gukov: The Russian-German research station Samoylov, Lena Delta - A keysite for polar research in the Siberian Arctic . In: Polar Research . tape 73 , no. 2/3 , 2006, p. 111–116 , doi : 10.2312 / polar research . 73.2-3.111 (English). hdl : 10013 / epic.24419 .
- ↑ a b Georg Schwamborn, Volker Rachold, Mikhail N. Grigoriev: Late Quaternary sedimentation history of the Lena Delta . In: Quaternary International . tape 89 , 2002, p. 119-134 (English). hdl : 10013 / epic.15242 .
- ↑ a b c d Julia Schneider, Guido Grosse, Dirk Wagner: Land cover classification of tundra environments in the Arctic Lena Delta based on Landsat 7 ETM + data and its application for upscaling of methane emissions . In: Remote Sensing of Environment . tape 113 , 2009, pp. 380–391 , doi : 10.1016 / j.rse.2008.10.013 (English). hdl : 10013 / epic.31719 .
- ↑ a b Topographic Map of Lena deltas (1: 1,000,000 Bl S-51.52, Ed 1986th.) And the southern boundary of Laptev. a. with Lena flowing in from the south (about in the middle below) and the Olenjok (diagonally below left), on maps51.narod.ru (with heights above sea level )
- ↑ Georg Schwamborn, Andrei A. Andreev, Volker Rachold, Hans-Wolfgang Hubberten, Mikhail N. Grigoriev, Volodya Tumskoy, Elena Yu. Pavlova, Marina V. Dorozkhina: Evolution of Lake Nikolay, Arga Island, Western Lena River Delta, during Late Pleistocene and Holocene Time . In: Polar Research . tape 70 , 2002, p. 69–82 , doi : 10.2312 / polarforschung.70.69 (English). hdl : 10013 / epic.29859.d001 .
- ↑ Samoylov Island Research Station. A basis for Russian-German permafrost research in Siberia , Alfred Wegener Institute, October 20, 2015, accessed on October 31, 2016.
Coordinates: 72 ° 58 ' N , 126 ° 11' E